Flood science popularization

Flood science knowledge 1. What flood control knowledge do you have?

1, threatened by flood, if there is enough time, it should be moved to hillside, highland and other places in an organized way according to the predetermined route; Ships, rafts, door panels, wooden beds, etc. It should be used for water transfer as much as possible.

2. When the flood comes too fast to move, you should immediately climb the roof, tall buildings, big trees and high walls, do temporary hedging and wait for rescue. Don't swim alone.

3. In mountainous areas, it is easy to flash floods if the rainstorm continues. In this case, we should pay attention to avoid crossing the river and being washed away by mountain torrents, and also pay attention to preventing landslides, rolling stones and mudslides.

4. It is found that the high-voltage tower is toppled, and the wires are drooping or broken; Stay away from danger, don't touch or get close to it to prevent electric shock.

Hope useful to you

2. Little is known about how to prevent floods.

Some knowledge about flood control and flood types

It can be divided into: rainstorm flood (including mountain torrents), storm surge, ice flood, glacier flood, snowmelt flood, debris flow and dam-break flood. Mainly rainstorm and flood. 2. Debris flow is a kind of liquid-solid two-phase flow filled with mud, stone and water, and it is a sudden special flood with great destructive power. Heavy rain or (and) melting ice and snow is the inducement. According to the different composition of solid matter, it can be divided into three types: debris flow, mud flow and water-rock flow. The basic conditions for the formation of debris flow are: there are abundant loose solid deposits in the valley; Gully terrain is steep and steep, and there are periods of heavy rain or severe melting of glaciers and mountain snow; Regionally, debris is mainly distributed in mountainous areas with developed faults and folds, active neotectonic movement, poor vegetation and serious soil erosion. Debris flow is a sudden natural disaster in mountainous areas, which is extremely destructive. 3. Dam-break floods include Class II floods caused by reservoir dam break and dike breach. These two types are related to meteorological factors and human factors. (1) The sudden characteristics of reservoir dam-break flood are: high flood peak, short duration and high velocity, which often cause devastating disasters to the downstream, especially casualties. ⑵ Breaks of dikes are: the quality of dikes is defective due to the flood exceeding the design standard of dikes, or floods or breaches are caused by artificially raising the water level. Floods caused by man-made breakwaters also occur from time to time. Second, the knowledge of flood control, the main characteristics of flood 1, the season with obvious seasonal flood concentration is called flood season. The arrival time of the annual flood season of rivers has certain regularity, which is mainly determined by the north-south displacement of the summer rain belt and the frequent typhoon and rainstorm in autumn. 2. The height of flood peak is greatly influenced by rainstorm, topography, vegetation and other factors, and rivers can often form a large flood peak flow. 3. The annual change of river flood is unstable, and the peak flow in rainy and dry years in rainstorm and flood areas changes greatly.

3. Knowledge of flood control and disaster reduction

Original publisher: XX demon

To prevent and reduce disasters, we must protect the lives of small intellectuals and remember ten rules. Once a disaster occurs, it should be applied in time. 1. Earthquake: In case of earthquake, take shelter first, find a gap under the desk, bend down against the corner, seize the opportunity to escape, and stay away from all buildings. Aftershocks crouch in the open space. 2, fire: fire, fear of smoke, nose and mouth covered with a wet towel, body fire rolling, do not take the elevator down, balcony sliding rope, blindly jumping off the building will be injured. 3. Flood: The flood is fierce, the height is high, the earth roof can't stay, the bed and table are tied with rafts, the trees can be tied with lifeline, food flashlights are prepared, and warm clothes are worn to avoid danger. 4. Typhoon: When the typhoon comes, listen to the forecast, strengthen the dam and waterway, repair the gas path, make the temporary building strong and firm, and the ship will anchor deeply when entering the port, reducing the journey. 5. Debris flow: rainstorm, debris flow, dangerous places are downstream, escape from the bottom of the ditch, climb up the mountain quickly, camp in the wild without choosing the ditch, and enter the mountain depending on the climate. 6. Thunder and lightning: In rainy days, thunder and lightning are mixed. Don't stand under the tree to avoid the rain. The poles of the tower should be far away. When it thunders, it is also necessary to prevent problems at home. Close the doors and windows to cut off the power supply and avoid the room where the lightning is on fire. 7. Blizzard: On a blizzard day, people jog, don't stop with their backs to the wind, and their bodies are unconscious with cold. Never bake with fire, wash blood circulation with ice and snow, and warm up slowly. 8. Tornado: Tornado, strong storm, once in the cellar, avoid leaving doors and windows indoors, turn off all power and water sources, and lie outdoors in low-lying areas, which makes the car unreliable. 9. Epidemic situation: Be careful about the epidemic situation, don't be careless and prevent infection. When patients are found, they should be isolated, ventilated and disinfected. As soon as they enter the infected place, they should seek medical treatment and seldom go to public places. 10, chemical protection: chemicals are dangerous, so don't pick up waste materials to prevent fireworks from burning toxic gases, call the police to explain the accident point, don't look at transportation leakage, and people should stay away from the limelight. Human life is more important than mountains. Take precautions, nip in the bud. Master skills and practice frequently. Best wishes.

4. What are the common sense of escape from natural disasters such as floods and mudslides?

I. Disaster Precursors Some signs and symptoms before disasters can be collectively referred to as disaster precursors.

According to the perceptual sources of disaster precursors, they can generally be divided into two categories, one is precursors that can be directly detected by human sensory organs, and the other is precursors that cannot be directly detected by human sensory organs and need to be detected by instruments. (1) Earthquake Disasters Before the earthquake, especially before the strong earthquake, there were some abnormal phenomena in the metropolis.

A common feature of earthquake precursors is that they all show some sudden changes in nature related to the occurrence of earthquakes, which is an early warning signal of nature before earthquakes. Before every major earthquake, there are some abnormal phenomena, such as well water turbidity, bubbling, flowering, fever, discoloration, bad taste, steep rise and fall; Spring water suddenly dries up or gushes out; The abnormal reaction of animal habits, most animals have panic reaction before the earthquake, such as being extremely nervous when they are hurt by the enemy, and a few show inhibition and depression; Ground sound, ground light, fireball; Macroscopic precursor phenomena, such as abnormal flowering and fruiting of plants.

At the same time, there may be ground tilt, expansion, sea level rise and fall, etc. , reflecting the changes of geophysical phenomena, such as geomagnetism, geoelectricity, ground temperature, electromagnetic waves, gravity, radon in water and water quality composition. Once these impending earthquake anomalies occur, measures should be taken as far as possible to avoid risks and increase the probability of avoiding disasters.

In addition, special attention should be paid to the possibility of strong aftershocks in the short term after a strong destructive earthquake, which will cause buildings that have been damaged to varying degrees to collapse again. (2) Tornado disasters Tornado clouds have the general characteristics of cumulonimbus clouds, and there will be black cirrus clouds at the bottom of the clouds. When the funnel cloud is stretched at the bottom of the cloud, a tornado may appear.

At home, be sure to stay away from doors, windows and external walls of houses, and hide in the wall or small room opposite the tornado. The safest place to avoid tornadoes is the basement or semi-basement; In case of emergency such as pole collapse and house collapse, the power supply should be cut off in time to prevent electric shock or fire. When there is a tornado outside the venue, you should look for low-lying land nearby, but stay away from trees and telephone poles to avoid being smashed, crushed and electrocuted; When the car encounters a tornado when going out, don't drive to avoid it, and don't avoid it in the car, because the car has almost no defense ability against tornadoes. Leave the car immediately and take shelter in low-lying areas.

(3) Debris flow disaster can not only estimate the possibility of debris flow according to the local rainfall, but also judge the occurrence of debris flow through some unique phenomena, so as to take quick and correct self-help methods. When it is found that the normal flow of river (ditch) bed suddenly stops or the flood suddenly increases with the increase of firewood trees, it can be confirmed that debris flow has formed in the upper reaches of the river (ditch).

Listen carefully to see if there is a roar like a train or a muffled thunder coming from a deep valley or ditch. If you hear this sound, even if it is extremely weak, you should assume that a mudslide is forming, and you must leave the dangerous area quickly at this time. The depth of the valley darkens, accompanied by roar or slight vibration, indicating that debris flow has occurred in the upper reaches of the valley.

(4) Lightning disaster Lightning stroke is a strong discharge phenomenon caused by thunderstorm clouds. The voltage is as high as 654.38+billion to 654.38+billion volts, and the current reaches tens of thousands of amperes. At the same time, it releases a lot of heat energy, and the instantaneous temperature can reach above 654.38+0 million degrees Celsius. Its energy can destroy high-rise buildings, split trees and hurt people and animals.

Try not to walk in the wild in thunderstorm weather. When going out, wear a raincoat made of plastic that is not wet. Don't ride livestock or bicycles. Don't use umbrellas with metal poles, and don't carry tools with metal poles such as shovels and hoes on your shoulders. Stay away from the lightning rod and its grounding downlead of the building to prevent lightning strike back and step voltage from hurting people.

Stay away from various antennas, telephone poles, iron towers, chimneys and flagpoles. If possible, you should enter buildings with lightning protection facilities or cars and ships with metal shells. Caravans, tractors and motorcycles with canvas are more dangerous during thunderstorms, so stay away as soon as possible. Try to stay away from hills, beaches, rivers and ponds, isolated trees and isolated buildings without lightning protection devices. It is also dangerous near iron fences, barbed wire and metal clotheslines.

If you stay indoors in thunderstorm weather, be sure to close the doors and windows to prevent spherical lightning from entering the room and causing harm; The outdoor antenna of that television is separate from the television and connected with the ground wire; Try to stop using electrical appliances and unplug the power supply; No phone calls and cell phones; Stay away from indoor metal equipment (such as radiators, water pipes and sewer pipes); Stay away from the wet wall.

5. Lack of meteorological science knowledge

1 According to the relationship between taste and food temperature, scientists divide foods into cold-loving foods and hot-loving foods. It is found that the optimum temperature for cold food is: ice cream -6℃, water 8- 13℃, fruit juice 10℃, soda water 5℃, cold coffee 6℃ and beer 9- 10℃. The temperature of hot food is 60-65℃, which is most suitable for human body.

This kind of weather lasts for a long time in the north. It is advisable to eat more foods with higher calories. "Chihiro" contains: "Warm your belly in autumn and winter". China's winter eating habits are indeed eating eggs, poultry, meat and other foods with more calories, and cooking methods such as burning, stewing and stewing are mostly used, among which "winter hot pot" is the most popular and enduring. Of course, in dry and cold weather, we must also pay attention to a balanced diet, especially to eat more vegetables (hot pot should also be accompanied by vegetarian food as far as possible), and at the same time, we must eat some "hot fruits" such as oranges, lychees, hawthorn, etc., and drink some medicinal wine and yellow wine.

According to the law of monsoon climate in China, autumn in the north and winter in the south have such weather characteristics. In late autumn in the north, "dryness-evil" is easy to damage lung and body fluid, causing dry symptoms such as dry throat, dry nose, hoarseness and astringency. It is advisable to eat less hot and dry foods such as pepper, green onion and white wine, and eat more warm foods such as sesame, glutinous rice, radish, lily, tofu, taro, tremella, duck, pear and persimmon.

6. Meteorological science tips: How did typhoons form?

Typhoon is the direct sunlight on the tropical sea surface, which makes the sea water temperature rise, evaporate to form water vapor, and the surrounding cold air flows in and then rises again, and so on. This is what we call a typhoon. And the harm that typhoon brings to people should not be underestimated.

One is strong wind, the wind speed is above17m/s, even above 60m/s. With such strong wind, ships at sea can easily sink to the bottom of the sea, easily causing casualties and damaging buildings on land. Therefore, strong winds are extremely destructive.

2. Rainstorm: When the typhoon lands, the rainstorm center can drop 1000m-300 mm a day. Several typhoons can even produce a torrential rain of 1000 meters, which is the most dangerous natural disaster with strong rainstorm intensity, high frequency of floods, wide spread and great destructive power.

3. Storm surge: When the typhoon moves to the land, due to the typhoon's strong wind and low pressure, strong seawater will accumulate in the coastal direction, resulting in the surge of tidal level, and the waves will press to the coast like an avalanche, which can raise the coastal water level by as much as 5 to 6 meters, which will not only cause coastal erosion, seawater intrusion and land salinization, but also make the storm surge encounter astronomical tides, and also produce extreme positions, leading to tides.

7. What are the common sense of escape from natural disasters such as floods and mudslides?

I. Precursors of disasters

Some signs and symptoms before disasters can be collectively referred to as disaster precursors. According to the perceptual sources of disaster precursors, they can generally be divided into two categories, one is precursors that can be directly detected by human sensory organs, and the other is precursors that cannot be directly detected by human sensory organs and need to be detected by instruments.

(1) earthquake disaster

Before the earthquake, especially before the strong earthquake, there will be some abnormal phenomena in the metropolis. A common feature of earthquake precursors is that they all show some sudden changes in nature related to the occurrence of earthquakes, which is an early warning signal of nature before earthquakes. Before every major earthquake, there are some abnormal phenomena, such as well water turbidity, bubbling, flowering, fever, discoloration, bad taste, steep rise and fall; Spring water suddenly dries up or gushes out; The abnormal reaction of animal habits, most animals have panic reaction before the earthquake, such as being extremely nervous when they are hurt by the enemy, and a few show inhibition and depression; Ground sound, ground light, fireball; Macroscopic precursor phenomena, such as abnormal flowering and fruiting of plants. At the same time, there may be ground tilt, expansion, sea level rise and fall, etc. , reflecting the changes of geophysical phenomena, such as geomagnetism, geoelectricity, ground temperature, electromagnetic waves, gravity, radon in water and water quality composition.

Once these impending earthquake anomalies occur, measures should be taken as far as possible to avoid risks and increase the probability of avoiding disasters. In addition, special attention should be paid to the possibility of strong aftershocks in the short term after a strong destructive earthquake, which will cause buildings that have been damaged to varying degrees to collapse again.

(2) Tornado disaster

In addition to the general characteristics of cumulonimbus clouds, tornado clouds also appear at the bottom of clouds. When the funnel cloud is stretched at the bottom of the cloud, a tornado may appear.

At home, be sure to stay away from doors, windows and external walls of houses, and hide in the wall or small room opposite the tornado. The safest place to avoid tornadoes is the basement or semi-basement; In case of emergency such as pole collapse and house collapse, the power supply should be cut off in time to prevent electric shock or fire. When there is a tornado outside the venue, you should look for low-lying land nearby, but stay away from trees and telephone poles to avoid being smashed, crushed and electrocuted; When the car encounters a tornado when going out, don't drive to avoid it, and don't avoid it in the car, because the car has almost no defense ability against tornadoes. Leave the car immediately and take shelter in low-lying areas.

(3) Debris flow disaster

In addition to estimating the possibility of debris flow according to the local rainfall, we can also judge the occurrence of debris flow through some unique phenomena in order to take quick and correct self-help methods. When it is found that the normal flow of river (ditch) bed suddenly stops or the flood suddenly increases with the increase of firewood trees, it can be confirmed that debris flow has formed in the upper reaches of the river (ditch). Listen carefully to see if there is a roar like a train or a muffled thunder coming from a deep valley or ditch. If you hear this sound, even if it is extremely weak, you should assume that a mudslide is forming, and you must leave the dangerous area quickly at this time. The depth of the valley darkens, accompanied by roar or slight vibration, indicating that debris flow has occurred in the upper reaches of the valley.

(4) Lightning disaster

Lightning strike is a strong discharge phenomenon caused by thunderstorm clouds. The voltage is as high as 1 100 million to 1 100 million volts, the current reaches tens of thousands of amps, and a lot of heat energy is released at the same time. The instantaneous temperature can reach 1 10,000 degrees Celsius. Its energy can destroy high-rise buildings, split trees and hurt people and animals.

Try not to walk in the wild in thunderstorm weather. When going out, wear a raincoat made of plastic that is not wet. Don't ride livestock or bicycles. Don't use umbrellas with metal poles, and don't carry tools with metal poles such as shovels and hoes on your shoulders. Stay away from the lightning rod and its grounding downlead of the building to prevent lightning strike back and step voltage from hurting people. Stay away from various antennas, telephone poles, iron towers, chimneys and flagpoles. If possible, you should enter buildings with lightning protection facilities or cars and ships with metal shells. Caravans, tractors and motorcycles with canvas are more dangerous during thunderstorms, so stay away as soon as possible. Try to stay away from hills, beaches, rivers and ponds, isolated trees and isolated buildings without lightning protection devices. It is also dangerous near iron fences, barbed wire and metal clotheslines. If you stay indoors in thunderstorm weather, be sure to close the doors and windows to prevent spherical lightning from entering the room and causing harm; The outdoor antenna of that television is separate from the television and connected with the ground wire; Try to stop using electrical appliances and unplug the power supply; No phone calls and cell phones; Stay away from indoor metal equipment (such as radiators, water pipes and sewer pipes); Stay away from the wet wall.

8. Less knowledge of popular science

The physical principle of rainbow is a natural light phenomenon that people often see.

Whenever colorful rainbows hang in the sky, people can't help rushing to this beautiful nature. In ancient times, some people said that it was the lonely Chang 'e singing and dancing colorful silk in the clouds; Some people say that it is a colorful bridge built by fairies in the clouds to peep at the world.

Whether it is colored silk or colored bridge, it is just a magical legend. And what is the rainbow in reality? How is it formed? When it comes to the formation of rainbows, people often think of it.

After rain. Be with each other.

Many people think that only. After rain.

There is a rainbow. Actually, this view is not comprehensive.

After rain.

It is true that rainbows sometimes appear in the sky, but rainbows also appear around fountains or waterfalls in the sun; In summer, sometimes there will be a rainbow behind the sprinkler running in the street; Spraying in the air with a sprayer can also form a rainbow. Obviously, that kind of rainbow only exists in.

After rain. The reason for the rainbow has not been fully understood.

As long as we know that it is conditional to see rainbows in the air, we naturally know that rainbows don't have to rain to appear. There is a teacher in the middle school physics class.

Scattering of light. Experiment: Take a prism and let a beam of white light pass through the slit and shine on one side of the prism. After passing through the prism, the advancing direction changes, and a colored light band is formed on the white screen. The order is red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and purple.

This is very similar to the color of a rainbow. But it is impossible to have a prism in the air to form a rainbow.

Why is this? This is because there are a lot of small water droplets floating in the air. When the sun shines on these small water droplets, one by one, like a prism, decomposes the white light into seven monochromatic lights, which have dispersion effect on the sun.

How does sunlight produce spectral dispersion in small water droplets? Sunlight enters water droplets, that is, it enters water from the medium of air and undergoes a refraction. Due to the different refractive indexes of various monochromatic lights that make up white light, violet light has the shortest wavelength and the largest refractive index, red light has the longest refractive index and the smallest refractive index, and other colored lights are in between. Therefore, the light is split in the water drop, and the light of various colors continues to spread in the water drop at the same time, and is reflected back when it meets another interface of the water drop, passes through the inside of the water drop again, and refracts back into the air when it comes out.

In this way, the sunlight in the water drops undergoes twice refraction and once total reflection, and is decomposed into seven monochromatic lights: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and purple. When there are a large number of water droplets in the air, sunlight passes through these water droplets, and after reflection and refraction, the emitted light gathers together to form a beautiful rainbow in the sky.

Usually, most of what we see is a rainbow, and the viewing angle (from the ground to the top of the rainbow) is about 42. Sometimes you can see another rainbow with the opposite color order and deeper color outside the rainbow. This rainbow is called the second rainbow.

The main rainbow is internal ultraviolet red, the auxiliary rainbow is internal infrared purple, and the auxiliary rainbow is also called neon. Neon and main rainbow are concentric arcs, and the sky between them is dark, while the sky inside and outside the rainbow is bright.

The viewing angle of neon is about 5 1. Its origin is basically the same as the main rainbow.

It is formed by two reflections and two refractions of sunlight in small raindrops, namely refraction-total reflection-total reflection-refraction. On the ground level, the main rainbows and neon lights we see are semicircular because their lower parts are covered by the ground.

If you stand on the top of a high mountain, you can see most of the major rainbows and neon lights. Only when the weather is clear, looking down in the aircraft cabin, can we see the whole picture of the main rainbow and neon, that is, a complete circle.

If the angle of the sun is too big (for example, around noon) or too small (the recently rising or setting sun), it is not easy for us to see rainbows, and because rainbows enter our eyes through the reflection of sunlight by small water droplets, rainbows always appear opposite the sun. The morning rainbow is in the west and the evening rainbow is in the east.

It appears mainly in summer.

Why is the main rainbow ultraviolet red? When we look at a rainbow, colored light is reflected from small water droplets at different angles. For a particle, only one color of light can enter our eyes, while other colors of light refracted from the same raindrop pass through our eyes high or low without being seen by us. Specifically, among the light that can enter our eyes and be refracted by water droplets at the highest position, red light can enter our eyes because it has the smallest refractive index and the smallest deflection angle. We only see red light, and other colors of light pass over our heads because of their large refractive index and large deflection angle.

A slightly lower water drop can only be seen by orange light with deflection angle greater than red light and less than other colors under refracted light. Among other colors, red light is low, yellow, green, blue, indigo and purple are high, which are beyond our eyes.

By analogy, the light that enters our eyes and is refracted by the lowest water drop can only see purple light, and the rest of the colored light slips away from our noses. In this way, the light refracted by adjacent water droplets in the air forms a rainbow, which is ultraviolet and red.

Meteorological principles of rainbows The size of water droplets in the air determines the color and width of rainbows. The bigger the raindrops, the narrower the rainbow band and the brighter the color. The smaller the raindrops, the wider the rainbow band and the darker the color.

When raindrops are small enough, the light splitting and reflection are not obvious, and the rainbow disappears. This shows that the formation of rainbow is directly related to the existence, quantity and size of raindrops in the air, and in turn, rainbow is related to weather changes.

For example, the color of the rainbow changes from bright to dark, and the width changes from narrow to wide, indicating that the raindrops in the air change from big to small. It can be speculated that the air may gradually stabilize and the weather conditions will gradually stabilize.

9. Fire science tips

first

Consciously safeguard the fire safety of the public * * *, call 1 19 in time when finding the fire, and the fire brigade will not charge for fighting the fire.

second

If you find fire hazards and fire safety violations, you can call 96 1 19 to report to the local public security fire department.

essay

Do not bury, occupy, damage, misappropriate or block fire control facilities and equipment.

Article 4

Please do not bring inflammable and explosive dangerous goods into public places or take public transport.

Article 5

It is strictly forbidden to use open flames and smoke in places where fireworks are strictly prohibited.

Article 6

Buy qualified fireworks and firecrackers, observe safety regulations when setting off, and pay attention to fire safety.

Article 7

Families and units are equipped with necessary fire-fighting equipment and master the correct use.

Article 8

Every family should make a fire safety plan, draw a road map for escape and evacuation, and promptly investigate and eliminate fire hazards.

Article 9

Flammable materials should not be used in interior decoration.

Article 10

Use electrical equipment correctly, don't connect the power cord indiscriminately, don't overload electricity consumption, replace aging electrical equipment and lines in time, and turn off the power switch when going out.

Article 11

Proper use, regular inspection of gas facilities and appliances, find gas leakage, quickly close the valve, open the doors and windows, do not touch the electrical switch and use naked flame.

Article 12

Teach children not to play with fire, and put lighters and matches out of children's reach.

Article 13

Do not occupy, block or close the exit, evacuation passage and fire truck passage, and do not set obstacles that hinder the passage and fire fighting of fire trucks.

Article 14

Don't smoke on the bed or sofa, and don't throw cigarette butts about.

Article 15

Schools and units regularly organize escape and evacuation drills.

Article 16

Pay attention to safety exits and evacuation routes when entering public places, and remember the evacuation direction.

Article 17

In case of fire, you should be calm, escape quickly and correctly, do not covet property, do not take the elevator, and do not jump off the building blindly.

Article 18

When you have to escape through smoke, try to protect your head and body with soaked clothes, cover your nose and mouth, and bend down and walk low.

Article 19

If there is a fire, you can roll on the spot or cover it with heavy clothes to suppress the flame.

Article 20

When the gate cannot escape from the fire, you can block the gate with soaked towels and clothes and send a distress signal to wait for rescue.