What are the main types of climate?

The climate at low latitudes is mainly controlled by equatorial air mass and tropical air mass. The main circulation systems that affect the climate are equatorial convergence zone, Wacker circulation, trade winds, equatorial westerly winds, tropical cyclones and subtropical high. The annual radiation difference of the ground-air system is too large, so the annual temperature is high. The average temperature in Leng Yue is above 15 ~ 18℃, and the annual evapotranspiration may be 65438.

1. Equatorial rainy climate

It is distributed in the equator and within 5 ~ 10 of the north and south, with different widths, mainly distributed in Zaire River basin in Africa, Amazon River basin in South America and Sumatra Island to Irian Island between Asia and Oceania. The sun is high at noon all year round, so there is no winter in summer. The monthly average temperature is 25.28℃, and the annual average temperature is about 26℃. The annual temperature is generally below 3℃. The daily range can reach 6 ~ 65438 02℃. Due to the control of equatorial air mass, the annual wind force is weak, mainly converging updrafts and thunderstorms. It is rainy all year round, and there is no dry season. The annual precipitation is over 2000mm, and the monthly precipitation is at least over 60 mm, but the annual precipitation changes greatly, which is related to the change of the position of equatorial convergence zone.

2. Tropical maritime climate

Several islands in the tropical ocean in the trade wind zone of the east coast of the mainland and south latitude10 ~ 25. Just on the windward coast, tropical marine air masses prevail all the year round and have a maritime climate. The average temperature in the hottest month is around 28℃, and that in Leng Yue is between 18 ~ 25℃, and the annual range and diurnal temperature range is small. Due to the east wind (trade wind), the terrain is abundant in precipitation. The annual precipitation is above 1000mm, generally concentrated from May to 10, with no obvious change.

3. Tropical dry and wet season climate

Roughly distributed between 5 degrees and 25 degrees in the northern and southern hemispheres. At noon, when the sun is low, it is under the trade winds and controlled by the tropical continental air mass. It is a downward flowing dry season. At noon, when the sun is high, the equatorial convergence zone moves and there is a moist convergence updraft. It's the rainy season. At least 1 ~ 2 months in a year is the dry season. Evapotranspiration in rainy season is less than precipitation. The annual precipitation is about 750 ~ 1600 mm, and the precipitation changes greatly. High temperature throughout the year, the average temperature in Leng Yue is above 16 ~ 18℃, at the end of dry season and before rainy season.

4. Tropical monsoon climate

It is distributed in the southeast of the Asian continent from north latitude 10 to the tropic of cancer, such as the south of Taiwan Province Province, Leizhou Peninsula and Hainan Island, Indochina Peninsula, most of the Indian Peninsula, the Philippines and the northern coast of Australia. The tropical monsoon is developed here, and the wind direction changes obviously seasonally throughout the year. When the tropical continental air mass is controlled, precipitation is scarce. When the equatorial air mass is controlled, there will be abundant precipitation and a lot of tropical cyclone rain. Generally, it is 1500 ~ 2000 mm, and it is concentrated in June ~ 10 (northern hemisphere). The annual maximum temperature is above 20℃, with an annual variation of about 3 ~ 10℃, which is extremely short in spring and autumn.

5. Tropical arid and semi-arid climate

Distributed in the center of subtropical and trade winds and the west coast of the mainland. In the southern hemisphere and northern hemisphere, it extends north and south around the tropic of cancer, with an average position of about 15 ~ 25. Due to the different drought degree and climate characteristics, it can be divided into three subtypes: tropical arid climate (5a), tropical foggy arid climate (5b) and tropical semi-arid climate (5c). Annual range and diurnal temperature range is large, with extreme maximum temperature. 5 years is controlled by subtropical high downdraft all the year round, so there is little precipitation. 5c is located at the outer edge of 5a, which is controlled by subtropical high for half a year. In the season when the sun is high, the equatorial trough moves and there is convective rain, so there is a short rainy season. 5b is located on the west coast of the tropical continent, where cold ocean currents pass by, and it is foggy and rainy all the year round due to the downward flow of subtropical high.

(2) Mid-latitude climate

This is an area where tropical air mass and polar air mass compete with each other. The main circulation systems that affect climate are polar front, prevailing westerly wind, extratropical cyclone and anticyclone, subtropical high and tropical cyclone. The radiation energy balance in this area varies greatly in a year, with four distinct seasons. The average temperature in Leng Yue is below 15 ~ 18℃. There are 4 ~ 12 months when the average temperature is above 10℃. The annual evapotranspiration is between130 and 52.5 cm. The non-periodic change of weather and the seasonal change of precipitation are significant. In addition, the large-scale continent in the mid-latitude zone of the northern hemisphere is affected by the thermal contrast between land and sea and the towering terrain, which makes the climate in this area more complicated.

6. Subtropical arid and semi-arid climate

It is distributed on the high latitude side of tropical arid climate, about on the west coast of the mainland and inland areas of 25 ~ 35 north latitude. It is formed under the action of subtropical high downward airflow and the back shore wind of the trade wind zone. Due to different drought degrees, it can be divided into two subtypes: arid 6a and semi-arid 6b.

6a Subtropical arid climate is characterized by partly cloudy, little rain, strong sunshine and extremely high temperature in summer. However, the temperature in cold season is lower than 5a type, and the temperature in annual range is higher than 5a type, reaching above 20℃. There is a small amount of cyclone rain in cool season, and the soil water storage capacity is slightly higher than that of 5a type. 6b Subtropical and semi-arid climate, located at the outer edge of area 6a. The summer temperature is lower than that of type 6a, and the winter precipitation is slightly higher than that of type 6a.

7. Subtropical monsoon climate

It is distributed on the east coast of subtropical Eurasia, with a center of about 30 N and an extension of about 5 to the north and south respectively. It is an area where tropical marine air masses compete with polar continental air masses, and it is affected by tropical cyclone activities in summer and autumn. Therefore, it is hot and humid in summer and dry in winter. The average temperature in the hottest month is above 22℃, the average temperature in Leng Yue is around 0 ~ 15℃, and the annual temperature is around 60℃.

8. Subtropical humid climate

It is distributed in the subtropical east coast of North and South America, Africa and Australia, and the latitude is about 20 ~ 35. In winter, it is influenced by the polar continental air mass, and in summer, it is controlled by the moist marine air mass flowing in the western edge of the ocean high. Because the mainland is small, there is no monsoon climate. The temperature difference between winter and summer is smaller than that in monsoon region, and the seasonal distribution of precipitation is more uniform than that in monsoon region.

9. Subtropical dry summer climate (Mediterranean climate)

It is distributed in the zone between 30 and 40 on the west coast of subtropical continent. Affected by the seasonal movement of subtropical high, it is located in the center of subtropical high or its eastern edge in summer, with sinking airflow, dry and rainy weather and strong sunshine. In winter, the subtropical high moves to the low latitude, controlled by the westerly belt, and the front and cyclone activities are frequent, bringing a lot of precipitation. Annual precipitation is 300 ~ 65438+. The average temperature in Leng Yue is about 4 ~ 10℃. Due to the different temperatures in summer, it can be divided into two subtypes. A cool summer type, near the coast of cold ocean current, with cool, foggy and little rain in summer. The average temperature in the hottest month is below 22℃, and that in Leng Yue is above 10℃. 9b Warm summer type, far from the coast, dry and hot in summer, and the hottest month is average.

10. temperate maritime climate

Distributed in the 40 ~ 60 zone on the west coast of temperate continent. The west wind prevails here all the year round, controlled by temperate ocean air mass, and there is a warm current passing along the coast. It is warm in winter and cool in summer. The average temperature in Leng Yue is above 0℃, and the average temperature in the hottest month is below 22℃. The annual temperature difference is small, about 6 ~ 14℃. It is wet and rainy all year round, with more precipitation in winter.

1 1. temperate monsoon climate

It is distributed at about 35 ~ 55 along the east coast of Eurasia. The north wind prevails in cold and dry winter. The average temperature in Leng Yue is below 0℃, and the temperature difference between north and south is large. Southeast wind prevails in summer, which is warm and humid. The average temperature in the hottest month is above 20℃, and the temperature difference between north and south is small. The annual temperature difference is large, the annual precipitation is concentrated in summer, and the precipitation distribution decreases from south to north and from coastal to inland. The weather is changeable.

12. temperate continental humid climate

It is distributed in the eastern temperate maritime climate zone of Eurasia and the temperate zone east of North America100 W. Winter is cold, controlled by the polar continental air mass, with a small amount of cyclone precipitation. In summer, it is invaded by tropical maritime air mass, and there is more precipitation, but it is not highly concentrated in monsoon area. There are four distinct seasons here, and the weather changes dramatically.

13. temperate arid and semi-arid climate

It is distributed in the middle of the Asian and North American continents at 35 ~ 50 north latitude. Because it is far away from the ocean or protected by mountains, it is not affected by the ocean air mass and is controlled by the continental air mass all the year round, so the climate is dry, hot in summer and cold in winter, and the annual variable temperature is very high. Due to different drought degrees, it can be divided into temperate arid climate (13a) and temperate semi-arid climate (13b).

(3) High latitude climate

Polar air masses and glacial air masses prevail in high latitude climate zones. Cyclone activity exists in the glacier front. The radiation difference between the earth and the atmospheric system here is negative, so the temperature is low and there is no real summer. The air contains less water vapor and precipitation, but the evaporation is weak, and the annual evapotranspiration may be less than 52.5cm. This zone can be divided into three climate types.

14. Sub-polar continental climate

Distributed in 50 N or 55 N to 65° N area. The annual evapotranspiration here is between 35 cm and 52.5 cm. Winter is long, with at least 9 months in a year as winter. In winter, it is dark for a long time, and the height of the sun is small at noon. It is also the center of cold and high pressure in central and eastern Eurasia, with less wind and partly cloudy, strong ground radiation cooling, the strongest continental nature and extremely low temperature in winter. The temperature is extremely high all year round. There is little precipitation in the whole year, mainly in warm season, and less snowfall in winter, but evaporation is weak and melting is slow. There are 5-7 months of snow every year, and the thickness of snow is about 600-700 mm, so the soil freezing phenomenon is serious. Due to the moderate temperature in warm season, there is some precipitation, which is suitable for the growth of coniferous forests.

15. Polar tundra climate

It is distributed in the northern edge of North America and Eurasia, part of the coast of Greenland and several islands in the Arctic Ocean. In the southern hemisphere, it is distributed in Malvinas Islands (Falkland Islands), south shetland islands and South Orkney Islands. The annual evapotranspiration is less than 35 cm. It is winter all the year round, and the monthly average temperature is about 0℃~ 10℃ only for14 months in a year. Its latitude position is close to or at the extreme. So the extreme phenomenon of day and night is very obvious. During the extreme night, the temperature is very low, but the adjacent ocean is slightly higher than the subtropical continental climate. The average temperature in Leng Yue is between minus 20 and 40 degrees. The average temperature in the hottest month is about 1 ~ 5℃. In July and August, the temperature can still drop below 0℃ at night. There will be some precipitation at the front of the glacier, usually once a year. Snow is mostly dry, and it is rainy or wet in warm seasons. Because of the high wind speed, snow fog often forms, and the visibility is poor, and the snow area on the ground is not large. The natural vegetation is only moss, lichen and small shrubs, which constitute the tundra landscape.

65438+

Distributed in Greenland, Antarctic continent and several islands in the Arctic Ocean. It is the source of ice air mass and Antarctic air mass. It is extremely cold all year round, with the monthly average temperature below 0℃, and the annual average temperature is the lowest in the world. There are extreme days and nights in a year. The annual precipitation is less than 250 mm, which is dry snow and will not melt, forming a thick ice sheet for a long time. There is strong wind, cold wind, snow and poor visibility.

(4) Plateau climate

In the plateau area, with the increase of height, the climatic factors also change, resulting in obvious vertical zonality of alpine climate. In order to distinguish the climate affected by altitude and latitude, and because the alpine climate is limited to a local area, the plateau climate is classified as a large category and is not included in the lowland classification system.

Alpine climate has obvious vertical zonality, which varies with latitude and regional climate conditions. Its characteristics are as follows:

(1) The differentiation of vertical climatic zones in mountainous areas is different due to the latitude and the height difference of the mountain itself. The foothills are equatorial or tropical. With the increase of altitude, the surface heat and water conditions change gradually, and vertical climatic zones appear alternately. This change is similar to the lowlands with the increase of latitude. If the latitude of the mountain is higher, the differentiation of the vertical climate zone will decrease. If the height difference in mountainous areas is small, there will also be differentiation of vertical climate zones.

(2) The vertical climate zone in mountainous areas bears the "brand" of local climate types. For example, in equatorial mountainous areas, from the foothills to the top of the mountain, the seasonal changes are not obvious. Both Mount Everest and Changbai Mountain have the characteristics of monsoon climate.

(3) The differentiation of vertical climate in mountainous areas with humid climate is mainly determined by heat conditions, while the differentiation of vertical climate in arid and semi-arid climate areas and mountainous areas is closely related to heat and humid conditions. The dryness in these areas is greater at the foot of the mountain, and gradually decreases with the elevation.

(4) In the same mountain area, due to the different local conditions such as slope direction, slope, topographic relief, concave and convex, the vertical change of climate is also different, such as the warm zone on the hillside and the cold lake in the valley.

(5) The vertical climate zone in mountainous areas is different from the horizontal climate zone that varies with latitude, and its causes and characteristics are also different.