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Meteorology is the companion of sports.

Published in July 2006 17 19: 06: 00.

chen xiaochuan

Whether it is a large-scale international sports event, a small-scale sports meeting or daily sports training, it is restricted and influenced by meteorological conditions. The more large-scale sports activities, the more accurate, timely and effective meteorological forecast service guarantee and some special special services are needed.

First of all, good meteorological conditions and perfect meteorological services have always been one of the key factors for the success of the opening and closing ceremonies of large-scale sports events. In case of severe weather such as rainstorm, lightning and hail, it will bring great harm to the safety of athletes and spectators, at least adversely affect the schedule of events and the effect of cultural and sports activities. For example, when the Fifth National Games was held in Shanghai, there was a typhoon, and it rained heavily for about two days and two nights in the morning, so the opening ceremony had to be postponed. For another example, when Guangzhou hosted the Sixth National Games, the weather was fine in the morning of the opening ceremony, and it rained lightly at night, which soaked the guests and audience.

Meteorological conditions are one of the sensitive factors related to achieving excellent results, which have great influence on track and field, skydiving, model airplane, tennis, football, racing, sailing and rowing. For example, when there is no wind, the sailboat loses power and cannot compete; The wind is too strong and it is dangerous to play. When parachuting, the pilot should calculate and correct the course of the plane according to the conditions of high-altitude wind direction, wind speed and visibility. Athletes should adjust the appropriate falling speed according to the wind conditions and correct the deviation of landing targets. It can be seen that if we make good use of the weather and seize the favorable weather opportunity, we can achieve better results. At the Beijing Asian Games, China Women Athletes Week broke the world record of women's one-kilometer time trial under the meteorological background of clear weather, fresh air, moderate temperature and favorable human feelings.

Meteorological conditions also have a prominent impact on shooting, archery, flying saucer and other aiming projects. When talking about applied meteorology, Dong Xiangyu, coach of China women's pistol team, and Li Shulan, coach of archery team, said: Shooters are extremely concerned about meteorological conditions and listen to and watch radio and television weather forecast programs on time almost every morning and evening to arrange training. Especially before the competition, we need to know the meteorological conditions repeatedly before we can correct the shooting scale and aim at archery. An excellent player should always make good use of his excellent skills to improvise in different meteorological environments such as headwind, downwind, crosswind and rain.

According to the analysis of sports researchers, in track and field events such as sprint and hurdle, there are obvious differences in the performance of athletes under different meteorological conditions of downwind and headwind. Usually run at a downwind speed of 2 meters per second 100 meters, which is 0. 15 seconds faster than when there is no wind. Because of this, IAAF stipulates that wind direction and wind speed should be measured in track events below 200 meters, long jump and triple jump. Where the average wind speed exceeds 2 meters per second when the wind is downwind, only achievements will be counted, and records will not be recognized. When setting a new national or world record, athletes must strictly fill in the meteorological data such as venue, equipment, wind, temperature and humidity when reporting the record. In all kinds of national competitions and world competitions, there have been many regrets that the performance can not be regarded as a new record because of exceeding the wind speed. For example, in the marathon, due to the different meteorological conditions and roads of each race, it is stipulated that only the winner and the best result are recorded, but there is no specific data of the world record.

It is more necessary to master and apply meteorological knowledge in athletes' daily training. When talking about their training, coach Ma pointed out that training in the plateau climate with high altitude, relatively thin air, low air pressure and low oxygen content is beneficial to the adaptation of players to hypoxia, improving endurance and cardiopulmonary function, and promoting and improving athletes' physical fitness. They also gradually explored a lot of experience in using altitude meteorological training to improve their performance, and won honors for the motherland many times in the competition.

Now, experts believe that when studying the influence of weather on sports competitions, the focus should be on athletes, but the influence on referees and spectators should not be ignored.

For many years, sports and meteorological experts generally believe that indoor sports are not affected by external meteorological conditions. However, from a new perspective, the above viewpoint is not comprehensive enough. Although indoor wind is controlled (relatively speaking), temperature, humidity and airflow are still changing. The subtle airflow should conform to the following three principles: first, it will not affect the comfort of athletes; Second, it does not affect the comfort of the audience; Third, it does not affect the elasticity and projection of the ball and arrow. For example, the American Sports Association has set a suitable temperature range for many projects based on long-term practice and analysis. The suitable temperature for archery, boxing, tennis, judo and shooting is13℃ ~16℃; Basketball, squash 10℃ ~ 13℃, badminton 7℃.

According to the further research of later generations, it is found that the most suitable temperature for indoor competition of gymnasts is 17℃ for beginners, 13℃ ~ 14℃ for advanced athletes, and so on.

With the development of sports, a new frontier discipline, sports meteorology, is on the rise, attracting more and more attention from people in sports and meteorology. Practice has proved that meteorological services can do a lot in the increasingly fierce competition. The application of meteorological science is more conducive to horizontal competition and good results.

Champion and gentle breeze

Ping Cheng

Xu Haifeng, an excellent shooter, won the first gold medal for China at the 23rd Olympic Games. In addition to his hard training, it is said that it is also related to his careful grasp of meteorological conditions. We know that the wind direction and wind speed in meteorological conditions have the greatest influence on shooting competition. Especially in flying saucers and pig races, the bullets are more affected by the wind after they leave the chamber. Before the Olympic Games in May, 1984, Xu Haifeng participated in the "warm-up match" in Los Angeles. He is a caring person. In the warm-up match, he paid great attention to the local sunrise, sunset and the height of the sun at different times, and also paid attention to the changing law of the local wind every hour of the day, and recorded the observed phenomena. After returning to China, conduct analysis and research, and conduct "simulation training" to understand the wind speed and direction in Los Angeles. Three months later, when he went to Los Angeles to participate in the official competition, he finally got his wish and won the first gold medal in the Olympic Games for our country.

The wind has a greater influence on archery competition. As long as there is a little wind, the arrow will deviate far. According to experienced archers, when there is wind, aim at other targets according to the wind direction and wind speed in order to hit the bull's-eye.

Ma, a female archer in China, is known as "a hundred paces pierce the Yang" and "an arrow is not empty". 1On March 27th, 987, she had a fierce world championship competition with South Korean marksman Wang Xijing. In the semi-final of that morning, Ma fell behind with 13, which was very unfavorable. In the afternoon final, there was a sudden strong wind, and this sudden weather change had a certain impact on both sides' psychology. In the end, if you want to win the championship, it depends on who can overcome the strong wind. Wang Xijing couldn't adapt to the strong wind for a while, and most of the arrows he shot deviated from the bull's-eye, and his performance dropped sharply. Ma, on the other hand, used the skill of "correcting deviation" that he had learned by insisting on training in the gale, calmly shot the last 36 arrows, and finally won the championship with 330 rings.

At the 1986 Asian Games in Seoul, China's windsurfers won two gold medals, which is inseparable from making full use of meteorological conditions. During the windsurfing preliminaries, the Seoul Meteorological Observatory predicted that there would be a level 4 gale on the sea surface of the stadium. According to this prediction, our coach sent a middleweight athlete to participate in the competition. As a result, the actual wind speed is not large, and our athletes are heavier, which affects the speed of windsurfing and suffers. In the final, the Korean Meteorological Observatory still predicted that there would be a level 4 wind on the field, but our coach got the information from other sources that there was a level 5 or above wind on the field, so he decided to send a heavyweight player to play, and other countries still sent lightweight players. Shortly after the start of the competition, there was a strong wind of five or six on the sea, which was extremely unfavorable to the lighter foreign players. Lightweight body can't hold down the "edge", and windsurfing can easily swing from side to side or even sink. On the contrary, the heavier athletes in China can hold down the "edge" and let the windsurfing ride the wind and waves. At the same time, this is also closely related to the fact that China athletes made a special trip to Hainan Island for adaptive training before the Asian Games, and accumulated skills and experience in sailing in stormy seas. This time, China athletes finally beat all foreign players and won the Asian Games windsurfing championship.

Take advice on whether the marathon results are good or not.

Wu Jing

Marathon (42.195km) is one of the main events of the sports meeting. The achievement of marathon requires not only the athletes' physique and skills, but also the meteorological conditions. It is estimated that an athlete consumes about 3000 kilocalories in a marathon. The heat generated by energy metabolism can be calculated by the oxygen inhaled and the carbon dioxide exhaled by the human body every hour, which requires athletes to have special ability to breathe, use a lot of oxygen and dissipate heat efficiently. If all the heat generated during exercise is stored in the body, the athlete's body temperature will rise at a rate of about 0.2℃/ minute. In fact, the athlete's body temperature will only rise by 1℃ ~ 2℃ when he reaches the finish line, which shows that the human body has an efficient heat dissipation mechanism. The heat exchange between the human body and the environment is not only related to people's physique, skin characteristics, sweating rate, respiratory heat dissipation and clothing, but also affected by air temperature and humidity, wind speed and radiation, which means that meteorological conditions play an important role in the heat dissipation ability of athletes and directly affect marathon performance.

There are several ways for human body to dissipate heat: 1. Conduction: the heat energy in the body reaches the body surface and is directly transferred to the object in contact with the body surface; 2. Convection: Convection heat dissipation accounts for about 15% of the total heat dissipation of human body, which is normally related to the humidity and temperature of the thin air layer with the thickness of 1 ~ 2mm around human body; 3. Radiation: The human body radiates heat by emitting infrared rays. Generally speaking, the heat emitted by radiation accounts for about 40% ~ 60% of the total heat dissipation; 4. Evaporation: that is, heat is dissipated through sweat evaporation.

Air temperature directly affects the heat dissipation. When the temperature is low, it is beneficial to conduction, convection and radiation heat dissipation. When the temperature is high, radiation heat dissipation decreases, but sweat increases and evaporation heat dissipation increases. The amount of water vapor in the air is directly related to the evaporation speed of sweat and affects the evaporation heat dissipation. Sunshine is an important factor affecting marathon performance. Because of the sunshine, the athletes' body temperature rises, and more importantly, the infrared radiation of the sun reduces the athletes' heat dissipation ability. Clouds reflect the amount of sunshine, and cloudy days are most conducive to creating good effects. The influence of precipitation on marathon results is divided into two parts: heavy rain affects marathon results; Micro-precipitation is the best for marathon. Although athletes feel uncomfortable when the rain gets wet, it is more conducive to creating good results because the rain on the body surface evaporates and dissipates quickly.

Some people have analyzed the marathon results held once a year in Boston, USA since 1957, and obtained some interesting results: when the air temperature and relative humidity are high enough, the world-class excellent marathon runners will not run the ideal results because of unfavorable meteorological conditions; When the temperature is between 10.0℃ and 24.0℃, the wet bulb temperature and cloud cover become ideal predictors of marathon results: when it is cloudy and the wet bulb temperature is below 7.8℃, the results are very likely to be good and record-breaking; If it is sunny or partly cloudy, the wet bulb temperature is above 7.8℃, and it usually performs poorly. Most of the record-breaking achievements occurred on cloudy days with a small amount of precipitation. As for the competitions held in other places, these meteorological factors are also indicative, but their index values need to be adjusted accordingly. Therefore, according to the weather conditions on the day of the race, we can make an estimate of the performance of the marathon and whether it can break the record in advance.

[Above Source: Science Times]

Meteorological conditions and movement

Yang Xiaoping of Shaanxi Meteorological Observatory

In the stands of sports events, a gust of wind blew, and the gold medal that sharpshooters were sure of would drop sharply, and there was a shower, but the proud generation on the court suddenly became unable to find their goal. Every gold medal won in the Olympic Games is not only the result of the sweat and tears of athletes and coaches, but also the crystallization of sports technology and the support of comprehensive national strength, and it also needs good weather during the competition.

Glory and dreams are intertwined, and speed and strength change. The quadrennial Olympic Games has already begun. The competition among various projects is fierce and even cruel. This is the best place for human beings to challenge the limits of their limbs. Challenge the limits of human speed, strength and gravity, and compete for those hot gold medals under the bright sunshine, blue sky and white clouds, which embodies fairness and competition, health and vitality. This is a demonstration of the training achievements of coaches and athletes for many years, a perfect combination of strength and bodybuilding, and a contest between economic strength and scientific research level.

The close relationship between meteorological conditions and sports has attracted more and more attention from the sports and meteorological circles. Appropriate cold and warm weather and sunny weather will add a lot of color to the opening and closing ceremonies of large-scale sports meetings. Making full use of favorable meteorological conditions in sports competitions is helpful to play one's own level and create good results. There are many meteorological factors that affect the competition, such as temperature, humidity, wind, visibility, sunshine, rain and snow. Moreover, different events have different requirements for meteorological conditions, and some even differ greatly. For example, sailing windsurfing must have wind, and you can't race without wind. However, when the wind speed exceeds the limit in track and field competitions, the achievements created will not be recognized. When submitting the application records, in addition to providing the venues and equipment of the sports venues, it is also necessary to provide reports on the meteorological conditions at that time, especially the wind speed.

Temperature usually affects athletes' nervous system, endocrine function and blood pressure. For example, the most suitable temperature for athletes in field events is usually 20-22℃; The most suitable temperature for track athletes is17-20℃; The suitable temperature for indoor shooting, boxing, judo and archery is13-16℃. Basketball and softball are10-13℃; Badminton is 7℃. The influence of humidity on human body is mainly in thermal metabolism and water metabolism. When the humidity is too high, sweat in the body is difficult to evaporate, which hinders the heat dissipation process. Athletes will feel irritable and depressed, and they will feel thirsty and irritable when the humidity is too low. In addition, humidity is usually dependent on temperature. When the temperature is 40℃, the relative humidity is 30%, the temperature is 38℃, the relative humidity is 50%, the temperature is 30-365438 0℃, and the relative humidity is above 85%, athletes will consume too much, and their body's regulating function will not fully play its role, which will reduce their working ability and lead to premature fatigue. Physical activity or exposure on a hot day can raise body temperature, and when it exceeds a certain limit, it is easy to get heatstroke; Training or competition in a cold environment consumes a lot of calories, and the human body may have chills and discomfort in order to maintain a certain body temperature. Therefore, the appropriate temperature is an important factor for athletes to play their best competitive ability, and the human body adapts to the hot environment faster than the cold environment. The former usually takes 7-8 days, while the latter takes three weeks. But the influence of hot environment on human body is greater than that of cold environment. When the humidity is low, it is beneficial for high jumpers to play their level, while when the humidity is high, it is beneficial for sprinters to produce explosive force. When the humidity is high, it is not good for long-distance runners to sweat, which will affect their endurance.

Wind not only affects human body's thermal metabolism, nervous system and mental state, but also wind direction and speed have great influence on many sports. The wind has a great influence on sprint. Under the rule that the wind speed does not exceed 2m/s, the performance can be improved with the wind. According to the calculation, running 100m at the wind speed of 2m/s is 0. 16 seconds faster than when there is no wind. Marathon is the most ideal when the wind speed is less than 5m/s and the temperature is 12- 14℃. Experimental research shows that headwind sometimes increases the throwing distance of javelin and discus. The best throwing angle of javelin is generally 33-35 upwind and 35 downwind (wind speed ≤ 2m/s). When the downwind speed is less than 2m/s, the best initial throwing angles of men's discus are 33-34, 265, 438+0-365, 438+0, and women's discus are 37-45. It is estimated that the slightest wind speed will drive the hammer. In the case of headwind, the flying distance of the hammer is shortened with the increase of flying speed. On the contrary, in the case of downwind with wind speed of 5 m/s, the flying distance of the hammer is increased by 65 cm. However, when the wind speed continues to increase to 15m/s, the flight distance is only increased by 32cm. In addition, the action of the wind also changed the flight trajectory of the hammer. When the wind speed is 10 m/s, the highest point of the flight trajectory is 5 cm higher than that in the case of still wind, while in the case of headwind, the highest point is 80 cm lower than that in the case of still wind. The main factor affecting the distance of shot put is the frontal air resistance during flight. The experiment shows that the average throwing distance of shot put with a diameter of 12 cm (wind speed is 1.4 m/s) is shortened by 14 to 15 cm, and that of shot put with a diameter of 13 cm is shortened by 18 to. Smooth surface of shot put is also an important factor. The headwind will shorten its throwing distance, but in the case of downwind, people have not observed the very beneficial side of downwind to the throwing distance. When the wind speed is equal to or exceeds the shot put speed, the harm caused by headwind becomes greater. When the wind speed is 5 m/s against the wind, the shot put distance is shortened by 9 ~ 14cm, and when the wind speed is 5 m/s against the wind, the shot put distance is shortened by 22 ~ 32cm. Wind speed, wind direction, temperature and air pressure are the main meteorological factors affecting shooting accuracy. Most researchers believe that such weather conditions are the most favorable when the temperature is 15℃, the air pressure is 1000hPa, the altitude of the site is 1000 meters, the relative humidity of the air is 50%, and the wind is still. When the wind speed exceeds 4 m/s on the shooting range, it may be accompanied by sudden changes in wind speed and direction. If the wind speed exceeds 4 m/s when shooting, the scattering degree of shooting will increase due to the action of wind. When the wind speed is 10 m/s, the scattering degree of the bullet is twice that in the static wind. The wind along the shooting route will increase the flying distance of the bullet, while the wind against the shooting route will shorten the flying distance of the bullet. The crosswind at an angle of 90 to the shooting direction will change the direction of the bullet, and the wind blowing from the side will not only affect the flying distance, but also affect the shooting direction. The crosswind blowing from the front or back at different angles is more or less inclined, and the force on the bullet is relatively smaller than that of the simple crosswind. In addition to the wind, the change of temperature also has a considerable impact on the shooting percentage. When the temperature of air changes, so does the density. When the bullet flies at a lower temperature, it will collide with more air molecules (denser air) on the way, thus losing its speed.

In swimming competition, the water temperature in the swimming pool not only has a physiological impact on the athletes' bodies, but also has an impact on their bodies. Generally speaking, when the water temperature is high, the buoyancy of human body is small, and the mutual friction between water molecules is also small. The internal friction at 25℃ is about 30% less than that at 10℃. It is generally believed that 24℃ to 28℃ is the best water temperature for training and competition. In international competition rules, 24℃ is the lowest water temperature for holding competitions.

Football has become the most popular sport because of its combination of strength and skill, passion and wisdom, youth and vitality. Skillful ball control technique, proper passing and catching, perfect cooperation and accurate shooting have attracted the attention of hundreds of millions of people all over the world, and attracted many people to watch the game with their favorite teams even not far from Wan Li, becoming loyal fans. Football is a sport greatly influenced by the weather. Sun and rain will not only affect the players' play, but also affect the audience's appreciation of the wonderful game. In the World Cup football match, teams often use their home advantage to gain game time. For example, in the 2002 World Cup, the UAE national team took advantage of Uzbekistan's inadaptability to high temperature and beat the opposing team by virtue of its home court advantage; When China played against the United Arab Emirates, it was predicted a week in advance that there would be heavy rain the day before the game. Coach Milu prepared for a water fight early, while the Arab team, which was not used to water fights, struggled on the wet ground and lost by a big score.

People have certain adaptability to meteorological conditions. Many sports teams use high technology to help with training. For example, before the World Cup in Japan and South Korea, a university in Liverpool specially collected the climate data of Japan and South Korea in May and June in recent decades in order to help the English team achieve good results, and established a laboratory to simulate the climate of Japan and South Korea according to the data analysis, so that players can carry out adaptive training in this room.

Don't underestimate these, even if it can only improve the physiological function of athletes by 5%, it will also bring physical advantage to the competition. In such a competitive sports field, the time has been accurate to two digits after the decimal point, and the influence of this 5% is self-evident.

The Department of Science and Education of the State General Administration of Sport organized experts from all sides to study the local meteorological conditions during the Athens Olympic Games, and compared them with those in previous Olympic venues, so as to provide scientific basis for China athletes to prepare for the war. At present, researchers have provided each athlete of the China Olympic delegation with an "Athens Olympic Games Environmental Consultation Manual", although non-host athletes should also make use of the "weather". Before the opening of the Olympic Games, China sports teams searched for places with similar climate to Athens at home and abroad for closed training to adapt to the climate in Athens. We wish the China team impressive achievements and brilliant achievements in Athens.