Composition material: an example of failure caused by non-cooperation

Reversal: Li Zhengdao and Yang Zhenning won the Nobel Prize in Physics.

In the history of the Nobel Prize, many people won the prize in cooperation.

Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai cooperated to create a new China.

Wu Dong and Xishu cooperated to burn serial ships.

Front:

1. Two hunters went hunting. If they cooperate, they can catch a deer. If they don't cooperate, everyone can touch a rabbit. But if one person shoots a deer and another person shoots a rabbit, the result is that deer hunter can't get a deer, and the rabbit hunter gets two rabbits.

2. The people of China who have left their homes are resigned to their fate. They do not unite and fight, and their strength is spent in their throats. People who do business in foreign countries engage in vicious competition with their compatriots, and both lose, and there are many examples of foreigners benefiting. In Chinatown, there are also many examples of mainland gangs fighting each other. When bullied by foreigners, the Chinese community is often not as United as the Jewish community, and few people are willing to get into trouble for their compatriots.

3. In 1960s and 1970s, a large number of rivers and lakes (such as moat, Zhuanhe, Taiping Lake, etc.). ) was randomly filled in the construction of Beijing, and the north ring water system was torn to pieces. In the face of the Olympic Games, it is very difficult to restore its integrity, and most of it is impossible. Only the brick river can be restored, which made us pay a heavy price.

4. When the snipe and clam fight, the fisherman gains.

Gongsun Yan: During the Warring States Period, Wei was born in Yinjin (now Huayin East, Shaanxi). No, it's Xi Shou. Once in Qin and Wei Liang Zuo. Later, he was a general of Wei, and he first advocated joint resistance to Qin. In 323 BC, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei and Zhongshan were canonized as "the kings of the five countries". Wei Xiang was appointed in 3 19 BC.

It is generally believed that Su Qin and Zhang Yi are both students of Guiguzi and the founders of Zonghe and Lian Heng. But in fact, Su Qin is bigger than Zhang Yi, and is Zhang Yi's political enemy. "Biography of Su Qin" and "Biography of Zhang Yi" all say so. 1973, a letter from the Warring States Period was unearthed at No.3 Han Tomb in Changhezi, which recorded that Su Qin died in 284 BC, but Zhang Yi died in 3 10 BC and Soapy died 26 years ago. When Zhang Yi was in Qin State, Sue was a young lobbyist and never dealt with Zhang Yi at all. So what is certain is that Zhang Yi's opponent is Gongsun Yan, and Gong is the initiator of the joint theory.

In the late Warring States period, the power of Qin became stronger and stronger, and the six eastern countries could no longer fight against Qin alone. Gongsun Yan and Su Qin, a native of Luoyang, lobbied the six countries to unite against Qin, which was called "union". The State of Qin used Zhang Yi of Wei to persuade other countries to help Qin attack other weak countries, which was called "Lian Heng". The struggle to unite Lian Heng lasted for a long time. At that time, for their own interests, countries sometimes joined the "Alliance" and sometimes joined the "Lian Heng", which was capricious. This is how the idiom "sooner or later" comes from. In the fierce struggle of the great powers for China, the United front and Lian Heng activities appeared in diplomacy and military affairs. "Vertical integration", that is, "uniting weak countries to attack strong countries", means that many weak countries unite to resist a strong country in order to prevent the merger of strong countries. "Lian Heng", that is, "everything is strong and weak" ("everything is wrong? Five stupid articles), that is, strong countries draw some weak countries to attack others in order to achieve the purpose of annexing land. At this time, there are two different opinions between big countries on how to win over allies and expand abroad, vertically and horizontally. The so-called strategists came into being to meet the needs of this political struggle. They advocated relying on the activities of Zonghe and Lian Heng to seek hegemony or establish a "Wang Ye". They flaunt: "In diplomacy, you can be king, but you can behave yourself." ("Everything is done? "Five Stupid Articles also advertised:" From (vertical) to hegemony, to king. " ("Everything is done? The disadvantage of the strategists in Loyalty, Filial Piety and Righteousness is that they attach importance to relying on external forces, instead of starting with reforming the political economy and seeking Qiang Bing's prosperity like the Legalists. It also exaggerates the role of strategy and strategy as the key to the prosperity of the country. Zhang Yi's Lian Heng strategy in Qin State was successful, achieving the goal of annexing land to the outside world, making King Hui of Qin "start from the land of Sanchuan in the east, merge Bashu in the west, take Shang Jun in the north and Hanzhong in the south", and "disperse the six countries (vertically) to make it a matter of Western Qin" (historical records? Li Si Biography records Li Si). This is because he adopted the strategy of "leveling the princes outside" (Jia Yi's On Crossing the Qin Dynasty) to cooperate with the implementation of the farming policy of Qin State at that time. The so-called vertical Lian Heng, geographically speaking, those weak countries at that time were mainly Sanjin, with Yan in the north and Chu in the south as the vertical; East even or west even cross. The alliance can be allied with the Qin Dynasty or with the Qin Dynasty. Strategically speaking, it is a strategy of "uniting the weak against the strong" to prevent the merger of powerful countries. Lian Heng is a "strong thing (subordinate) to attack the weak", which is a strategy for powerful countries to force weak countries to help them merge. With the change of the situation of the merger war, the specific content of the United Front has also undergone some changes and developments. After the battle of Changping, it became the joint resistance of the six countries and the surrender of Lian Heng to Qin.

Shortly after Zhang Yi entered the State of Qin to implement the strategy of Lian Heng, Gongsun Yan (Shou) left the State of Qin and defected to Wei as a general. Due to the decline of Wei's national strength, Gongsun Yan tried to win over other countries and jointly attack to win. In 325 BC, "Xi shou, want to get together, soldiers attack Zhao", that is, Gongsun Yan wooed the famous ministers of Qi State and jointly attacked Zhao. Gongsun Yan said: "Please pay 50,000 people to go from China, but Zhao broke in May." Tian Gang thought that what Gongsun Yan said was too easy, "there will be consequences". Gongsun Yan thought it was hard to say that the kings of both countries were unwilling to send troops. After sending troops, the kings of the two countries will inevitably send more troops. Later it happened, thus defeating Zhao Bing (Vaizer). Tian Gang captured Zhao Jianghan's residence and gained Pingyi (now northwest of Nanle, Hebei Province) and Xincheng (? Gongsun Yan also defeated Zhao Guan, the general of Zhao, and the Chronology of Six Kingdoms stated that "Wei defeated Zhao Guan in the first year of King Wuling of Zhao". This is Gongsun Yan's first victory as General Wei.

At that time, King Huiwen of Qin adopted the traditional ritual system of changing one yuan a year, and changed yuan in 324 BC, which was called the first year of Yuan Geng. In this year, Zhang Yi personally led the troops out of Hanguguan, and once again captured Shaanxi, the state of Wei, "Being a Man and Wei" ("Qin Benji"), as a base for attacking the Central Plains, and at the same time built a county fort ("Zhang Yichuan") to consolidate defense. The following year, Zhang Yi met with Minister Qi Chu in Sesang (now southwest of Pei County, Jiangsu Province), with the purpose of wooing Qi Chu and preventing Gongsun Yan from uniting Qi Chu. At that time, Hui Shi, the prime minister of Wei, advocated that "He Weiqi went out as a soldier". After repeatedly guiding Wei Jun to appear before the court, he was elected as the queen, and once made Prince Wei swear to Qi (Vaizer, "Prince IV" was mistaken for "Prince Song"), so that Prince Wei was above Chu. When Gongsun Yan became the general of Wei, he defeated Zhao together with Tian Gang, the general of Qi. Therefore, the prime minister of Qin Dynasty, Zhang Yi, wanted to win over Qi and Chu and undermine Gongsun Yan's joint strategy.

In this situation, Gongsun Yan introduced the "Five Kings" in 323 BC. Zhongshan Policy). Wei, Han, Zhao, Yan and Zhongshan participated in the "Kings of the Five Countries". From this year on, Zhao, Yan and Zhongshan also began to be kings. Gongsun Yan initiated the "King of Five Countries" to fight against the State of Qin, but it did not achieve any results. Qi used Zhongshan Primary School as an excuse to refuse to admit that it was qualified to be king, and tried to unite Wei to force Zhongshan to abolish the name of king, but failed. This year, in order to force Wei into Chu's arms, Chu wanted to abolish Wei's son and exile Wei's son as a prince (Warring States policy? Han Ce II), sent the pillar country Zhaoyang to defeat Wei Jun in Xiangling, and won eight cities (Historical Records? Chu family ").

Wei Huiwang was attacked by Qi and Chu, so he had to adopt the strategy of Wei, Qin and Han Dynasties jointly attacking Qi proposed by Zhang Yi, the prime minister of Qin Dynasty. In 322 BC, Zhang Yi was put into use, and Zhang Yi pursued Lian Heng's strategy of "making Wei succeed in Qin". Wei Huiwang didn't listen, and Qin invaded Wei's Quwo (Wenxi East, Shanxi) and Heping State (Jiexiu West, Shanxi), which was a great threat to all countries. Therefore, the five Kanto countries support Gongsun Yan's joint strategy. In 3 19 BC, Wei changed to Gongsun Yan and drove Zhang Yi back to Qin. Since Gongsun Yan became Wei Xiang with the support of eastern countries, the situation of alliance has been formed.

In 365,438+08 BC, Gongsun Yan launched an alliance to unite the eastern countries against Qin, and the three Jin, Yan and Chu countries attacked Qin. This time, Wei, Zhao, Han, Yan and Chu joined forces to attack Qin. At that time, Chu Huaiwang was promoted to leader. (1) But in fact only Wei, Zhao and Han sent troops to fight Qin and attack Hanguguan. Qin sent troops to fight back and Wei suffered heavy losses. Wei sent Hui Shi to Chu to make peace with Qin (The Warring States Policy? Chu Ce III), the five countries then withdrew. The following year, Qin sent concubines to attack Hanyi to repair fish (now southwest of Yuanyang, Henan Province), captured Han Jiang ■ and Shencha, defeated Zhao Gongzi and Han Taizi, and beheaded 82,000. At that time, Qin Jun had penetrated deep into the border between North Korea and Wei, and as a result, North Korea was defeated. In 3 17 BC, Qin defeated the Three Kingdoms, then forced South Korea to yield, interfered in Wei's internal affairs, and made Gongzi a prince. Although the battle of "five countries attacking Qin" failed, its momentum was also temporary. At the same time, Gongsun Yan and Yi Cheung are both in the world, and their momentum is enough to shake the world. So at that time, Jing Chun said, "Gongsun Yan and Yi Cheung are men! In a rage, the governors are all afraid and the world is destroyed.

After defeating the five kingdoms and attacking Qin, Qin temporarily paid attention to expanding the rear. In 3 16 BC, Ba and Shu were destroyed and gained the land of abundance, which played an important role in the future development. Qi is in the east, while Yan is in civil strife. In 3 14 BC, Qi Xuanwang sent troops to intervene and captured the capital Yan in only 50 days. However, due to too much violence, the people of Yan opposed it and had to withdraw from Yan. They also formed an alliance with Chu and supported each other, thus enhancing the strength of Qi and Qin.

After that:

Zhang Yi broke up the Qi-Chu Alliance.

The alliance between Qi and Chu was a threat to the State of Qin, who sent Zhang Yi to Chu to lobby against Qi and Chu. Zhang Yi went to Chu to buy off the noble merchants of Shanxi, and then broke off diplomatic relations with Liu Li, a merchant of six hundred miles. Disobeying the advice of Qu Yuan and others, he broke off diplomatic relations with Qi. The Chu people asked Qin for land, but Qin refused to give it. Chu Huaiwang was furious. In 3 12 BC, the state of Qin sent troops to attack the state of Qin, and the state of Qin defeated the Chu army in Danyang (north bank of Danshui, Henan), with 80,000 people wiped out and more than 70 people captured under the command of Qu Jian. Then it occupied Hanzhong, which strengthened the ties between Guanzhong and Bashu, relieved the threat of Chu to Qin's homeland, and made Qin's national strength stronger. Chu Huaiwang fought back and was defeated by Lantian again. Lian Heng of Zhang Yi played a positive role in the strength of Qin State and the later mission of reunifying the whole country.

The State of Qi also took the opportunity to form an alliance with the State of Qin, and joined forces with Wei and North Korea to attack the State of Chu. In blowing sand, the Chu army was defeated, and the land of Wan and Ye was occupied by Wei and North Korea, which greatly bruised the State of Chu. In 299 BC, Chu Huaiwang was invited by Zhang Yi to meet in the State of Qin, and he was detained and put to death.

Qi, Han and Wei joined forces to attack Qin, and Qin attacked Han and Wei.

In 298 BC, Qi Yuehan and Wei jointly attacked Qin, and Zhao and Song jointly attacked Qin, but Zhao and Song did not help Qin. After three years of fighting, Qi Han Wei broke into the valley of Qin and Han Dynasties, forcing Qin to cede territory to make peace with Han Wei.

In the first 294 years, Changjun fled to Wei because he instigated the Tian family to rob the king. Qi changed its policy and cooperated with Qin and Zhao, hoping to destroy the Song Dynasty with the support of Qin and Zhao. After the fall of Qi, Qin also wanted to attack Korea and Wei. In 293 BC, Qin Baiqi wiped out 240,000 Wei-Han allied forces. In 294 and 29 1 year, Qin attacked Korea and Wei successively, and Korea and Wei were forced to cede territory for peace.

Su Qin joined forces to attack Qin.

In the battle of Chyi Chin, Zhao developed. After King Wuling of Zhao shot Khufu on horseback, Zhongshan was destroyed and became Chyi Chin's rival for land. In order to deal with Zhao, in 288 BC, King Huai of Qin and King Min of Qi decided to summon the Eastern and Western emperors at the same time, prepare to unite the five countries to attack Zhao, divide Zhao into three parts, and agree on the date of sending troops. However, this plan was destroyed by Su Qin, and Su Qin persuaded Qi to take the initiative to defect to the emperor, so as to isolate Qin and pull countries against Qin, thus seizing the opportunity to destroy the Song Dynasty. Qi Min adopted this suggestion and joined forces with Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei to attack the State of Qin in the west, forcing the emperor to be abolished and returning some of the land seized by Zhao and Wei.

Yan attack qi.

In 286 BC, Qi Min destroyed the Song Dynasty (Song Yan was in power), which greatly increased his power, causing anxiety in Sanjin and Chu. Qin took the opportunity to attack other countries.

These five countries are cut vertically together.

In 284 BC, Le Yi led the four armies of Yan, Qin, Han, Zhao and Wei to attack Qi, occupied most of the land, conquered more than 70 cities in Qi, and Qi Min, the king of Chu, was killed by the Chu army. Later, due to Li Yi's death, Tian Dan, the general of Qi State, defeated the army of Yan State with a fire bull array and restored the capital. However, Qi suffered too much and never recovered. The confrontation between Qin and Qi was broken.

In 278 BC, Li Qi captured Yong, the capital of Chu, and Chu was forced to move the capital. Qin's influence developed to Hunan, and Chu was weakened. Excerpts from Baidu know, answer: the rough jade of Bianhe.