What are the factors that affect the basin area?

Overview of geographical law

Cause (natural, man-made)

Conditions (favorable and unfavorable)

Influence (positive, negative)

Meaning (both ends, middle)

Location (natural, social and economic)

Benefits (economic, social and environmental)

Measures (biology, engineering, technology)

Climatic characteristics (temperature, precipitation, seasonal combination)

Temperature characteristics (seasonal variation, minimum monthly average temperature, annual variation range, daily variation range)

Precipitation characteristics (total precipitation, rainy season length, seasonal variation)

Terrain characteristics (terrain type, terrain fluctuation)

Location characteristics (latitude and longitude position, land and sea position, adjacent position)

Physical geographical features (topography, climate, soil, water source, biology)

Analyze the topographical features of a place;

Topographic features include: ① Topographic types and their distribution: for example, the terrain is mainly plain or mountainous, hilly or plateau;

(2) Terrain fluctuation: if the terrain is high in the west and low in the east;

For example, briefly describe the topographic characteristics of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau?

Karst terrain is widely distributed, with rugged terrain and numerous dams;

The terrain inclines from northwest to southeast;

Factors affecting the length of sunshine hours (for example, the annual sunshine hours in Chongqing are only1more than 200 hours)

1. Weather conditions: less precipitation, more sunny days and long sunshine hours;

2. Terrain: high terrain, early sunrise, late sunset and long sunshine hours;

3. The days are long;

Factors affecting the attenuation effect of the atmosphere on solar radiation

1. Weather conditions: there are few clouds on sunny days, and the weakening effect is small;

2. Terrain: (Qinghai-Tibet Plateau) is high, and the air is thin (air density is low), which has little weakening effect;

3. Solar height (latitude): The solar height is high in low latitudes, and the distance of solar radiation passing through the atmosphere is short, so the attenuation effect is small;

Factors affecting the annual total solar radiation (solar energy)

1. Atmospheric attenuation: mainly determined by weather conditions (precipitation);

2. Sunshine hours: mainly determined by weather conditions (precipitation);

3. Latitude (that is, the height of the sun);

Distribution of annual total solar radiation in China: the west and north of Daxinganling-Lanzhou-Kunming line are rich in resources;

The most abundant area is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the poorest area is the Sichuan Basin.

For example, why is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau the richest in solar energy?

① Less precipitation, more sunny days, less weakening effect and long sunshine hours;

② The terrain is high, the air is thin, and the weakening effect is small;

(3) The latitude is low and the sun is high;

Why is the solar energy in Sichuan Basin the worst?

Due to the rainy weather in Sichuan basin, the weakening effect is great and the sunshine hours are short;

Factors affecting temperature.

1. Latitudes are different: the temperature is high at low latitudes and low at high latitudes;

2. Same latitude area: mainly consider the properties of underlying surface, including

① Terrain: the altitude is high and the temperature is low, and the temperature drops by 0.6℃ per 100 meters above sea level;

② Difference of land and sea location or thermal properties: the ocean is smaller than the land in summer, and the coastal area is smaller than the inland area;

In winter, the ocean is bigger than the land, and the coast is bigger than the inland;

(3) Ocean current: warm current has warming effect on coastal areas, while cold current has cooling effect on coastal areas;

(4) Vegetation status: vegetation is less than bare land in summer and more than bare land in winter;

⑤ Weather conditions: sunny days are greater than cloudy days, and sunny nights are less than cloudy days;

Factors affecting the temperature annual range and its variation law

1. Latitude: small at low latitudes and large at high latitudes;

2. The nature of underlying surface: the ocean is smaller than the land, the coast is smaller than the inland, and the vegetation is smaller than the bare land;

3. Weather conditions: places with more clouds and rain are smaller than places with less clouds and rain, that is, cloudy days are smaller than sunny days;

The stronger the maritime climate, the smaller the annual temperature difference (the hottest month temperature is in February or August);

The stronger the continental climate, the greater the temperature annual range (the hottest month temperature is 1 or July, and the autumn temperature is greater than the spring temperature);

Factors affecting daily range and its changing law

1. Latitude or solar radiation: the low latitude area is larger than the high latitude area;

2. Seasonal variation: summer is greater than winter;

3. Underlying surface: the ocean is smaller than the land, the coast is smaller than the inland, and the woodland is smaller than the sand. The higher the terrain at the same location, the smaller the daily temperature difference;

4. Weather conditions: sunny days are greater than cloudy days;

Distribution law of world precipitation

1. equator (latitude 10? Rainy area: affected by equatorial low pressure all the year round, with abundant rainfall throughout the year;

2. Subtropical (near the Tropic of Cancer to latitude 30? Between) less rain belt:

Under the control of subtropical high and trade winds, the inland and west coast of the mainland are dry all the year round;

On the east coast of the mainland (Eurasia), controlled by monsoon circulation, summer monsoon and typhoon from the ocean affect precipitation more; 3. Temperate areas with heavy rain (40-60 degrees north and south latitude): taking Eurasia as an example; & gt

This paper analyzes the factors affecting the form of water system and illustrates them with examples.

The main factor affecting the characteristics of water system is topography, because topography determines the flow direction, basin area, river network density, river condition and water system form. (1) The length of river flow mainly depends on the size of land area, topography and the location of rivers. Generally, rivers are shorter when the land area is small (such as islands) or the land is broken (such as western Europe). The mountains are close to the coast (such as the west coast of the United States), and the rivers on the west coast are shorter, such as the rivers on the west coast of Taiwan Province Province are longer than those on the east coast; Inland rivers are limited by water sources for a short time. (2) Ownership of water system: Look at the final injection place of the river. The river that finally pours into the ocean is the outflow river; The river that finally pours into inland depressions instead of the ocean is an inland river. For example, the Yellow River and the Yangtze River are in the Pacific Ocean, the Yarlung Zangbo River is in the Indian Ocean, and the Irtysh River is in the Arctic Ocean. Tarim River flows into Tarim Basin, which is an inland river. (3) River flow direction: Look at the topography of the basin. Rivers always flow from high places to low places. In layered color topographic map, the flow direction should be determined by the terrain reflected in the legend. In the contour topographic map, we can judge the flow direction of the river by observing the numerical values of the contour along the river valley. Rivers develop in the valley, go down the river, and the contour lines protrude to the upper reaches of the river. (4) Bending coefficient: refers to the ratio of the actual length of a certain reach to the straight length of the river. The greater the river bend coefficient, the more curved the river reach, which is not conducive to shipping and flood discharge. Generally speaking, meanders develop in the middle and lower reaches of rivers, such as Jingjiang section of the Yangtze River, which is called "Jiuqu Ileum". (5) River network density: Look at the number and density of tributaries in the basin. The density of river network is measured by the ratio of the total length of trunk and tributary of water system to the basin area (that is, the length of river per unit area). The density of river network is closely related to the topography and climate of the basin. For example, there are many tributaries and developed water systems in the southern hilly areas with abundant precipitation. On the edge of Tarim basin in arid area, the tributaries of rivers are few and short. (6) Watershed area: Watershed refers to the catchment area of rivers. Watershed is the boundary of watershed, and watershed is a watershed surrounded by watershed. In contour topographic map, we can judge the size and shape of watershed area by observing the distribution of watershed. (7) Water system morphology: Look at the morphological characteristics of the combination of trunk and tributary. The common water system shapes are as follows: ① Dendritic water system: there are many tributaries, and the trunk, branches and tributaries intersect at an acute angle and are arranged in a dendritic water system. It is more common in slightly inclined plains or areas with relatively stable crust and relatively uniform lithology. Most rivers in the world are dendritic, such as Yangtze River, Pearl River and Liaohe River in China, Mississippi River in North America and Amazon River in South America. ② Centripetal water system: A river developed in a basin or subsidence area forms a water system that converges from the surrounding mountains to the center of the basin or tectonic subsidence area, such as the water system of Sichuan Basin in China. (3) Radial water system: Rivers in dome-shaped mountainous areas or volcanic areas distribute radially (dispersedly) from high places to surrounding lowlands along slopes, such as the water system characteristics in Asia. ④ Parallel water system: Rivers are mostly arranged in parallel folds or faults, such as rivers in Hengduan Mountain area and tributaries on the left bank of Huaihe River in China. ⑤ Lattice drainage system: The main stream and tributaries of a river intersect in a straight line, and most of them are developed on fault zones. ⑥ reticular water system: Rivers often crisscross like a network on floodplains and deltas. For example, rivers in the delta often form a fan-shaped network system. Such as the Yangtze River system in China.

Factors affecting lake basin area

Precipitation, wind power, evaporation, irrigation and domestic water consumption, wetland environment and lake reclamation are all factors that affect the size of lake basin.

What are the factors that affect the annual runoff of the basin? How to judge what causes the change of annual runoff in an area? For example, Australia's

Factors: precipitation, watershed area, snowfall in alpine region and forest coverage. Australia: River runoff in Australia is affected by atmospheric circulation, and runoff is mainly caused by precipitation. So it brings precipitation through the atmospheric circulation.

What is the relationship between basin area and storage capacity?

Watershed area, i.e. catchment area, is one of the parameter factors affecting reservoir capacity, which is generally proportional. Reservoir storage capacity is also related to spillway, river slope and other flood discharge, which is generally calculated by flood, rather than by simple formula.

What are the main factors affecting runoff?

Influencing factors of watershed water storage capacity. There are many factors that determine the water storage capacity of the basin, including precipitation in the early dry season, basin geology, soil properties, lake and marsh rate, vegetation coverage and so on. There was a lot of precipitation in the early stage, and a lot of water infiltrated into the ground, so there was more underground water storage; On the contrary, if the underground water storage is small, there will be less water supply and runoff. If the soil in the basin is sandy, it will be porous, and if there are many cracks and faults in the rock stratum, it will make a lot of precipitation in the early dry season permeate and store; There are many thick aquifers, many interlayer waters and large groundwater reserves, which directly affect the size and process of low-flow runoff. Rivers with large lake rate and vegetation rate in the basin generally have large low water runoff, small and stable range.

Factors of river size and development degree. The basin area is large, and the above-ground and underground water storage capacity is also large. At the same time, the richer the river, the greater the energy of water flow and the deeper the river bed is cut. The more aquifers cut by rivers, the more interlayer water layers and water quantity are obtained, as shown in Figure 3-38. Therefore, the range of groundwater recharge is wide, so the low-flow runoff of rivers is richer and more stable than that of rivers. Some small rivers can't cut the aquifer, and only the water in the vadose zone is used as the supply of low-flow runoff, so the low-flow runoff is very small and large, and sometimes even stops. Rivers with developed river networks have more opportunities to be replenished by groundwater in the open air, so the low-flow runoff is also rich. Of course, the density of river network is closely related to the water supply. The more abundant the water, the greater the density of the river network, and the two complement each other.

This paper analyzes the factors affecting the form of water system and illustrates them with examples.

Choose an article for reference. Examples are easy to find.

The main factor affecting the characteristics of water system is topography, because topography determines the flow direction, basin area, river network density, river condition and water system form.

(1) The length of river flow mainly depends on the size of land area, topography and the location of rivers. Generally, rivers are shorter when the land area is small (such as islands) or the land is broken (such as western Europe). The mountains are close to the coast (such as the west coast of the United States), and the rivers on the west coast are shorter, such as the rivers on the west coast of Taiwan Province Province are longer than those on the east coast; Inland rivers are limited by water sources for a short time.

(2) Ownership of water system: Look at the final injection place of the river. The river that finally pours into the ocean is the outflow river; The river that finally pours into inland depressions instead of the ocean is an inland river. For example, the Yellow River and the Yangtze River are in the Pacific Ocean, the Yarlung Zangbo River is in the Indian Ocean, and the Irtysh River is in the Arctic Ocean. Tarim River flows into Tarim Basin, which is an inland river.

(3) River flow direction: Look at the topography of the basin. Rivers always flow from high places to low places. In layered color topographic map, the flow direction should be determined by the terrain reflected in the legend. In the contour topographic map, we can judge the flow direction of the river by observing the numerical values of the contour along the river valley. Rivers develop in the valley, go down the river, and the contour lines protrude to the upper reaches of the river.

(4) Bending coefficient: refers to the ratio of the actual length of a certain reach to the straight length of the river. The greater the river bend coefficient, the more curved the river reach, which is not conducive to shipping and flood discharge. Generally speaking, meanders develop in the middle and lower reaches of rivers, such as Jingjiang section of the Yangtze River, which is called "Jiuqu Ileum".

(5) River network density: Look at the number and density of tributaries in the basin. The density of river network is measured by the ratio of the total length of trunk and tributary of water system to the basin area (that is, the length of river per unit area). The density of river network is closely related to the topography and climate of the basin. For example, there are many tributaries and developed water systems in the southern hilly areas with abundant precipitation. On the edge of Tarim basin in arid area, the tributaries of rivers are few and short.

(6) Watershed area: Watershed refers to the catchment area of rivers. Watershed is the boundary of watershed, and watershed is a watershed surrounded by watershed. In contour topographic map, we can judge the size and shape of watershed area by observing the distribution of watershed.

(7) Water system morphology: Look at the morphological characteristics of the combination of trunk and tributary. The common water system shapes are as follows: ① Dendritic water system: there are many tributaries, and the trunk, branches and tributaries intersect at an acute angle and are arranged in a dendritic water system. It is more common in slightly inclined plains or areas with relatively stable crust and relatively uniform lithology. Most rivers in the world are dendritic, such as Yangtze River, Pearl River and Liaohe River in China, Mississippi River in North America and Amazon River in South America. ② Centripetal water system: A river developed in a basin or subsidence area forms a water system that converges from the surrounding mountains to the center of the basin or tectonic subsidence area, such as the water system of Sichuan Basin in China. (3) Radial water system: Rivers in dome-shaped mountainous areas or volcanic areas distribute radially (dispersedly) from high places to surrounding lowlands along slopes, such as the water system characteristics in Asia. ④ Parallel water system: Rivers are mostly arranged in parallel folds or faults, such as rivers in Hengduan Mountain area and tributaries on the left bank of Huaihe River in China. ⑤ Lattice drainage system: The main stream and tributaries of a river intersect in a straight line, and most of them are developed on fault zones. ⑥ reticular water system: Rivers often crisscross like a network on floodplains and deltas. For example, rivers in the delta often form a fan-shaped network system. Such as the Yangtze River system in China.

The characteristics can be described as follows: the Yangtze River originates from Gladin Cave, the main peak of Bayan Kara Mountain Range on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with a total length of more than 6,300 kilometers-it is the third longest river in China and flows into the East China Sea from west to east, with a drainage area of180,000 square kilometers-it is the largest river in China, with numerous tributaries and symmetrical distribution in the north and south, as well as numerous rivers and lakes in the middle and lower reaches, so it is called a country of water towns, and the rivers are winding.

The following figure is a schematic diagram of two large watersheds. Look at the picture and answer the question 1-2. 1, the lower reaches of Jiahe River and the upper reaches of Yihe River are relatively small, mainly with shadows.

1、A2、B