13 summary of geography and climate of grade seven

It is roughly distributed between north and south latitudes 10, with the Amazon Plain in South America, Congo Basin in Africa, Asia and lesser sunda islands as typical examples. Controlled by the equatorial air mass, it is hot, rainy and humid all year round. The annual average temperature is around 26℃, the annual temperature difference is very small, and the annual precipitation generally exceeds 2000 mm, so the distribution is relatively uniform.

(2) Tropical monsoon climate

It is generally distributed on the east coast of the mainland between the north latitude 10 and the tropic of cancer, with Indo-China Peninsula and Indian Peninsula in Asia as typical areas affected by the southwest monsoon. Most parts of Yunnan and the southeast corner of Tibet also belong to tropical monsoon climate. The annual temperature is high, and the annual average temperature exceeds 20℃. The seasonal variation of prevailing wind direction is significant. The summer half year is controlled by equatorial air mass, with abundant precipitation, forming rainy season, and the climate characteristics are similar to those of tropical rain forest; In the winter half year, under the control of tropical continental air mass, precipitation in some places decreased obviously, forming a dry season. The annual precipitation is 1500-2000mm, and the precipitation in rainy season accounts for more than 80-90% of the annual total, with distinct wet and dry seasons.

(3) Tropical grassland climate

It is generally distributed between latitude 10 and the tropic of cancer, with most parts of Central Africa and South America and northern and eastern Brazil and Australia as typical examples. This kind of distribution area is located in the alternating control area of equatorial low pressure area and trade wind area. The annual temperature is high, with an average annual temperature of about 25℃. During the control period of equatorial low pressure zone, equatorial air mass prevailed and precipitation was concentrated; During the trade wind control period, it is controlled by the tropical continental air mass, with little rain. The annual precipitation is generally 700- 1000 mm, and the dry season is obvious and long.

(4) Tropical desert climate

Generally distributed in the mainland and west coast under the control of the north-south high-pressure retreating belt, with North Africa, Arabian Peninsula in Asia and desert areas in Australia as typical examples. Controlled by subtropical high pressure zone or trade wind zone, it is controlled by tropical continental air mass all the year round, with drought and little rain. The annual precipitation is about 100mm, and in some places it is only a few tens of mm, with plenty of sunshine and high temperature. The average temperature in the hottest month can reach about 30℃.

(v) Subtropical monsoon climate

It is mainly distributed on the east coast of subtropical continent, especially in the east of Asian continent, such as south of Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River in China, southeast of North America, east of South America and southeast of Australia. The prevailing wind direction varies greatly with the seasons. In winter, affected by the polar continental air mass, the temperature is low and the precipitation is less; In summer, affected by tropical ocean air mass, it is hot and rainy, and the water distribution in four seasons is uneven.

(vi) Subtropical Mediterranean climate

Mainly distributed in the west coast of subtropical continent, such as the Mediterranean coast, the west coast of North and South America at 30-40 north latitude, and the southwest corner of Australia and Africa. And the Mediterranean coast is the most extensive and typical. For example, in the northern hemisphere, the subtropical high zone moves northward in summer and is controlled by high pressure. Affected by the tropical continental air mass, the weather is sunny, dry, hot and rainy. In winter, the subtropical high zone moves southward, which is warm and rainy due to the influence of the westerly belt (Mediterranean front belt).

(7) The temperate monsoon climate is mainly distributed in the eastern part of temperate Asian continent.

For example, North China, Northeast China and the Far East of the Soviet Union. The prevailing wind direction in winter and summer obviously alternates. Winter wind, controlled by polar continental air mass, is cold and dry; The summer monsoon is mainly affected by tropical ocean air mass, which is warm and rainy. Annual precipitation is relatively large, 500-700 mm, unevenly distributed, relatively concentrated in summer, with continental characteristics.

(8) temperate maritime climate

Mainly distributed in the west coast of temperate continents, such as the narrow strip of the west coast of Western Europe, North America and South America, with Western Europe as a typical example. Influenced by the prevailing westerly wind all the year round, the ocean airflow blows to the mainland, and the ocean regulation plays a significant role. The climatic characteristics are: the temperature is not high in summer, not low in winter, and the annual variation is small; The annual precipitation is generally 700- 1000mm, and the distribution is relatively uniform.

(9) temperate continental climate

Mainly distributed in Eurasia and the inland areas of North America. Away from the ocean, or blocked by mountains, the water cycle is inactive, mainly controlled by continental air masses, with scarce precipitation and dry climate; It is hot in summer, quite cold in winter, and the annual range and diurnal temperature range is large.

(10) Sub-frigid continental climate

Mainly distributed in northern Eurasia and northern North America. It is influenced by polar continental air mass and polar ocean air mass all year round, and it is also influenced by ice ocean air mass in winter. Winter is long and cold, and warm season is cool and short; There is less precipitation, relatively concentrated in summer and weak evaporation, so it is a humid area.

(1 1) Polar tundra climate

Mainly distributed in Eurasia and the Arctic Ocean coast of North America. It is often influenced by the ice ocean air mass and the polar continental air mass, and it is cold all year round. The average temperature in the hottest month is 1-5℃, with less precipitation, weak evaporation and high cloud cover.

(12) polar ice sheet climate

Mainly distributed in the Antarctic continent and Greenland. It is very cold all year round, and the monthly average temperature is below 0℃, which is the lowest temperature area in the world. The average annual temperature in the Antarctic continent is -29℃-35℃, and it is below -22℃ in the Arctic region, and there are many snowstorms all year round.

(13) Alpine Plateau Climate

Mainly distributed in high mountains and plateaus, such as Himalayas, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Andes in South America. In mountainous areas, the temperature decreases with the increase of height, and the vertical change of climate is significant. At a certain height, there is a lot of humidity, fog and precipitation. The higher the mountain, the stronger the wind. China's Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has high altitude, low temperature, strong radiation, abundant sunshine, little precipitation and strong wind in winter. The annual variation of temperature is small and the daily variation is large.