Characteristics of Uygur in Hotan

Uighurs are mainly engaged in oasis irrigation agriculture, good at planting cotton and gardening, and their courtyards are covered with flowers and shade; Their exquisite jade carvings, carpets, Aiduoli silk and bustling markets are well-known at home and abroad.

(l) Dietary characteristics. Uighurs take pasta and beef and mutton snacks as their regular meals, like fruits, vegetables, dairy products and tea snacks, like to cook milk tea, spinach and black tea, and like to drink a lot of wine. There are many kinds of rice, such as rice, wheat, corn, sorghum, etc. Most of them are made into "ambassadors" (including ambassadors, Russian food and meat) and "Polo" (pilaf, with sweet meat and other colors), "Pamuddin" (baked buns), "Pattiman" (wrapped in tissue paper), "Ququ (wonton) and". Taerjing (a white sugar noodle town more than one foot high) and Yugu (noodles made of flour and bitter fleabane bitter fleabane water), rice sausage (cooked in sheep breast with solid flour and sheep liver), noodle lung (cooked in sheep lung with delicious starch paste), Toksun fried noodles, cold mixed noodles and scenes. They must eat meat, mainly beef, mutton, chicken and milk. Cooking methods are often mainly roasting, boiling, steaming and stewing, which are used to prepare peppers, Chili noodles, cumin (wild incense), onions and carrots, supplemented by butter, honey, jam, fruit juice, yogurt and horse milk to enhance taste and fragrance. The main famous dishes are roasted whole sheep, "Kawafu" (barbecue, including whole roast, skewer roast, pot roast and pie roast), roasted mutton bumps, mutton balls, mutton soup, mutton peach kernel, hand-grabbed mutton, roasted pumpkin, mutton offal soup, carrot sauce, grape seedlings, fig sauce, strawberry sauce and so on. The family has three meals a day, including going to school and all kinds of jam and sweet sauce, drinking milk tea and camellia oleifera. Eat all kinds of noodles in the afternoon; Eat noodles in soup and tea in the evening. There are "Qiga" (a kind of koumiss wine), cantaloupe juice, "Halac" (Elaeagnus angustifolia wine) and so on. The amount of each meal is not too much, but it is very detailed and tastes similar to that of Mongolians, paying special attention to food hygiene.

(2) Festive diet customs. There are many festivals in Uighurs, and there are similarities and differences in their eating styles. People who are with us will slaughter livestock for banquets and family dinners; Different people, dieting is inconsistent, such as "Eid al-Adha" to eat pilaf, oily fruit, stir-fry, mutton, cakes, melons and fruits; Eat powder soup for Eid al-Fitr. In terms of life rituals and customs, there are "Baptism Banquet" for babies when they are forty days old, "Circumcision Banquet" for boys when they are six to seven years old, wedding banquets for men and women, birthday banquets for the elderly, and "nazir" ceremonies during mourning. In terms of social entertainment, there are "tomb party", "water-fasting picnic", "snow banquet", "chain dinner" (held in winter night, young people take turns to host), "Nurus" (picnic in spring), "snuggling up to Lang" (reunion of men and women) and "Turpan grape banquet". These banquets are very particular about entertaining guests and visiting guests, such as sitting in their seats, washing their hands with running water, and being led by the elderly to be "Duwa" (meaning to pray)

(3) Dietary taboos. Besides strictly observing Islamic dietary regulations, we should also pay attention to: don't leave leftovers in the food, don't put the food that has been taken back into the plate, don't spit or sniffle, don't put it on the stove casually, and don't fiddle with the food on the plate casually. They still do not eat pigeon meat, horse meat and camel meat; Avoid smelling food with your nose; Most people don't eat soy sauce; There are special teacups; Wash your hands three times before eating pilaf; Guns are only allowed to be raised; Pay special attention to the cleanliness of drinking water.

Hotan belongs to Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, south of Tarim Basin, and is famous for its rich jade. It is located near the snow line in the upper reaches of the Iraqi River in Heishan, Hotan County, with an altitude of about 5000 meters. It is about 80 kilometers away from the nearest expressway line, and the traffic is very difficult. The mineralized zone is about ten kilometers long and its width is unknown. The valley in this area has been one of the main areas for jade collection for thousands of years. It produces very famous suet white jade, black jade and jadeite.

Hotan County is located in the southwest of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, at the northern foot of Karakorum Mountain, at the southern edge of Taklimakan Desert, between Yulong Kashi River and Karakash River. The Yulong Kashi River is adjacent to Luopu County in the east, Mo Yuxian and Pishan County across the river in the west, the actual control line of Indian-controlled Kashmir in the southwest, Xizang Autonomous Region in the southeast and Awati in the hinterland of Taklimakan Desert in the north. The county has a total area of 4 1403. 17 square kilometers and a total population of 276,295 (2003). There are Uygur, Han, Hui, Kirgiz, Xibe and other ethnic groups.

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Food features: barbecue, barbecue, casserole baking paint.

Second, the characteristics of laundry: after washing clothes, spread them directly in the desert to dry.

Third, the characteristics of preferences: natural love of flowers. Flowers bloom not only in the sand in southern Xinjiang, but also on tapestries of doorframes, beams and walls.

Character characteristics: the girl is beautiful, young, enthusiastic, handsome, romantic, funny, good at singing and dancing, and open-minded and optimistic.

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The traditional clothing of Uighurs is very distinctive: men wear a "producing" robe with a right collar and no buttons, and tie it around their waist with a rectangular scarf or cloth towel; Rural women often wear double-breasted vests outside wide-sleeved dresses; Urban women now wear more suits, tops and skirts; Uighur men and women like to wear leather shoes and boots, leather boots and rubber shoes; Men, women and children wear four small flower hats; Uyghur flower caps are embroidered with black and white or colored silk threads, and some are decorated with colored beads; Women often use earrings, bracelets and necklaces as decorations, and sometimes dye their nails and thrushes in the form of two eyebrows; Uyghur girls are beautiful with long hair. Before they got married, they wore a dozen thin braids. After marriage, I usually comb two long braids, and the ends of my hair are scattered. I don't wear a crescent comb as an ornament. Some people even braid their hair in knots. Carpets, flower hats, Adelaide silk, folk calico and Yengisar knives are the most famous traditional handicrafts of Uygur people.

Ethnic taboos Uighurs pay attention to hospitality. If you are visiting, please sit on the table and put naan, all kinds of cakes, rock sugar and so on. Put some melons and fruits in summer and pour tea or milk tea for the guests first. Wait until the meal is ready before serving. If you entertain guests with pilaf, please bring a pot of water before meals to make them wash their hands. After dinner, the elders will be called "Duwa", and the guests will not leave until the host clears the tableware. When eating, guests should not fiddle with the food on the plate, and should not take the cooker casually. Generally speaking, they shouldn't leave food in the bowl. At the same time, they should be careful not to let the broken rice fall to the ground. If there are, pick them up and put them on the "meal list" in front of you. * * * When eating pilaf, don't put the grabbed rice on the plate again. After dinner, if an old man leads Du Wa, the guests can't look around or stand up. When eating, the elders sit on the table and the whole family sits on the table. They should wash their hands before and after meals, and only dry them with handkerchiefs or cloth after washing. It is considered impolite to splash water casually.

According to the biography of Hotan scholars and musicians in Xinjiang (1893), Muqam was formed from 15 to16th century. Uyghur Muqam can be divided into Muqam in southern Xinjiang, Muqam in northern Xinjiang, Muqam in Dao Lang, Muqam in Hami and Muqam in Tulhut. There are six to twelve sets of each Muqam. Twelve Muqam, which people often say, refers to Muqam in southern Xinjiang. It consists of twelve large-scale classical divertimentos, each of which includes three parts: Poverty is Harmony, Dastain, and Maiziev. "Poor Nai Herman" begins with a preface, followed by a slow Tez, a warm Sainem and a big Selek, and finally a brisk Tekat, including songs and dance music, with interludes between songs. "Darth Tan" consists of three to six ballads, interspersed completely, with slow and fast music and quite smooth tunes. "Mesichev" consists of three to six dance pieces with different rhythms, with no intermission in the middle, and the mood is warm and unrestrained. Twelve Muqam * * has 260 songs and music, and it takes more than 20 hours to sing them all. Accompanying instruments include Sattar (lead singer), Tamburin, Gerwav, Doutard, Jack Zhang, Caron, tambourine, etc.

Uygur musical instruments and forms are rich and colorful. In different regions and different musical life scenes, there are different musical instruments and expressive combinations, including ancient musical instruments in China, Persian and Arabian Sattar and Tamburin. Most of the musical instruments are similar to those of the same name in Persia and Arab countries, and a few are different musical instruments with the same name, which reflects the uniqueness of using musical instruments in the Islamic world. For example, Dabu, Nagra, Nepal, Sattar, Doutard, Tamburin and Kalong are the main musical instruments in many countries in Central and West Asia. This instrument is also very popular among Uighurs. Musical instruments are usually beautifully made. With the high development of playing skills, there are solo performances of musical instruments, and the solo repertoire is rich, which shows the development level of Uygur instrumental music. At the same time, Uygur musical instruments are played in various forms, and percussion instruments play an important role in music and song and dance. The seventh volume of "The Story of the Western Regions" (Yunxiu Copy) wrote: "Drums are the main music", "The voice rises and falls with drums, and the rhythm of singing and dancing is also based on drums".