Geographic and climate types and characteristics in the first year of junior high school (simpler)

Tropical rainforest climate Tropical rainforest climate is also called "equatorial rainy climate". Distributed between 5° and 10° north and south latitude on both sides of the equator. It is hot and rainy all year round, with the average monthly temperature ranging from 25 to 28°C. The annual precipitation can reach more than 2,000 mm. The seasons are evenly distributed and there are no dry periods. Mainly found in the Amazon Plain of South America, the Congo Basin and the Gulf of Guinea coast of Africa, most of the Malay Islands in Asia and the southern part of the Malay Peninsula. Mainly distributed in the Amazon River Basin in South America, the Congo River Basin in Africa, the Gulf of Guinea, the southwest coast of the Indian Peninsula in Asia, the Malay Peninsula, the west coast of Indochina, the Philippine Islands and Irian Island, and Oceania from Sumatra to New Guinea. Mainly affected by latitude factors: 1. Solar radiation: The amount of solar radiation is in the range of 100-180 kcal/cm*year. It makes for high temperatures all year round. Areas with stronger solar radiation will become deserts. 2. Atmospheric circulation: In the equatorial low-pressure zone, the trade winds gather near the equator, converge and rise, and the water vapor contained in them can easily form clouds and cause rain. 3. Influence of land and sea: Tropical rainforest climate locations are close to the sea or in large river basins, resulting in abundant rainfall and small temperature differences. The terrain is low and suitable for rainforest growth. 4. Vegetation impact: Trees have strong transpiration, making the environment more humid. Tropical savanna climate Tropical savanna climate is also known as tropical dry and wet season climate, Savannah climate, tropical savanna climate, and tropical sparse steppe climate. It is roughly distributed between 10° north and south latitude and the north-south tropical grassland climate line, with central Africa, most of Brazil, South America, and the northern and eastern parts of the Australian continent as typical examples. This type of distribution area is located in an area controlled alternately by the equatorial low pressure belt and the trade wind belt. The temperature is high throughout the year, with the average annual temperature being about 25°C. When the equatorial low pressure belt is controlled, the equatorial air mass prevails and precipitation is concentrated; when the trade wind belt is controlled, the tropical continental air mass is controlled, resulting in drought and less rain. The annual precipitation is generally 700--1000 mm, and there is an obvious long dry season. The natural vegetation is tropical savannah. The characteristics of the tropical grassland climate are: when controlled by the equatorial low pressure zone, a wet season is formed; when controlled by the trade winds, a dry season is formed. Its distribution pattern is between 10° north and south latitude and the Tropic of Cancer. In this regard, students will have questions: "The moving range of the equatorial low pressure belt is within 10° north and south latitude. How does it control the climate of the savanna?" Through analysis, we can summarize the causes of this climate as: ? 1. In the mid-summer season of the monsoon type, in low latitudes (especially on the continent), an equatorial westerly circulation is often inserted into the trade wind belts of the northern and southern hemispheres. It is formed, on the one hand, due to the seasonal movement of the planetary wind belt; on the other hand, it is due to the heating of the continents, which further encourages the equatorial low pressure trough to be strengthened on the continents when it moves. In northern hemisphere summer time (July), the southeast trade winds in the southern hemisphere deflect to the north across the equator and deflect to the right, forming the southwest monsoon; in southern hemisphere summer time (January), the northeast trade winds in the northern hemisphere deflect to the south across the equator and deflect to the left, forming the northwest monsoon. This phenomenon is most significant in the area from Africa through the Indian Ocean to the western Pacific. 1. In the summer between 10°N and 20°N in Africa and southern North America, the two places are controlled by the warm and humid southwest monsoon that passes over the warm current and is affected by the uplift of the terrain; and due to the convergence of the southwest monsoon and the northeast trade wind, the two places are controlled by the warm and humid southwest monsoon. , with more convective rain and abundant precipitation, forming a wet season. In winter, it is controlled by a single, dry northeasterly trade wind, forming a dry season. 2. Africa's 10°S to 20°S region and northern Australia? In summer, the two places are controlled by the warm and humid northwest monsoon, and due to the convergence and rise of the northwest monsoon and the southeast trade wind, there is more convective rain and abundant precipitation, forming a wet season. In winter, it is controlled by a single, dry southeasterly trade wind, forming a dry season. 2. Tropical front type In summer, in the vast eastern tropical Pacific, the equatorial westerly wind is not significant, and because it is blocked by the tall Andes Mountains, the warm and humid monsoon from the Pacific has almost no impact on the savanna climate zone of South America. However, the southwest monsoon and northwest monsoon coming from the land converge and rise with the northeast trade wind and southeast trade wind coming from the tropical Atlantic and passing over the warm current, forming a tropical front with a lot of convective rain and a humid and hot climate. The Guyana Plateau, Orinoco River Basin and northern Colombia north of the equator are humid and rainy from June to October; the interior of the Brazilian Plateau south of the equator has abundant precipitation from October to March, forming a wet season. In winter, the two places are controlled by a single northeast trade wind and southeast trade wind respectively, causing dryness and little rain, forming a dry season. 3. Subtropical High Type 1. Southern South Africa Plateau (20°S to 30°S) January is summer in the Southern Hemisphere. A wide range of thermal low pressure forms within the continent, and warm and moist southeasterly trade winds passing over the warm current blow to the continent. , bringing more precipitation to the South African plateau, forming a wet season. July is winter in the southern hemisphere, and the average altitude of the South African Plateau is above 1,000 meters. Due to the high terrain and lower temperatures, high pressure forms in the southern part of the continent and is connected with the maritime high pressure in the east. Due to the control of the subtropical high pressure zone, downdrafts prevail. Coupled with the existence of high pressure on land, the influence of trade winds from the ocean is reduced, forming a dry season. 2. Southern Australia (30°S to 32°S) Due to the seasonal movement of global pressure belts and wind belts, in summer (January), this area is controlled by the southward-moving subtropical high, and downdrafts prevail, making it dry and less rainy, forming a dry climate. season; in winter (July), it is controlled by the humid westerly wind moving northward, forming the wet season.

4. Vertical zonal type: The area near the equator on the East African Plateau. This area has an altitude of more than 3,000 meters. Due to the high terrain, the temperature and precipitation conditions here have been changed. The climate is warm and cannot form a tropical rain forest climate. In summer, affected by the warm and moist southeasterly trade winds from the Indian Ocean that pass over the warm currents, precipitation is relatively heavy, forming a wet season. In winter, controlled by a single, dry trade wind, precipitation is low and ground evaporation is strong, forming a dry season. 5. Leeward Slope Type: The western part of the Great Dividing Range of Australia and the western part of Madagascar are located on the leeward slopes of the southeastern trade winds and are controlled by the subtropical high. They receive less precipitation but have distinct dry and wet seasons, forming a savanna climate. To sum up, in summer, the savanna climate zone between 10° north and south latitude and the Tropic of Cancer is affected to a certain extent by the equatorial convergence zone. The location of this zone is generally the location of the equatorial low pressure zone. Therefore, it can also be said to be controlled by the equatorial low pressure belt. Tropical desert climate Tropical desert climate is mainly distributed in the inland areas where the Tropic of Cancer passes and the west coast of the continent. The Sahara Desert in northern Africa is the most extensive. 1. Precipitation is small but highly variable: Asvin in the Sahara Desert of North Africa once had a record of no rain for many years; while Arica in the desert of northern Chile in South America had a tropical desert climate with only three rainfalls in seventeen consecutive years. The rainfall was measured as showers, but the total amount of the three times was only 0.51 centimeters, indicating very little precipitation. Iquiguey, also located in the desert of northern Chile, had no rain for four consecutive years, but a shower in the fifth year dropped 15 centimeters. In another year, a shower recorded a rainfall of 63.5 centimeters, which shows the great variability. Rainfall in tropical deserts is mostly explosive showers, often causing severe soil erosion. 2. High temperature and large temperature difference: Due to low cloud cover, strong sunshine, lack of vegetation coverage, and low air humidity, the temperature rises very quickly during the day. There has been a record of as high as 58℃ in North Africa. Generally, the monthly average temperature in summer is between 30℃~35℃, and the high temperature lasts for a long time. For example, in Aden on the Arabian Peninsula, the monthly average temperature is between 58℃ and 58℃ for five months a year. Above 30℃. The desert is cooler at night because there are no clouds all night long, and the ground radiation is strong and heat dissipates quickly. The lowest temperature at night is generally between 7°C and 12°C, and there are also days with thin frost. The annual temperature difference is generally around 10℃~20℃, while the daily temperature difference is larger, between 15℃~30℃. At a meteorological station south of Tripoli in North Africa, on December 25, 1978, the hottest daytime temperature reached 37.2°C, while the lowest temperature at night dropped to -0.6°C. The daily temperature difference reached 37.8°C. "Leather jacket wears gauze at noon" to describe it. 3. Strong evaporation and low relative humidity: The tropical desert climate is often cloudless, windy, sunny, high in temperature, and low in relative humidity, so the evaporation power is very strong. It is possible that evapotranspiration is more than twenty times, or even a hundred times, that of precipitation. The relative humidity in the air is very small, with a relative humidity of about 2% often found in the Egyptian Sahara Desert. Tropical monsoon climate Tropical monsoon climate is only found in southern Asia. There is no tropical monsoon climate in the southern hemisphere. Features: high temperatures all year round, divided into two seasons: dry and rainy, and rainy season. Cause: The summer monsoon is formed by the seasonal movement of pressure belts and wind belts - the southeast trade winds in the Southern Hemisphere cross the equator and enter the Northern Hemisphere, and are deflected to the right by the geostrophic deflection force of the tropical monsoon climate to become the southwest monsoon. Therefore, the tropical monsoon climate is alternately controlled by the southwest monsoon and northeast trade winds. In winter, it is mainly caused by the thermal difference between sea and land. The average temperature in the coldest month of tropical monsoon climate is >15℃. The annual precipitation is between 1500~2000mm. The seasonal distribution is summer rain type. [Edit this paragraph] Subtropical climate type Subtropical Mediterranean climate A type of climate in the subtropical and temperate zones. It is named after the most typical Mediterranean coastal area. The most typical reason why the Mediterranean climate is distributed along the Mediterranean coast is that the Mediterranean climate is formed by the alternating control of the westerly belt and the subtropical high pressure belt. In the Mediterranean area, the summer is controlled by the subtropical high pressure belt. The water temperature in the Mediterranean is lower than that of the land, resulting in the formation of high pressure. , increasing the influence of the subtropical high pressure zone, and the water temperature in the Mediterranean is relatively high in winter, forming low pressure, attracting westerly winds, and greatly strengthening the power of westerly winds. The subtropical Mediterranean climate is distributed on the west coast of the continent between 30° and 40° north latitude. It is also widely distributed and is the only climate type that is found on all continents in the world except Antarctica. Climate characteristics: hot and dry summers, high temperatures and little rain, and mild and humid winters. The temperature is 5-10℃ in winter and 21-27℃ in summer. The annual precipitation is about 350 to 900 mm, concentrated in winter. The precipitation in the summer half of the year only accounts for 20 to 40% of the annual precipitation. The maximum monthly precipitation is more than three times the minimum monthly precipitation. Cause: In summer, under the control of subtropical high pressure, the air flow sinks, causing drought and little rain. In winter, the subtropical high pressure moves to low latitudes. The westerly cyclone activity in this climate zone is frequent and precipitation is abundant. At the same time, because the westerly wind blows from the warmer ocean in winter (the thermal properties of sea and land are different), the climate is mild and humid. Subtropical monsoon and monsoon humid climate Subtropical monsoon humid climate is distributed on the east coast of the continent between 25° and 35° north and south latitude. It is a zone where tropical oceanic air masses and polar continental air masses alternately control and compete with each other. The average temperature in January is generally above 0℃, and the average temperature in July is generally around 25℃. The wind direction changes significantly in winter and summer. The annual precipitation is generally above 1000 mm, mainly concentrated in summer.

This type of climate is called subtropical monsoon climate in East Asia, and other areas are called subtropical monsoon humid climate due to high precipitation. Subtropical grassland and desert climate Subtropical grassland and desert climate are mainly distributed in the western and inland areas of the continent between 25° and 35° north latitude. Its basic characteristics are similar to those of tropical desert climates. It is also dry and rainless all year round, with high temperatures and hot summers. However, due to The latitude is slightly higher, and the winter temperature is lower than the tropical desert climate. [Edit this paragraph] Temperate climate type Temperate monsoon climate Temperate monsoon climate occurs on the east coast of the Eurasian continent around 35° to 55° north latitude, including most of North my country, Northeast China, and North Korea , northern Japan and part of the Russian Far East. In winter, affected by northerly winds from high latitudes inland, polar continental air masses prevail here, which is cold and dry; in summer, affected by polar oceanic air masses or modified tropical oceanic air masses, easterly and southeasterly winds prevail, making it warm, hot and rainy, with rain and heat in the same season. The annual precipitation is about 1,000 mm, and about two-thirds of it is concentrated in summer (summer is hot and rainy, winter is cold and dry). There are four distinct seasons throughout the year and the weather is changeable. As the latitude increases, the temperature range in winter and summer increases correspondingly, while the precipitation gradually decreases. Temperate continental climate Temperate continental climate is mainly distributed in the Eurasian continent and the inland areas of North America and southern South America at 40° to 60° north latitude. Because it is far away from the ocean, the humid climate is difficult to reach. Therefore, it is dry and rainless, and the climate is extremely continental. The annual and monthly temperature ranges are the highest among all climate types. Moreover, the closer to the center of the continent, the drier it becomes, the greater the annual and daily temperature ranges, and the vegetation also transitions from forests to grasslands and deserts. The temperate continental climate is located in the interior and the east coast of the continent between 40° and 60--65° north latitude. Under the control of continental climate in winter, the average temperature in the coldest month is below 0℃ in the south and close to -40℃ in the north. The average temperature in the hottest month is 26-27℃ in the south and close to 20℃ in the north. The growing season lasts about 200 days in the south and only 50-70 days in the north. Those belonging to this climate zone include: Northeast China, most of Siberia, most of Alaska and Canada, and around the Great Lakes of the United States. The broad temperate continental climate includes temperate desert climate, temperate steppe climate and subarctic coniferous forest climate. The narrow concept excludes the moist latter. Winter is severely cold, controlled by high pressure, with the lowest temperature reaching -73°C; in summer, the average temperature in July in the south reaches 26-27°C, with the highest temperature reaching 33°C, and in the north it is close to 20°C. The maximum annual temperature range reaches 62.3℃. Controlled by continental air masses all year round, precipitation increases from south to north (from west to east in North America). The annual precipitation ranges from less than 200mm to about 400mm, reaching 300~600mm in the north. The natural vegetation transitions from temperate desert and temperate grassland to subarctic coniferous forest from south to north. Temperate continental climate, with cold winters and hot summers, large temperature changes, and less rainfall concentrated in summer. Temperate continental climate Temperate maritime climate The temperate maritime climate is located on the west coast of the continent, between 40° and 60° in latitude south and north. It is in the westerly belt all year round and is deeply influenced by marine air masses. There are warm currents passing along the coast. There is no severe cold in winter and no scorching heat in summer. The average temperature in the coldest month is above 0℃ and the hottest month is below 22℃. The temperature varies from year to year. All small. There is precipitation throughout the year, more in autumn and winter. The annual precipitation is more than 1,000 mm, and it can reach more than 2,000 to 3,000 mm on the windward slopes of mountains. This climate is most typical in Western Europe and has the largest distribution area. It is also found in corresponding latitude zones on the west coast of the American continent, as well as in places such as Tasmania and New Zealand in Oceania. [Edit this paragraph] Frigid climate type Frigid tundra climate Frigid tundra climate is distributed on the northern edge of the North American continent and the Eurasian continent (the south is connected to the subarctic continental climate by the 10°C isotherm of the hottest month), and part of the coast of Greenland and several islands in the Arctic Ocean; in the southern hemisphere, they are distributed in the Malvinas Islands, South Shetland Islands and South Orkney Islands. Its characteristics are: winter all year round, with average monthly temperatures between 0° and 10°C for only 1 to 4 months of the year, and the winter is extremely cold and long; the annual precipitation is about 200 to 300 mm, mainly snow; the ground There is a permafrost layer and only low plants such as lichens and mosses. Frigid ice sheet climate Frigid ice sheet climate is distributed in the polar regions and nearby areas, including Greenland, several islands in the Arctic Ocean and the ice sheet plateau of the Antarctic continent. This is the birthplace of the icy ocean air mass and the Antarctic air mass. It is in a state of perpetual night throughout the winter. Although there is perpetual daylight in the summer half of the year, the sunlight is oblique and the heat received is weak. Therefore, the climate is severely cold all year round, and the temperature is below 0°C every month; Antarctica The continent's annual average temperature is -25°C, making it the coldest continent in the world. In 1967, Norwegians measured the absolute lowest temperature of -94.5°C, which can be called the world's "cold pole." The ground is mostly covered with thick ice and snow, and there are severe storms, making it difficult for plants to grow. [Edit this paragraph] Alpine plateau climate Alpine plateau climate is distributed in alpine plateau areas on all continents, mainly including the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its surrounding mountains (Karakoram Mountains, Himalayas, Hengduan Mountains, etc.), the Pamir Plateau and its surrounding areas and European Alps, South American Andes, East African Kilimanjaro region, etc. The temperature decreases with increasing altitude, with significant vertical changes. From bottom to top, there are tropical, subtropical, temperate, subarctic and permanent snow zones, reflecting a complete spectrum of climate zones.