Detailed data collection of Hanjiang river basin

Hanjiang River Basin is one of the areas with the densest resource elements in Hubei Province. As the foundation and forerunner of economic and social development, transportation is an important support for the integration and circulation of resource elements between different regions and the efficient development of industrial clusters. Hanjiang River, also known as Hanshui River, was called Mianshui in ancient times, and it is also called "the river meets the Hanshui River" with the Yangtze River, the Yellow River and the Huaihe River.

With a total length of 65,438+0,532 kilometers, the Hanjiang River is the longest tributary of the Yangtze River. It originated in ningqiang county (belonging to Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province, formerly known as Ningqiang) between Qinling Mountain and Micang Mountain in the southwest of Shaanxi Province, and then crossed Hanzhong and Ankang in the south of Qinba Mountain in the southeast, entered western Hubei, crossed Shiyan in the north and flowed into Danjiangkou Reservoir. After leaving the reservoir, it will continue to flow to the southeast, pass through Xiangyang, Jingmen and other cities, and merge into the urban area of Wuhan. Han River is also the name of a river in northern Korea.

Basic introduction Chinese name: Hanjiang river basin area:159,000 square kilometers, involving provinces: Hubei, Shaanxi, Henan, Sichuan, Chongqing and Gansu, climate: subtropical monsoon basin area, main tributaries, natural resources, traffic information, existing problems, Hanjiang river and Chu culture, Hanjiang river basin area:159,000 square kilometers, and climate. The northern part of the basin is bounded by Qinling, Waifangshan, Funiu Mountain and the Yellow River. The northeast is bounded by Funiu Mountain, Tongbai Mountain and Huaihe River Basin; The southwest is bounded by Daba Mountain, Jingshan Mountain, Jialing River and Zhang Ju. Jianghan Plain is in the southeast, and there is no obvious natural watershed. The topography of the basin is high in the northwest and low in the southeast. The geological structure is roughly bounded by Xichuan-Danjiangkou-Nanzhang, and the middle and low mountainous areas fold and uplift westward. The east is dominated by plains and hills. Hanjiang river basin belongs to subtropical monsoon region, with mild and humid climate, annual precipitation of 873mm and abundant water. However, the distribution is uneven during the year, and the runoff from May to 10 accounts for about 75% of the whole year, which changes greatly during the year, making it the largest river in the Yangtze River. The basin is rich in hydropower resources, with theoretical hydropower reserves of 10.93 million kilowatts and exploitable capacity of 6140,000 kilowatts. Main tributaries The main tributaries of the Han River are: Baohe, Danjiang, Tanghe, Baihe and Duhe. Since ancient times, there has been a saying that the Hanjiang River is tortuous. Above Danjiangkou, the main stream is upstream, about 925km long, with high mountains and many valleys on both sides, rapid water flow, large amount of water and abundant hydropower resources; Danjiangkou to Zhongxiang is the middle reaches, about 270km long, and flows through low mountains and hills. After the Nanhe River and Tangbai River accept the flow, the water quantity and sediment concentration increase greatly, and there are many sandbars and stone beaches, so the river course is unstable. Below Zhongxiang is the downstream, about 382km long, bypassing Jianghan Plain. The river bed gradient is small, the water flow is slow, the meander is developed, and the river branches vertically and horizontally. The closer to the estuary, the narrower the river channel, which is inverted trumpet-shaped, with poor flood discharge capacity and prone to sudden disasters. Danjiangkou Reservoir in Hanjiang River Basin is the water source and head of the Middle Route Project of South-to-North Water Transfer, and the main stream of Hanjiang River is also the backup water source of South-to-North Water Transfer. Natural resources are rich in mineral resources, mainly lead, zinc, copper, antimony, nickel, iron, mercury, gold, silver, uranium, coal, oil, natural gas, etc. Hubei phosphate rock and gypsum occupy an important position in China. Agriculture in Hanjiang River Basin developed earlier, and Jianghan Plain is one of the main commodity grain bases in China. Hanzhong basin is also an important agricultural area and a national commodity grain base. Grain production is mainly rice and wheat; The main cash crops are cotton, oilseeds, hemp, tobacco and tung oil. Traffic Information 2065438+In May, 2003, Hubei Provincial Department of Transportation compiled a comprehensive traffic plan for Hanjiang River Basin in Hubei Province according to the traffic layout of the overall plan for comprehensive development of Hanjiang River Basin in Hubei Province. Planning objectives are divided into two stages. During the period of 20 1 1-20 15, the comprehensive transportation infrastructure was mainly improved, and the layout of "164 1" was put forward: a low-carbon transportation channel was improved; Forming six rapid transportation channels; Building four comprehensive transportation hubs; Construction of traffic support system. By 20 15, the four-in-one comprehensive transportation system along the Yangtze River, such as waterway, expressway, express railway and aviation, will be basically completed, the radiation and throughput capacity of the port will be significantly improved, and the storage, logistics and shipping capabilities will be greatly improved, basically achieving the goal of building a transportation and logistics system in the Han River. By 2020, the water conservancy shipping belt and comprehensive transportation hub will be basically built, and the Hanjiang River will take the lead in "unblocking". By May of 20 13, the total scale of the comprehensive transportation network in Hanjiang River Basin reached 94,225 kilometers (excluding air routes and urban roads), and the density of the comprehensive transportation network was 150 kilometers/100 square kilometers, and the comprehensive transportation network began to take shape. In terms of shipping, the mileage of inland waterways in the Hanjiang River Basin reached 2,595 kilometers, including 867 kilometers in the main channel of the Hanjiang River. On the highway side, the skeleton network of "three vertical and three horizontal" expressways such as Beijing, Hong Kong, Macao and Suiyue has been built in the Hanjiang River Basin, reaching all cities in the region except Shennongjia forest area, and the highway grade and service capacity have been greatly improved. In terms of railways, the total railway mileage in Hanjiang River Basin is 1 170 km, and the road network density is 1.86 km/ 100 km2. In aviation, the existing Xiangyang Liuji Airport in Hanjiang River Basin is one of the four major airports in Hubei Province. Xiangyang Airport is being rebuilt according to the 4D standard, and the preliminary work of Shennongjia and Wudang Mountain airports has been accelerated. The Jingmen section of the Hanjiang River Basin is located in the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River, and the upstream production sewage flows downstream, which directly affects the drinking water safety of people and animals in the basin. After the completion of the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project, it has the following adverse effects on the water quality in Jingmen section of the Han River Basin: with the decrease of the inflow and velocity of the Han River, the self-purification ability of the water body decreases; The communication ability between the reservoir area formed by the project and the main stream is reduced, the upstream sewage is directly discharged into the reservoir area, and the waterlogged farmland drainage along the river causes serious water pollution in the reservoir area, which directly affects the safety of domestic water in the reservoir area; The Yangtze River Diversion Project divides the Changhu Lake into two parts, which makes it impossible to communicate effectively with the waters in the north of Changhu Lake and reduces the self-purification ability. At the same time, due to the rapid economic development in the upper reaches of the Han River and counties, all kinds of industrial and domestic pollutants have increased greatly, which has aggravated the pollution of drinking water sources in urban areas of the basin. Shayang County and Zhongxiang City are the main areas in Jingmen section of Hanjiang River Basin, and the role of water transport is declining. The main reasons include: the development of highway and railway transportation has diverted a large number of port goods; Limited capital investment, poor port facilities, low degree of mechanization and shrinking water transport capacity; The capacity is low, which can not meet the needs of the development of ship freight. In addition, after the impoundment of Xinglong Water Control Project, the water level rises, which can not meet the requirements of the minimum working space of ships, and the shipping facilities need to be improved urgently. Due to the long-term discharge of the Han River, the river flood deviates, and the river meets the current, resulting in frequent bank collapses, which poses a serious threat to the lives and property of people along the coast. The construction of the old city along the Yangtze River has been in a state of stagnation, with outdated facilities, deteriorating environment, disrepair of houses and poor flood passage, which has brought many adverse effects on urban development and the production and life of urban residents. Hanshui and Chu Culture Chu people started from Danyang (now Xichuan County, Nanyang) in the upper reaches of Hanshui River, and dominated during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, opening up more than 50 small countries. At its peak, the territory reached the Yellow River in the north, the seashore in the east, Yunnan in the west and Hunan in the south. It has not only contributed to the unification of the Chinese nation, but also established its cultural and historical position, which is unmatched by many regional cultures in the Central Plains at the same time and unique and unparalleled in the world. Jiangling area in the lower reaches of the Han River is the capital of Chu kings in the 20th generation. Chu Jinan, the old city, was the largest metropolis in the south at that time, known as the "South Wall", the city of thousands of feet and the city of thousands of households. Chu took a million people here and rode thousands of chariots and horses, with a population of five million. One city accounts for 1/6 of the total population of Eastern Zhou countries. There are 145 palaces and more than 2,800 ancient tombs around the city. At that time, the Hanjiang river basin and its surrounding areas had the most advanced mining and smelting technology. The site of Tonglushan ancient copper mine in Daye, Hubei Province shows the amazing achievements of Chu people in mining and smelting technology. Casting processes such as "lost wax method" still have application value in high-tech fields. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Chu people first mastered the technology of smelting iron and used iron tools. So far, the first furnace of pig iron exercise in the world can be tested by the Chu people. At that time, the most gold and silver coins unearthed from the Chu people, that is, Cheng, first introduced gold into the circulation field and implemented the functions of money. Well-preserved patterns such as embroidery, brocade, silk, yarn, silk and brocade unearthed in Chu state have diverse shapes, novel colors, many varieties and lacquerware, and the exquisite craftsmanship surpasses that of other countries. The development of agriculture and handicraft industry promoted the development of commodity economy in Chu State, resulting in commodity trading places called "cities". During the Spring and Autumn Period, the State of Chu had an official position in charge of the market, which was called the "city order". At that time, three commercial and economic centers-Sun Yicheng, Yancheng and Ying Ji-were located in the Hanjiang River Basin and spread all over the country. Chu people also have a unique spiritual culture. Chu Ci literature is the highest crystallization and the most authentic product of Chu culture, and it is the first-class creation of China's first-class culture. Qu Yuan, a great patriotic poet, created a colorful literary world composed of myths and legends, witchcraft etiquette and primitive songs and dances in his works, which also occupies a place in the history of world literature. Chu's astronomical calendar is also very complete, which recorded all the names of 28 stars in China at the earliest. Chu is a country of music, dance and painting. The court music Chun Xue was first circulated among the people, and most famous violinists and musicians, such as Bazin, Boya, Zhong Ziqi and Zhong Yi, were all in Chu. In the art of painting, two silk paintings unearthed from Chu Tomb are rare paintings. Lacquer painting "Autumn Tour", the ranking of 26 characters in the group painting is very vivid from clothing, manners and modality, which is a rare color painting in the past. The philosophy of Chu people is dominated by Taoism. Zuxiong, the ancestor of Chu people, was the pioneer of Chu philosophy and wrote Zuzi. Later, the formation of Taoist school was marked by the appearance of Laozi and his works. In a word, the ancient culture of China is the confluence of the Central Plains culture created with Xia nationality as the core and the Han River and Yangtze River basin culture created with Chu nationality as the core. The romantic exotic color of Chu culture and the simple and rational light of Central Plains culture blend into brilliant Chinese culture. The Jingchu culture in the Hanjiang River and the Yangtze River valley has greatly enriched the treasure house of Chinese culture, played an inestimable role in the process of creating and developing a unified Chinese culture, and contributed to the progress of mankind. Away from home, I am eager to get news, Song Wenzhi, winter goes and spring comes. The closer I get to my hometown, the more timid I am, afraid to inquire about people from home.