Economy and society in Song Dynasty

In the Song Dynasty, Kaifeng, with a population of over 6,543.8+0 million, was a veritable international metropolis, the highest in the world. In addition, cities with a population of more than100000 include Luoyang, Hangzhou, Yangzhou, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Fuzhou and Yingtianfu (now Shangqiu City, Henan Province). At that time, the population of the largest city in Europe just exceeded100000. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the development of ancient cities in China took a new turn. Cities before the Northern Song Dynasty were generally divided into squares and cities, that is, residential areas and commercial areas were strictly separated. During the Northern Song Dynasty, with the development of commodity economy and the increase of urban population, the boundary between "square" and "city" was completely broken, and shops could be opened everywhere instead of in a centralized way.

Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, is the most prosperous city in the capital city of Bianliang (now Kaifeng City, Henan Province) in Tokyo. During the Warring States Period, there were Wei, Jin, Hou Han, Hou Zhou, Song and Jin Dynasties. The Northern Song Dynasty was designated as the capital and reached its peak, which was the political, economic and cultural center of China at that time. The capital of Song Dynasty consists of imperial city, inner city and outer city. The circumference of the outer city is 50 li, 165 steps (300 steps in Song Dynasty, 1 step = 1.536 m), which is about 46.586 li. Population10.5 million, equivalent to one-third of Kaifeng's population today.

There are many handicraft workshops in the capital of song dynasty, and there are many shops, hotels and stalls on both sides of the street. People come and go, very lively. The commodities on the market include department stores all over China, as well as various foreign commodities. Business hours are not limited, except during the day, there are night markets and dawn markets. There are also fixed markets and regular fairs in the city. Among them, Dasuoguo Temple is opened five times a month, and its scale is very large. There are also "tile houses" (or "tile houses") in the city, where there are "Goulan" (places for singing and dancing), restaurants, teahouses, storytelling and acting, which have become the center of entertainment. The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival by Zhang Zeduan in Song Dynasty is an artistic reflection of the prosperity of urban commerce at that time.

During the Northern Song Dynasty, due to the break of the old workshop system, the division of labor in cities gradually disappeared, so the status of guilds was more important and the organization was more rigorous. In the Tang Dynasty, the commercial areas of some cities extended to the outside of the city, which was called the grass market, and further developed in the Northern Song Dynasty. There are also small cities that are open regularly in rural areas, called markets in the north and markets or fairs in the south. In the trade of grass market or fair, agricultural products and daily necessities such as cloth, silk, bamboo and other utensils account for the bulk, and some production tools are also traded. Some grass markets, fairs and fairs have gradually developed into fixed towns on the basis of developed exchanges. Towns are bridges between cities and villages, and the development of towns is conducive to the prosperity of commodity economy. Lin 'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, was the political, economic and cultural center at that time. There is an endless stream of cargo ships from Zhejiang and other counties. In addition, Pingjiang, Jiankang, Ezhou, Jiangling and other cities along the river have developed handicrafts and commerce. The market is more common than in the Northern Song Dynasty. There are 800 markets in Guangdong alone, which reflects the prosperity of business from one side.

In the Northern Song Dynasty, Hangzhou was already a famous big city in China. Liu Yong, a great poet, said in "Looking at the Tide of the Sea" that "Qiantang has been prosperous since ancient times, and the size of 100,000 households is staggering". During the Southern Song Dynasty, as the capital of a country, the population of Lin 'an City accumulated rapidly. The registered population of nine counties in Lin 'an prefecture is 6.5438+0.24 million, while in the same period (654.38+03 century), there were only 20,000 in London, 40,000 in Paris, and only 6.5438+0.000 in Venice, the largest and most prosperous city in the west.

In the early Southern Song Dynasty, during the filial piety trunk road (1165 ~1173), the population of Lin 'an was "26 1692 households with a population of 552507"; By the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, during the reign of Xianchun (1265~ 1274), it had increased to "39 1259 households and population1247,600", which was the total number of registered households in nine counties of Lin 'an prefecture. This does not include the number of troops with no less than100000 and a large number of floating population that is difficult to count.

The huge urban population can be proved by the food consumption of Lin 'an City at that time. "Dream of Liang Lu" said: "Every day, rice is eaten in the market, except for people in government offices, official houses, houses, rich houses and other departments. People eat it, and there are no fewer than one or two thousand stones entering and leaving the city every day." According to the statistics of Wulin Old Stories, "In the Song Dynasty, there were 167,000 people in Hang Cheng except Mijia. People count as two liters, and three or four thousand stones can't be used in one day, but the north and south outer compartments are not harmonious, and the guest exchanges are not harmonious. "

The largest comprehensive central business district in Lin 'an is Yujie. Famous products from all over the country are distributed here, and merchants shuttle back and forth, which is a scene of prosperity. From the North Gate of the Forbidden City to the outside of Ningmen (now the intersection at the foot of Phoenix Mountain in the south of Song Wan), along the Imperial Street, there are many merchants on both sides. In addition to Imperial Street, professional markets and businesses spread all over the city. Bamboo pole lane, named after the arrangement of fine bamboo hedges in South Song and Hangzhou City; Ma Shi Street sells horses, Pi Shi Lane sells furs, Cai Shi Bridge is a vegetable distribution center ... Yin Gao Street adjacent to Qinghefang is a famous jewelry market in the Southern Song Dynasty, hence its name. According to the annual climate change and the needs of production, life, culture and entertainment, the ancient people in China formed many traditional folk festivals. During these festivals, people all over the country will hold various commemorative activities, or games, or pray for blessings, or offer sacrifices to ancestors or gods, which are quite colorful.

During the Northern Song Dynasty, with the further development of economy and culture and the increasing prosperity of commerce and trade, the contents of various festivals became more and more. Tokyo (now Kaifeng, Henan Province), as the capital and economic and cultural center of Meiji at that time, naturally had more grand and cheerful festivals, which were representative at that time. At that time, Tokyo people had many festivals every year, such as New Year's Day, Lantern Festival, Cold Food Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival, Chinese Valentine's Day, Mid-Autumn Festival, Double Ninth Festival, Winter Solstice and so on. Among these numerous festivals, "Solstice in Winter, New Year's Day (Spring Festival) and Cold Food Festival are the three major festivals in Beijing", and Song Ting stipulated that there should be seven days off each, including five consecutive days off. In addition, there are three days on Holy Day, Shangyuan and Zhongyuan, and there is one day off. Spring Club, Autumn Club, Shangsi, Chongwu (Dragon Boat Festival), Chongyang, beginning of spring, Changxia, Sanfu, beginning of autumn, Qixi, Autumn Equinox, Shouyi and beginning of winter all have one day off. Summer solstice, the twelfth day, three days off each. All the big sacrifices are a fake day. This festival is particularly grand. During the Song Dynasty, the entertainment industry was very popular and developed. The entertainment place in the tile market is called the tile society, that is, the place for large-scale cultural performances, which is mostly located in crowded and lively places, which is conducive to publicity and profit. The tile house is divided into many fences (enclosed by railings and curtains). There are more than 50 hooks in a big washhouse that can accommodate thousands of people. The programs performed in each Goulan are also different, including rap (script), folk art, acrobatics (swallowing iron sword by stepping on rope), puppet show, ventriloquism, sumo wrestling, monkey playing and so on. Entertainment circles are everywhere, from official to local, from folk to military camps, everywhere. Yang, the commander-in-chief in front of the temple (the garrison commander of the capital), set up a tile roof in the military camp, attracting a large number of folk artists and song and dance actors, and engaged in cultural performances in his spare time to express his condolences to the army.

According to various historical records, there were more than 20 tile markets in Lin 'an City in the Southern Song Dynasty. Jishanfang, Hou Jing Street and Wulong Lane were all famous entertainment places at that time. Among them, Beiwa, located in the south of Zhonganqiao Bridge, is the largest. According to the record of the old man's numerous victories in the West Lake, "only Beiwa is the largest, with thirteen goulan", and he performed zaju, acrobatics, sumo, puppet show, storytelling and history.

The early summer of Wazi is the performance of economic prosperity, and the existence of Wazi adds vitality to the city. In the song and entertainment industry, mass entertainment is extremely developed, especially in writing. In Song Dynasty, poetry was pure literature. Ci is a kind of vulgar art, which belongs to the decadent sound of vulgar music and has the same nature as the popular saliva songs today. The most famous poet at that time was not Su Dongpo, but Liu Sanbian. He was ordered to write lyrics, but where there is a well water, there must be Liu Yong's lyrics. Ci also has professional singers, that is, geisha, who are the earliest pop musicians. Nai Deong sang a ditty in Jingshi Jisheng: "Singing a ditty means singing a slow song and breaking a song on the board, which is a big rate, so it is called singing shallow and low." This kind of singing is usually performed by a singer with clappers, and some are equipped with some simple musical instruments, such as cymbals, pipa, Xiao, sheng and so on. Singers are male and female, but mainly female, and Song people sing with women as their true colors.

"Small singing" is the most common singing method in Song Dynasty, which is used from the commercial performance of Goulanwa River in the market, to the royal banquet, official banquet, elegant banquet of literati, and even family banquet of literati. The fifth volume of Tokyo's Chinese Dream records that Jingwa's geisha skills include "singing Li Shishi, Xu Poxi, Feng Yinu, Sun Sansi, etc." They are all famous geisha who can sing very well.

"Little Singing", a form of lyrics, is very popular with the audience. It plays an important role in the performance of Goulan Yuji, and its commercial nature is also very distinct. Meng Yuan's "A Dream in Tokyo", Volume 5, Jingwa Jiyi Art, records that Huizong Chongning (1102-106) and Daguan (1107-) in the Northern Song Dynasty. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, "singing" has become a very important mass entertainment activity for Wasi Goulan and the upper class, together with other geisha such as zaju and Tan.

As for the so-called "pure singing", Cheng Dachang, a man from the Southern Song Dynasty, said in Volume 9 of "Performance": All the songs in this world are more lewd than those of Zheng and Wei, and those that add pan-singing to the old sounds are called pure singing. With regard to the singing characteristics of "pure singing", Nai De-Weng once recorded in the articles "The Sound of Gyeonggi and Jishe" and "Washe Gong Ji" that "pure singing" is to sing the melody words on the drum surface, which drives the empty sound, fiddles with the palace tune and calls the fruit to sing and play music as a whole. On the one hand, "Floating Singing" is accompanied by drums and other musical instruments, which is very lively. On the other hand, "singing with the wind" is also "playing the palace tune with empty voices" (that is, adding "pan-gorgeous"), which makes it look indulgent. The combination of vocal music naturally gives people a feeling of "lewdness", but it is close to the public. Zaju is a style developed on the basis of Zhu Gong tune in Song and Jin Dynasties, and it is an art form integrating singing, guest singing and dancing.

"Zaju" gradually became a proper name of a new performance form in the Song Dynasty. This new form can really be called "miscellaneous", including singing and dancing, music, teasing and acrobatics. It is divided into three parts: the first part is called "acting segment", and the performance content is familiar things in daily life, which is the introduction of the formal part; The second paragraph is the main part, probably performing stories, rapping or dancing; The third paragraph is called the third paragraph, which is also called juggling, juggling and technical harmony. It's just funny, teasing, or acrobatics occasionally. Representative figures include Zhang Cuigai, Rizo's disciple, Xue Zida, Xue Zixiao, Qiao Zhier, Yang Zongxi and Zhou Shounu. A drama in which puppets are used to perform stories. During the performance, the actors manipulated the puppets behind the scenes and sang along with the music. According to the different shapes and manipulation methods of puppets, there are bag puppets, marionettes, stick puppets, marionettes and so on. Puppet show is a form of drama in which actors manipulate wooden dolls to perform behind the scenes. In ancient China, it was also called a puppet show. Chinese puppet shows have a long history. During the Three Kingdoms period, there were puppets who could perform acrobatics, and in the Sui Dynasty, puppets began to perform stories.

There are already some names such as "Zhangtou Puppet, suspension spring Puppet, Medicine Puppet" in "Dream in Tokyo". I dreamed of Liang Lu: "Every puppet, acting like a smoke powder, a ghost, a fighter, a case-solving, a history book, telling stories, or telling history, or making zaju, or like a cliff character. Hanging puppets, for example, began with the story of Chen Ping's Six Wonders Pass. Today, there are gold thread doctors Lu and Chen. This makes it as true as ever, especially those who are eclectic. There are also staff-headed puppets, especially Liu Xiao's archer Guo Qi, and his water puppets, including Yao Yuxian, Sai Bao Ge, Ji Wang and Jin Shihao. Make a hundred funerals. There are hundreds of plays in the water, one after another, the scales dance away, the dragons turn into reality, and the art is like a god. " Shadow play, also known as "shadow play". Drama is a beautiful folk opera art in the East, in which characters are cut with paper or leather and lights are reflected on curtains. China is known as the "hometown of shadow play", which originated in the Tang and Five Dynasties, flourished in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and has a history of 1000 years. Song Gaocheng's Jiyuan Game Playing Shadow Play: "Little Weng night curtain, lights and candles. The emperor sat in his tent and looked through the curtain as if he were a lady. Therefore, there are movies in the world. " Song Guan Pu Nai De Weng's "The Jingshi Jisheng Washe Duo Performance": "Every play is carved with plain paper at first, and then covered with colored leather." Qing Fu Cha Dunchong's "Yanjing Year: Closing Taiwan": "The film takes pictures with lights, which is very sad. When the old woman listens, she can cry. " Lu Xun's anthology, supplement and bookstore fold: "I suspect that the current operas, gestures and attitudes, and face painting are all related to the ancient shadow lamp drama." Travel "Beijing Mileage Map", available in postal shops, is cheap and childlike. This appeared in the Southern Song Dynasty, similar to today's guide map. The picture shows the inns, restaurants and toilets in the scenic area, which greatly facilitates people's travel. The tourism industry in the Song Dynasty also had a certain scale, and major cities often held "tourism festivals" to attract tourists, such as the Chrysanthemum Festival in Kaifeng and the Peony Festival in Luoyang. Luoyang Peony Flower Festival is more lively than Chinese New Year. All the residents in the city, from dignitaries to vendors, will arrange flowers. This festival lasts until the flowers fade. Pornography was unprecedentedly developed in the Song Dynasty. Youfang Lane and Yan Guan Attic, to name a few. Originally Caballe, musicians engaged in Caballe music had no status and gradually became sex workers. There were many famous prostitutes in Song Dynasty: Liu E, Zhen Jinlian, Xie, Nv, Chao Yun, Yu Ruan Niang, Lao, Yan Xijiao, Xie Suqiu, Li Shishi, Hua, Xin Qide, Liang Hongyu, Tan Yige and Yan Rui.

Nearly ten thousand romantic workshops in Tokyo, the capital, have become a major tax pillar industry. Not only female prostitutes, but also male prostitutes. Many down-and-out children are unwilling to make progress and are willing to sell meat. This particularly romantic workshop is called "Hive". During the reign of Song Huizong, the government issued a notice forbidding, "One person is a prostitute, and the reward is 50 yuan (24,062 yuan)." Female prostitutes can't be banned, let alone men? So the law gradually lost its effectiveness. During the Southern Song Dynasty, this trend was even worse, and the area outside the new gate of Lin 'an was a famous male prostitute area. A famous poet in the Southern Song Dynasty carefully exclaimed: "It's nothing more than corrupting customs!" Mutton was the main meat in the Northern Dynasties.

Steamed bread, steamed buns and cakes are the staple foods of northerners. Although southern cuisine and Sichuan rice are very popular in Bianjing, they have not affected the dominant position of northern cuisine. There are many northern food stores in Bianjing, such as Xujiahu Soup Store, Majiagou Soup Store, Shi Jia Soup Store and Qiaotou Hu Jiajia Soup Store, all of which mainly sell soups. According to the records of Tokyo Dream, there are head soup, stone marrow soup, stone belly soup and so on. There are ten thousand steamed buns, Sun Haoshou steamed buns, cave plum blossom steamed buns, Lujia steamed buns and other steamed buns shops, as well as bamboo shoots and ferns steamed buns, soup packets, thin-skinned spring cocoon steamed buns, shrimp steamed buns, oil cakes with meat, sugar steamed buns and imperial academy steamed buns. In addition, there are oil cake shops and Hu cake shops, both of which are large in scale and professional in production. "Tokyo Dream" Volume 4 "Cake Shop" cloud: Where there are cake shops, there are oil cake shops and Hu cake shops. If you are an oil cake shop, you sell steamed cakes, sugar cakes, packaging and quotation. Hu's cake shop sells door oil, chrysanthemum, wide coke, thick edge, oil, pulp cake and new samples full of hemp. ..... Only the Wu Temple family, before the establishment of the hospital by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Zheng family was the most prosperous, and each family had more than 50 stoves. Southerners eat more fish, and there are more than one or two hundred fish shops inside and outside Lin 'an.

Southern restaurants sell fish buns, noodles cooked with tung oil skin, fried fish and rice. These restaurants, "each shop has its own hall, courtyard, east-west corridor, called seating, fine dishes, called fasting, 10 products per bowl, noodles and meat as a pavilion, called Lian Tang, and there is a single soup, which is half. I used to use only spoons, but now I use chopsticks. " Among these southern restaurants, Sijiaojinjia and Jiuquzi Zhou Jia are the "most outstanding". And the "southern cuisine is the richest" in the sweet water lane in the north of Suoguo Temple. Sichuan restaurant sells Sichuan rice, including shredded pork noodles, pork noodles, pork noodles, pork fried noodles, miscellaneous fried events, cooked rice and so on. There are many delicious snacks in the capital of song dynasty. The famous snacks in Kyoto in the Northern Song Dynasty include plum blossom buns, Cao's meat pies, Xue's mutton rice, plum blossom geese and ducks, Cao's delicious food, Xu's stew soup, Zheng's oil cakes, Wang's cheese, Duan's fried food, and stone-cooked meat. In the Southern Song Dynasty, there were Wusaohu fish soup, Li mutton, Wang's milk room and Song's blood belly soup. These are pure time-honored brands, not comparable to Beijing Quanjude and Liubiju. There are 30,000 restaurants, with many and miscellaneous shops, each with its own characteristics. Ordinary restaurants and restaurants are equipped with "Dr. Tea and Rice Wine", which is similar to the welcoming service ordering staff, watching people order. If you meet a young and rich host, you will provide special services for your guests. Of course, the doctor of tea, rice and wine has a commission. Restaurants have become multifunctional places, and prostitutes come uninvited to make a living. The porn industry in Song Dynasty was extremely developed and legalized, and it is not unusual for similar pubs to provide porn everywhere. Only Tan JiaHe Zhang and Zhi Zhangjia in Qiao Zhou do not provide this service. Selling wine is selling good wine. You can go to Yang Lou, Fengle Building to recruit prostitutes.

Kaifeng's catering industry is the most developed, with many restaurants, the big one is called punctuality and the small one is called Jiaodian (or Jiaodian). At that time, there were 72 head stores and tens of thousands of foot shops in Kaifeng. Fan Lou, located outside Donghuamen, is the first of 72 stores. Fan Lou * * * has five buildings, each with a three-story structure. The decoration is absolutely the most luxurious in Kaifeng, which can accommodate thousands of drinkers. The scale is huge, almost equivalent to a palace, equivalent to a star hotel now. In the Song Dynasty, private brewing was forbidden and monopolized by the government. The head office has the right to make wine, but the foot shop has no such right. It must go to the official to buy koji, and then brew it by itself, which is what the official in Kaifeng, Kyoto did. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, there were 203 kinds of wine in China, including 27 kinds of Kaifeng princes and nobles and 28 kinds of Kaifeng mansions. The best wine is Necufa, which is the best wine in the world and only exists in the palace. Wine is neither soju nor distilled liquor. Its alcohol content is almost the same as that of beer, so you can drink it in a big bowl. For example, in Water Margin, "Song Wu Beats the Tiger" drank 18 bowls of wine back and forth. You asked him to drink a 65-degree knife, and three bowls made him lie down and fight monkey boxing.

It is nothing new for monks in Daxiangguo to sell meat. Some monks who have no skills simply unite to run the pork business, which is euphemistically called "roast pig farm". The leading monk is Huiming, who is not good at chanting scriptures and is good at cooking, especially cooking meat dishes. He is famous in Beijing and has become a food master known to all women and children in Kaifeng for a time. Cultural goods in emerging industries have also formed industries, such as poetry, selling words, selling acid essays, especially "selling acid essays". This is a very demanding article, so it is better to improvise, the text is easy to understand, and both refined and popular tastes are appreciated, and some humor and ridicule are added. The content of goods is usually specified by consumers. For example, several nouveau riche who kill pigs get together to drink, and want to write the grand occasion of "gathering all their talents" into a volume for future generations to remember and admire. Go directly to the seller of sour prose, 30p a piece. Arty, comfort yourself. In fact, the housing prices in the Song Dynasty were very high. Take Kaifeng as an example. In the heyday of the Song Dynasty, the population of Kaifeng City should be one million (excluding the population of villages and counties), which led to a shortage of housing and a hard-to-find room. Wang Yucheng, a bachelor of Hanlin, mentioned the land price of Kaifeng in Li's Garden Pavilion: "In the city, under the double pavilions, every inch of land is worth gold, and the price is the same." Land is precious.

According to the textual research of Mr. Hu Jianhua from the Song History Research Center of Henan University, in the twenty-eight years of Shaoxing, Pingjiang House built more than 2000 tile houses 10, with an average cost of each house10 pipe; In the sixth year of Avenue, 2000 military camps were built in Lin 'an Prefecture (the capital of Southern Song Dynasty), with an average cost per room 18 penetration.

Such a cost, coupled with appropriate profits, the final selling price is not difficult to imagine.

In order to alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand, ensure the normal life of the subjects and stabilize the society, the Song government deliberately promoted the "low-rent housing" system: the Ministry of Industry is responsible for building a large number of official houses with the funds allocated by the state treasury, and then renting them to the subjects at low prices, while managing the work (renting, collecting rent, maintaining, etc. ) by the "store and housing affairs" department. This practice began in Tokyo, then spread to counties and counties, and continued until the Southern Song Dynasty.

The low-rent housing provided by the Song government is not only relatively cheap at ordinary times, but also reduces the rent in times of famine. During the reign of Song Yingzong Zhiping, an imperial decree was issued: "The county magistrate gave money for three days in case of heavy rain and snow, but it was not more than nine days, so it was written as an order."

In other words, in case of wind, cold, rain and snow, the monthly rent of official rooms can be exempted for 3 days, and the longest can reach 9 days. In the second year of Xining, Kaifeng was hit by a snowstorm. Song Shenzong ordered "the old, the young, the poor, the sick and the weak to give more money and adopt them in Sifutian Hospital until spring is warmer." This is a waste of time. From the Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, great changes have taken place in China society, which opened the historical stage of the Middle Ages and modern times. After the Five Dynasties, the family of gate and valve fell apart, and the original trilogy was able to get rid of the state of personal attachment and gain the status of a good citizen, which was included in the national compilation. That is, the former untouchables, whether trilogy or handmaiden, basically disappeared in the Song Dynasty and became free men.

The household registration system in Song Dynasty no longer divided citizens into "good citizens" and "untouchables", but divided them into "national households" and "rural households" according to whether they lived in cities or towns. This is the earliest urban household registration in the history of China, which means the expansion of urban population and the formation of citizen class. According to whether residents have real estate, they are divided into "main households" and "customers", and then the main households are divided into different households according to the amount of family property. The household registration files in the Song Dynasty are called "five-class property books", which are fabricated every three years. Although it has the word "D", in fact, the division of fifth-class households has nothing to do with the population of each household, but is based on the property of each household. There is a background that needs to be clarified: after the disintegration of the land equalization system in the middle Tang Dynasty, the founding of the country in the Song Dynasty recognized the reality of complete private ownership of land, allowed the free flow of property rights, and did not suppress mergers, so the rich and the poor were divided and often transformed into each other. Xu Zong of the Han Dynasty had only "thirteen thousand yuan". According to the standards of the Song Dynasty, he can only mix an inferior household at most. Of course, if he works hard, accumulates wealth and buys land, it is not impossible for him to become an excellent household in the future. You know, "the rich and the poor have no definite number" is a major feature of Song society.

Separate households by property are for tax and service. The tax system in the Song Dynasty has completed the transformation from poll tax to property tax-the "rent-even method" based on the ideal of "equal production" has now withdrawn from the historical stage and been replaced by the "two tax laws", that is, the superior households pay more taxes and the inferior households pay less taxes, so customers do not have to pay taxes because they have no land and property. Because of the recruitment system (mercenaries) in the Song Dynasty, citizens no longer need to perform military service, only officers are left. In the past, the corvee was shared according to the head, but in the Song Dynasty, there was a trend of replacing the corvee with money, which was linked to households, that is, rich households had to bear heavier service obligations. From poll tax to property tax, it is precisely the characteristics of society from medieval to modern.

The personal restraint of household registration on ordinary people is also weakening. By the Song Dynasty, the commodity economy was developed (commercial tax and levy income exceeded agricultural tax, which was unprecedented), the quiet and stable social order of small farmers had been broken, and it was common for farmers to abandon farming and do business. For example, in the early Southern Song Dynasty, farmers in Yuezhou "came for business trips, and most of them were away". Customers have no land property and will not be bound by land. "If you lose care, go to him next year." According to the legislation of Song Dynasty, if the guests want to leave, the landlord can't stop them. Customers are also called "mobile customers" because of their uncertainty. In some places, it is even difficult to register because "there are fewer households and more customers, and the network is uncertain, especially the mouth is difficult to remember". There are more floating people in cities-the cities in Song Dynasty were open and anyone could flow in. Businessmen, helpers and refugees, such as Jiankang House, used to be "the place where the capital stayed, and people scattered all around often gathered here without doing their homework".

The household registration management in the Song Dynasty was also open to a certain extent: people who moved to a place for more than one year could obtain local household registration.

Because of its remarkable openness and commercial attributes, the society in Song Dynasty showed greater mobility and vitality than the previous generation. A Song Dynasty man lamented: "The ancients lived in the same well, and everyone moved to another place, flowing far away, giving nothing, and being enslaved and humiliated for life." It is not a problem for modern people to ignore their native land and migrate in all directions. And living for a year, that is, listening to the attached book, is lighter than in ancient times. "After the famine, some families wanted to redeem their children, but they were unable to do so. In view of this, the government redeemed it on its behalf.

In addition to helping pregnant women and newborns, the Song Dynasty also took various measures to help children abandoned for various reasons.

First of all, the official is to redeem scorpions. After the fierce year of Song Dynasty, the hungry people migrated and human trafficking was extremely common. Because parents can't bear to watch their children starve to death, in order to survive temporarily, they often sell their children to rich families. In famine years, the population is cheap, and often "one woman beats rice waves and half beats a child". After the famine, some families want to redeem their children, but they are unable to do so. In view of this, the government redeemed it on its behalf. In the second year of Emperor Taizong's Chunhua reign (99 1), the imperial edict said: "Hungry men and women in all border States of Shaanxi Province will be redeemed by the officials if they enter the frontier tribes." For three years (10 10), Song Zhenzong also said: "The people in Shaanxi are hungry, and there is a scorpion, which the official bought and redeemed." In the eighth year of Li Qing (1048), there were 20-year-old hungry people in Ying, Mo, En and Ji provinces in Hebei province, and many people died. Renzong "gave twenty thousand yuan to Ying, Mo, En and Ji to redeem the hungry."

Secondly, adoption laws should be enacted to encourage people to adopt their adopted sons. During the famine years, people lived a hard life and fled everywhere. Some sell their children to rich families, while others abandon their children on the road. For these abandoned children, the government encourages folk adoption and has enacted an adoption law. In order to encourage private adoption of abandoned babies, the court repeatedly stressed that after adoption, "no one is allowed to get to know each other in the future." The government will reward those who have made outstanding achievements in adopting abandoned children. In the second year of Xiaozong Xichun (1 175), it was stipulated: "A scholar-bureaucrat family can adopt 50 families and give them a name reward. State and county officials have adopted Qian Mi 100 to 2,300 people, all with names. " In the fourth year of Jiading (12 1 1), in July, "Zhao Fuzhou lived in Duanziyong, the main book of Wanzai County, Yuanzhou, and adopted 220 abandoned children in the drought. After eating new food, he was responsible for returning them to his parents and relatives. He can follow Zheng Lang's example. "

In addition, the Song government also dealt with the adoption of abandoned babies. There are many abandoned babies in famine years and winter, so it is difficult for abandoned babies to get better adoption only by private forces. Therefore, the Song government also actively participated in the rescue. During the trunk road years, there was a great drought in Hunan and Jiangdong, and Xiao Zong wrote: "The drought on the road hurts people, and the people can't eat. People who abandon their children on the road are deeply saddened, so they can be taken care of by ministers one by one and adopted in a stable place so as not to freeze to death. " I will wait until the Spring Festival to go back to my parents, starting from 10. "

The imperial court gave financial support to the adoption of local governments. Therefore, local governments have also adopted active and practical methods when adopting abandoned babies. Some local officials also try their best to actively adopt abandoned babies. For example, when Su Shi was in Mizhou, "In the famine years, many people abandoned their children. Because of the amount of rice, it was concluded that there were hundreds of residual stones, which did not exist. They were designed to adopt abandoned children and give them six barrels a month. Because of their parents' love for their children, they lost everything and lived thousands of lives. "Another example is that Hong Zun, the ambassador of Jiangdong Anfu, once played in the court and stated his measures to adopt abandoned babies: 1. The adoption of children and young children is the responsibility of the county magistrate and the governor; Second, those abandoned babies who can stand on their own feet are given to temples for adoption, and the government provides money and rice. The abbot of the temple reports the number of abandoned babies and their physical health to the government every half month. If there is disease, the government gives medicine, and if there is death, the official buries the coffin; Third, for those children who are still breastfeeding, the government gives them to nursing homes for adoption, and the government gives them money and rice to check their physical condition regularly. If they are sick, the government gives them medicine, and if they die, the government gives them wood and wood burial. Bao Zheng is responsible for children abandoned in remote villages. In the Song Dynasty, the characteristics of scholars, farmers, workers and businessmen could be identified from their clothes.

In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, strict regulations were made on the costumes of officials at all levels. Above three categories were purple, above five categories were scarlet, above seven categories were green, and above nine categories were cyan. As for people, they can only wear black and white.