Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Hotel accommodation - What are the four best preserved ancient cities in China?
What are the four best preserved ancient cities in China?
Pingyao is a national historical and cultural city and a world cultural heritage. Pingyao Ancient City is located in the middle of Shanxi Province, on the southern edge of Taiyuan Basin, 9 kilometers away from Taiyuan, the provincial capital. Fenhe River flows south across the border, and Tongpu Railway and Universiade Highway in the south pass by the northwest side of the county seat, which is located in the crossroads and has convenient transportation. Pingyao has been a commercial distribution market since ancient times, and has the reputation of "Pingyao City, which can't be filled with dissatisfaction" and "Little Beijing". Pingyao has a long history. As early as the Neolithic Age, human beings thrived here. According to legend, Emperor Yao was originally sealed in pottery, so Pingyao was also called "ancient pottery" and "flat pottery". Zhongdu in the territory was the ancient city of Jin in the Spring and Autumn Period and belonged to Zhao in the Warring States Period. Pingtao County was established in the Qin Dynasty, Zhongdu County and Jingling County were established in the Western Han Dynasty, which was abolished in the early Northern Wei Dynasty and changed to Pingyao County. For more than 2,7 years, Pingyao has been a county town, but it has been brilliant in politics, economy and culture.
the ancient city of Pingyao was built in the period of western Zhou Xuanwang (827-782 BC). General Yin Jifu led the army to the north to explore the mountain, built a rammed earth city, and stationed troops to resist the enemy. Later generations repaired and strengthened velvet, and in the third year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (AD 137), it was expanded and rebuilt, and brick walls were added. It still stands tall and towering, and its character still exists.
the city wall is complete in scale, with a circumference of 6.4 kilometers. The appearance is slightly square, and the east, west and north sides are straight, but the south wall is winding. The wall is 1m high and 3m-6m wide. Rammed earth is built in the wall, and city bricks are outsourced. There are 72 watchtowers and 3, crenels around * *, symbolizing 3, disciples of Confucius and 72 sages. Each city gate is a heavy gate Weng city, with a double-eaved wooden tower at the top and corner towers at the four corners of the city wall.
the whole city wall is continuous with piles and towering buildings. Kuixing Building, Dianjiangtai and Wenchang Pavilion are dotted on it, and it is known as the "Turtle City" in ancient and modern times. It is called "the first city in North China" by Chinese and foreign experts and scholars. Now it is a national key cultural relics protection unit.
Shanxi has been the hometown of merchants since ancient times, and Pingyao can be called the origin of Shanxi merchants. People in the city are good merchants and good at finance, which has been passed down from generation to generation. As early as the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Pingyao was sparsely populated and the land was barren, and many people went out to do business to make a living. "It is normal to travel thousands of miles." Businessmen have traveled all over the country. In the early Qing Dynasty, domestic businesses gradually prospered. During the reign of Kangxi, Shanxi merchants, with Pingyao merchants as their main force, not only dominated Jiangbei, but also extended their influence to Jiangnan. Most merchants in Pingyao set up a general number in the local area and set up branches in other places. By the eighteenth year of Jiaqing (1813), the number of vendors in the city had increased by dozens of times in recent years. At the end of Jiaqing, Pingyao commercial gangs had spread all over the country, including capital cities and land and water terminals. The wholesale, transportation and transit business of bulk items is flourishing between the general number and each branch and with customers, and many shops run both wholesale and retail. All kinds of goods are continuously transported into the ancient city and directly sent to the inside and outside of the province. Pingyao has become the largest commodity distribution center in Jinzhong, and there is a "Pingyao City that can't be filled up." The prosperity of commerce drives and promotes the development of financial industry. In the third year of Daoguang (1823), Pingyao merchants initiated Rishengchang draft bank, with the general number located in the west street of Pingyao city and semicolons in major cities all over the country. Subsequently, the banking industry rose, and the total number of Pingyao banking companies established successively reached as many as 22, and more than 4 semicolons were set up in more than 7 towns and docks across the country, which undertook the exchange and deposit of funds and personal private banks from official banks, taxes and military salaries to businesses and shops all over the country. Pingyao City became the largest central city of banks in China at that time. Therefore, there is a saying that "when you enter Pingyao City, silver ingots trip people up". The flourishing development of commercial finance has created a century-long prosperity and affluence for Pingyao. Yu Qiuyu, a famous scholar, wrote in the article "Shame on Shanxi": "In the most prosperous era in Shanxi, the center of wealth was not in Taiyuan, the provincial capital, but in Pingyao, Qixian and Taigu, especially Pingyao."
2. Deep in Yunling, south of Caiyun, Lijiang, an ancient city with the best preserved plateau history, is famous for its beauty and magic. This side has beautiful scenery, beautiful scenery, honest folk customs and a long history and culture. Rich natural and human resources show the world the beauty of simplicity and mystery, attracting millions of tourists to explore this amazing mystery.
Old Town of Lijiang, also known as Dayan Town, is located in the middle of Lijiang Dam, with Xiangshan Mountain, Jinhong Mountain and Lion Mountain in the north and dozens of miles of fertile fields and vast fields in the southeast. Lijiang is one of the second batch of famous historical and cultural cities in China, and it is also one of the ancient cities where China successfully declared the world cultural heritage to the United Nations. It is the only ancient city without a wall in China's historical and cultural cities. It is said that it is because the hereditary ruler of Lijiang in ancient times surnamed Mu. If a wall is built, it will be like the word "sleepy" framed by a wooden character, which is unlucky. This shows that Naxi nationality is a relatively open nation.
Dayan Town is an ancient city. In Lijiang County, it is named Dayan Town because it is surrounded by green hills and shaped like a big jasper inkstone. It was originally built at the end of Song Dynasty and the beginning of Yuan Dynasty (from the end of 12th century to the beginning of 13th century), with a history of about 8 years. It flourished in Ming and Qing Dynasties. At that time, Old Town of Lijiang had reached a considerable scale.
in ancient times, the method of urban construction was to open the river first, and then make urban construction planning according to the context of the river, laying streets and paving roads. Old Town of Lijiang's urban construction method is also based on the experience of the traditional ancient city planning method, so it is also a living fossil of China's ancient urban construction method.
The ancient city has preserved a large number of residential buildings in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, all of which are tile-roofed buildings with civil structures, most of which are three squares and one wall, and there are also many quadrangles, which combine the essence of Naxi, Bai, Han and other national architectural arts. The layout of residential buildings is flexible, with emphasis on decoration and meticulous carving. Many flowers and birds are carved on their doors and windows, and the colors are strong. The residents here like to plant flowers and trees in the courtyard, decorate bonsai, no household does not raise flowers, no household does not run water, forming a highland water city style of "every household runs water and every household hangs willow", which is known as "Gusu on the Plateau" and "Venice of the East".
buildings along the river are the first feature of ancient city buildings. The trend of the street is almost synchronous with the river, forming an architectural corridor of civil tile houses, which is the basic format of the architectural layout of the ancient city. Because of the dense canals, buildings across water and adjacent canals are very common.
the building close to the mountain is the second feature of the ancient city architecture. The ancient city lies between the mountains, and buildings along the street come and go, constantly changing because of the ups and downs of the mountains. The buildings in Guangbi Lane and Jinxing Lane of Guangyi Street are less noisy by the river and more quiet by the mountain.
Street-facing buildings are the third feature of ancient city buildings. In the center of the ancient city, a square street is surrounded by neat and prosperous pavements, which is called Sifang Street. The street is wide, and there are four main streets, which radiate around. Each street is divided into many small streets, which are connected and extend in all directions, like a vein running through the ancient city. In the proper place, there is still a leisure space. Each roadway is paved with colorful stones, which is not muddy in rainy season and dust-free in summer, and looks smooth and flat. In the streets and lanes, there are tea houses, hotels, galleries and workshops, handicrafts and local products are dazzling, and ethnic minorities dressed in various costumes shuttle with tourists from all over the world. On Sifang Street, the ancient device for cleaning streets by river water is still preserved, which can wash streets regularly and keep the ancient city clean, which is very labor-saving.
The folk houses in the ancient city are simple and vivid in shape and beautifully decorated. The most common forms are three squares and one wall, four in five patios, front and rear courtyards and one into two houses. The three squares and one zhaobi are a three-in-one courtyard surrounded by the main room, the left and right wing rooms and the zhaobi opposite the main room. Four-in-five patio is a closed quadrangle consisting of main room, lower room and left and right wing rooms. In addition to a large patio in the middle, there are four small patios or "leaky corners" in the four corners. The front and rear courtyards use two large patios on the central axis of the main house to organize the renewal surface. The backyard is the main courtyard, which is usually composed of four-in-one and five-in-one patio planes. The front yard is an attached courtyard, usually a small garden surrounded by three squares and one wall or two squares and the wall of the courtyard. The room that can be penetrated between the two hospitals is called the drawing room. As soon as you enter the two houses, another affiliated hospital is set on the left or right side of the main house and the first hospital, forming two longitudinal axes. The composition of the affiliated hospital is the same as that of the Liao Dynasty. The houses in the ancient city are generally two-story buildings, and every family has a large mansion (that is, an veranda), and the patio is often paved with bricks and stones.
The springs in the ancient city are full of rhyme; Old Town of Lijiang is wandering with the soul of nature. The clear spring water passes through the city in three main streams, and changes into countless tributaries in the urban area, crossing streets and lanes, being admitted to hospital and crossing walls, and flowing through thousands of households. Black Dragon Pool is the source of the Yuhe River. Spring water gushes out from the ancient chestnut trees and crevices around the foothills, where it merges into a huge and magical water pool, which has become the secret of the vitality of the ancient city.
The ancient city is densely covered with flowing water. In the urban area of about 2 square kilometers, there are more than 3 bridges, the most famous of which are Dashiqiao, Wanzi Bridge and Nanmen Bridge. All three bridges are stone arch bridges built in Ming Dynasty. Among them, Dashiqiao is a double-hole stone bridge, which is 1.6 meters long, 2.2 meters high and 3.84 meters wide. The bridge is located in the bustling area of the ancient city, with endless pedestrians and prosperous business in the bridge market. Wanzi Bridge is a single-span bridge, 9 meters long, 3.4 meters high and 4.2 meters wide. Wanzi symbolizes thousands of descendants. Nanmen Bridge is a single-hole stone arch bridge with stone faucets.
In addition, there are Life Bridge, Wanzi Bridge and Yudai Bridge. Naxi people are a nation of bridges, and these ancient bridges with different shapes constitute a unique landscape of the ancient city.
Free and flexible layout, eclectic, reasonable gathering and dispersion of houses, markets, roads and water systems, and proper configuration, coupled with stone roads, stone bridges, wooden bridges, flowers, birds, insects, fish and folk customs, make the ancient city unique.
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