Hotel phonetic symbol

[p][b][m][w][h][I:][I][t][d][n][j][r][E:][E][k][g]

[N][l][C:][C][f][v][u:][u][s][z][B:[Q][W][T][e[A]

[F][V][ai][ei][Ci][tF][dV][iE][ZE][uE][tr][dr][Eu]

[au][ts][dz]

48 international phonetic alphabet

vowel

12 single vowel

long vowel

[i:][E:][C:][u:][B:]

short vowel

[i][E][C][u][Q][e][A]

8 diphthongs [AI] [EI] [CI] [IE] [Ze] [UE] [EU] [Au]

consistent

10 pair

Voiced consonants

[p][t][k][F][s][W][F][tF][tr][ts]

voiced consonant

[b][d][g][V][z][T][V][dV][dr][dz]

Three nasal sounds

[m][n][N]

Three pinyin-like words

[h][r][l]

Two and a half vowels

[w][j]

[Edit this paragraph] Creation of International Phonetic Alphabet

The International Phonetic Alphabet, whose original meaning is "International Phonetic Alphabet" or IPA for short, was formulated by the International Phonetic Association.

1888, initiated by British H~ West, completed by French P~ Passy and British D~ Jones, was published in Phonetic Teachers (the predecessor of the International Phonetic Association, Journal of Phonetic Teachers Association), which is the first international phonetic symbol in history. After many revisions, the current revision scheme is 1979.

[Edit this paragraph] Description of international phonetic symbols

Based on the Latin alphabet, but due to the huge differences in human pronunciation, the limited Latin alphabet is far from enough, so we change the font and borrow letters from other languages to supplement it. Pronunciation, in order to take care of habits, most symbols are based on the principle of still reading the original sounds of Latin or other languages.

Therefore, in the form of international phonetic symbols, Latin letters (Roman letters) are mainly printed in lowercase, such as [A, B, C, D, F, G, H, I, J, K, P] and so on. When it is not enough, use the following methods to supplement it:

(1) Latin capital print or handwriting (cursive script): such as small capital print [N, r, I, h, g, b]; Grass [a] grass a, [] grass v, [] grass g

(2) deformation or inversion of Latin letters, such as inversion []; Deformation [] curly tail c, [] right bent tail d, [] long right leg n, etc.

(3) Borrow letters from other languages, such as []Epsilon[], the fifth letter of Greek (e), []Theta[], the eighth letter of Greek, etc.

(4) Newly created letters, such as [] glottal stops, [5] and so on.

(5) Add small symbols to the letters, such as: [] U with horizontal, [] L with belt, [] bull's eye, [] O with knife mark, [] C with wedge, [] C with margin note, etc.

The International Phonetic Alphabet was created by British and French scholars, which is mainly applicable to the annotation of Indo-European languages, African languages and some minority languages. After its publication, it became popular in European linguistics. Most Americans still use their own symbols to learn the language of American Indians.

Some sounds in Chinese dialects cannot be listed in this table. For example, the vowels [] and [] on the tip of the tongue in Mandarin were updated by Swedish sinologist Gao Benhan. Most palatalized consonants [], [] and [] in Wu dialect were put forward by the phonetician Zhao Yuanren.

The International Phonetic Alphabet only has eight tone symbols, namely flat, rising and falling, and two concave-convex tones * * *, which is not enough to study and describe tonal language. Zhao Yuanren put forward the "fifth tone symbol" of tone, which is called "tone letter" and published it in Phonetics Teacher 1930. It is applicable to all tonal language and has been adopted by most international scholars. It has become common knowledge that the four tones in Mandarin are [*], [* *], [*] and [* *].

International phonetic symbols are distinguished from ordinary letters by brackets [].

In addition, for the convenience of recording, the International Phonetic Society has also stipulated a set of "descriptive symbols", "contemporary symbols" and "special symbols" for some important phonetic accompanying phenomena. For example, the symbol "* *" is nasalized, "ph" is strongly aspirated, "P" is weakly aspirated, "A:" is full length A, "A." is half length A, "* *" is light tone (* *) and so on. General symbols and special symbols are not illustrated.

[Edit this paragraph] The role of international phonetic symbols

The International Phonetic Alphabet strictly stipulates the principle of "one symbol and one sound", that is, "one phoneme, one symbol and one phoneme".

In languages that use pinyin schemes, the same letter usually has several pronunciations in different words. For example, the "I" in English like and lit is phonetic with international phonetic symbols, namely [ai] and [LIT]. Another example is: A of ban (class) and bang (state) in Mandarin are [a] and [* * * * *] respectively, with international phonetic symbols.

In addition, the same sound has different spellings in different languages. For example, English sh, French ch, German sch, Polish sz and Czech S are actually the [*] sounds of international phonetic symbols.

These are the advantages of international phonetic symbols, that is, they can record and distinguish sounds more scientifically and accurately (at present, the phonetic symbols on the popular list have 72 consonants and 32 vowels, which is roughly enough for phonetic symbols). The arrangement of international phonetic symbols is easy to analyze and master (consonants are roughly located according to the pronunciation position and method, and vowels are located according to the position of the tongue).

[Edit this paragraph] Strict phonetic notation and wide phonetic notation

The so-called wide phonetic notation is to sort out a phonetic phoneme system on the basis of strict phonetic notation, and then label pronunciation according to phonemes, that is, only remember phonemes, not phoneme variants and other non-essential accompanying phenomena. So wide phonetic notation is also called "phoneme phonetic notation". For example, in modern Chinese, there are many low vowels on the tip of the tongue, such as [ε], [a], [A], [ι] and so on. And the wide phonetic symbol only needs /a/. With wide phonetic symbols, the number of phonetic symbols can be limited to the phonology of a language or dialect, which can be reflected concisely and clearly.

[Edit this paragraph] International Phonetic Alphabet Classification

The most common phonetic symbols in China English dictionaries are the International Phonetic Alphabet (DJ) with British pronunciation and the KK Phonetic Alphabet with American pronunciation. The former is based on the English Pronunciation Dictionary compiled by daniel jones (1963), and the latter is based on the American English Pronunciation Dictionary compiled by John S. kenyon and Thomas A. Knodt (1956). It is worth mentioning that all the symbols used in KK phonetic symbols come from IPA, Kenyon &; Knodt only cuts off symbols suitable for American English.

[1] International Phonetic Alphabet

The International Phonetic Alphabet, which was formulated by linguists of the International Phonetic Association in 1888, is a set of phonetic symbols that can be used internationally. They want to use a symbol to represent a sound and avoid the inconvenience caused by using a set of their own symbols.

AHD phonetic alphabet (American traditional dictionary of English)

In other words, the phonetic symbols used in traditional American dictionaries are characterized by their national pronunciation and conciseness. Webster's dictionary, etc. A similar phonetic symbol system is also used. AHD phonetic symbols can be found in Kingsoft's traditional American dictionary.

DJ Phonetic Alphabet (daniel jones)-British Phonetic Alphabet

He compiled an English pronunciation dictionary of British English according to IPA (from 1 to 12, and the last edition was published in 1963). His Dictionary of English Pronunciation represents a pronunciation called "Receiving Pronunciation" (RP), which is common in educated British people, especially in southern England. At present, there are 47 DJ phonetic symbols, including 24 consonants; There are 23 vowels.

KK phonetic alphabet (written by kenyon & Knodt phonetic alphabet)-American phonetic alphabet

The symbols used in the American English Pronunciation Dictionary (1956) compiled by the author are all from IPA, Kenyon &; Knodt just cut out the symbols suitable for American English and added the unique children's voice of American English to become the KK phonetic symbol of American English. This is the most commonly used and authoritative phonetic notation. From then on, people used to call the standard pronunciation of American English KK Phonetic Alphabet. At present, KK has 44 phonetic symbols, including 24 consonants. There are 20 vowels.

[Edit this paragraph] Characteristics of International Phonetic Alphabet

International phonetic symbols have the following characteristics and advantages:

(1) accurate record. The International Phonetic Alphabet is a sound, a symbol and a sound. That is, a phoneme is only represented by a symbol, and a symbol can only represent a fixed phoneme. For example, "pa, zhang, ai, ian" in Chinese Pinyin, in which four A's are actually four different phonemes, but they are all represented by one letter A, while the International Phonetic Alphabet uses (or) four different letters to represent these different phonemes, and only uses A to represent the phonemes composed of these phonemes; Another example is the I in Chinese Pinyin, which stands for three phonemes. The International Phonetic Alphabet is represented by three different symbols I, I, I, and I represents the phoneme composed of these three phonemes.

(2) The text is concise, easy to learn and use. Article 5 of the Principles for the Formulation of International Phonetic Alphabet stipulates: "The appearance of new letters should be similar to that of old letters, and you can think at a glance what sounds they represent." Therefore, the phonemes represented by international phonetic symbols are as consistent as possible with those represented by traditional Latin letters. For example, the letters B, P and M are lip sounds, and IPA is used to represent the phonemes of the lips. Among them, the p of lip sound consists of the additional symbol' (which can also be represented by the small H attached to the upper right corner of the letter), and others such as D, T, G and K are in line with international habits.

Various ways of creating letters in the International Phonetic Alphabet, such as using lowercase capital letters, inverted letters, double letters, inverted letters, combined letters, letter deformation, and adding additional symbols, not only make full use of traditional letters, but also innovate on the basis of traditional letters. It can be said that new letter forms appear without creating words. When people see the international phonetic symbols, they are familiar with each other, so they are easy to accept and popularize emotionally. Moreover, the International Phonetic Alphabet is easy to read and write, which meets the needs of various languages in the world to remember various phonemes. If designers don't use letters flexibly at first, it will be not only technically difficult, but also difficult for people to learn a set of symbols again, and it will be difficult to promote international phonetic symbols.

(3) Flexible use. The symbols on the International Phonetic Alphabet are limited. When recording some languages, we will inevitably encounter some special phonemes, so we can create new symbols according to the principles formulated by the International Phonetic Alphabet. For example, 1979 adds a vowel before the tongue, and the low and round lips, that is, the round lip sound [] of [a], are composed of two letters, O and E, which conforms to the composition of international phonetic symbols. In addition, the International Phonetic Alphabet also provides unified additional symbols, with more than 30 kinds, which are internationally recognized. For example, putting "~" on vowels means nasal vowels, "h" on the upper right corner of letters means aspirated pronunciation, ":"on the right side of vowels means long vowels, and so on. This not only accurately distinguishes the sound quality of phonemes, but also avoids creating new letters.

[Edit this paragraph] Learning methods of international phonetic symbols

In order to master the accurate pronunciation of each international phonetic symbol, you can confirm the pronunciation accurately when you see a phonetic symbol. You must strengthen your training and practice. To strengthen the pronunciation training of international phonetic symbols, specifically, we should do the following:

(1) Listening training: To learn international phonetic symbols, you need to listen more and strengthen your memory through repeated listening exercises. Listening training, if possible, you can listen to the teacher read the phonetic symbols more, or you can listen to the sounds repeatedly with tapes. Every phoneme in this courseware can be heard in cycles to strengthen memory.

(2) Imitation practice, learning the pronunciation of international phonetic symbols, we should pay attention to observing the teacher's mouth shape, observing the changes of pronunciation parts, and actively imitating pronunciation. Beginners can imitate exercises in front of the mirror, especially the tongue position of vowel pronunciation. Opening mouth is closely related to timbre. We can observe the difference of mouth shape through the mirror, and observe the activities of the tip of the tongue, the surface of the tongue and the leaves of the tongue, such as U and O, I and E, E and ε.

(3) Pay attention to comparison. This comparison has two aspects. First, compare the similarities and differences of phonetic symbols themselves, distinguish their characteristics, avoid confusion, such as [ε] and [], [] and [], and pay attention to the differences in pronunciation timbre; Second, pay attention to the differences between the phonemes of Putonghua and those of foreign languages or dialects, such as the similarities and differences between the phonemes [p], [k] and [t] of Putonghua and the phonemes [] and [d] of English. By comparison, we can effectively identify the differences of phonemes and pronounce them accurately. Pay special attention to the differences between Mandarin phonemes and English phonemes, such as [] and [d], which cannot be found in ordinary phonetic systems. Beginners should not be confused with some consonants in Mandarin.

(4) Speech action is the key and core of strengthening practice. Listening, imitating and comparing will eventually come down to the goal of pronunciation, so frequent movement is the key to mastering the pronunciation of international phonetic symbols. As the saying goes, "don't write for three days, don't read for three days", that is to say, we should strengthen the cultivation of our ability to speak with our hands. Therefore, when learning the International Phonetic Alphabet, we should always strengthen pronunciation training, speak frequently, practice repeatedly, compare and experience differences in practice, so that practice makes perfect, and then we will naturally master the pronunciation of the International Phonetic Alphabet.