Who are the literati?

Qu Yuan (about 340 BC to about 277 BC)

His name was Ping, also known as Zhengze, and his courtesy name was Lingjun. He was a native of Chu during the Warring States Period. It is said that he was from Zigui, Hubei Province. Born into a noble family, he served as Zuotu and Sanlu doctor. When he was pregnant with the king, he advocated uniting Qi to resist Qin and selected talents. However, he was excluded by the nobles and was useless. He was slandered by Jin Shang and others, and was exiled to northern Han Dynasty, so he wrote "Li Sao" Showing his loyalty; he was recalled when he was king of Qingxiang, and was derided by Shangguan officials and was exiled to the south of the Yangtze River. Finally, because he could not bear to see the country fall, he drowned himself in the Miluo River with a stone in his arms. The anniversary of his death became a traditional festival to commemorate him - the "Dragon Boat Festival". Important works include "Li Sao", "Nine Chapters", "Tian Wen" and other poems, which have a great influence on later generations of literature.

"Li Sao" is Qu Yuan's masterpiece and the longest lyric poem in ancient my country, with more than 2,400 words in total. It is a romantic work. The metaphors are vivid, the language is magnificent, the exaggeration is bold, and a large number of myths, legends and historical figures are incorporated into the poem, making the poem ups and downs, ever-changing, and majestic. Qu Yuan created Sao style, that is, "Chu Ci", which opened up unlimited space for the creation of later poets.

Li Bai (701-762)

"Zi's article is written by Jie Liren. The earth opens up, the sky opens, the clouds steam and the rain falls. All things are sown, and they are magnificent and wonderful. Great and ingenious Naturally, manpower and charity are like a long river, flowing for thousands of miles, and its final momentum is particularly strong. As for this, the spirit is high and the greatness is carried forward." Song Zenggong's "Li Baiwen".

Almost no one in China does not know Li Bai, because Li Bai was a great poet who stood at the pinnacle of the poetry world in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. He had an important position and far-reaching influence in the history of the development of Chinese poetry. He can be called the first person in Chinese poetry.

"Li Bai", also known as "Taibai" and nicknamed "Qinglian Jushi", was born in Chengji, Longxi (northwest of Qin'an, Gansu). His ancestors fled to Suiye (now Jierjis) during the war in the late Sui Dynasty** *Near Tokmak in the Republic of China), where Li Bai was born. When Li Bai was a boy, he "observed books of wonders", "travelled with immortals", and was "good at swordsmanship". He had many talents and interests. In the first year of Shenlong (705), the first year of Emperor Zhongzong of the Tang Dynasty, his family moved to Mianzhou, Sichuan, and he served as an imperial envoy. Because of this, he was called "Li Hanlin". He Zhizhang was known as the "Relegated Immortal from Heaven", and later generations also called him "Li Relegated Immortal". However, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty only asked Li Bai to serve as a literary attendant, and Li Bai's ambition could not be realized. Li Bai had an arrogant personality and could not endure a life of "destroying one's eyebrows and bending one's waist to serve the powerful". Three years later, Li Bai was slandered and asked to return to the mountain and left Chang'an. He could only visit mountains and visit immortals, drink and sing wildly to relieve his sorrow and anger of not being able to realize his talent. But he never gave up his ideal of building a great cause and becoming an extraordinary person. After the Anshi Rebellion broke out, Li Bai was invited to join the Yongwang Li Lin shogunate, and thought he had an opportunity to make contributions. , chanting the heroic poem "I use the east mountain to thank Anshi, and talk and laugh for you in the quiet Husha". After King Yong's army was wiped out by Suzong of Tang Dynasty, Li Bai was also implicated and imprisoned. Later, he was pardoned on his way to exile Yelang. Until the age of sixty-one, Li Bai still requested to join the army and join the imperial court, hoping to be "useful". However, due to illness, he turned back on the way and failed to do so. ) of Li Yangbing's family.

There are more than 990 poems by Li Bai in existence. There are a large number of political lyric poems, which fully express the poet's extraordinary ambition, unrestrained passion, and heroic spirit. They also represent the typical tone of high-spirited poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Li Bai had a strong self-awareness and compared himself with the Dapeng many times. "The Dapeng rises with the wind in one day, and its fortunes rise ninety thousand miles" in "Li Yong". However, Li Bai returned frustrated after three years in Chang'an. When his passionate political enthusiasm was collided with reality, he turned into a sad and angry song of unrecognized talent. He burst out from his chest: "The road is like the blue sky. I can't reach it alone. I am ashamed." "In the middle of the Chang'an society, I play with red chickens and white dogs, playing with pears and chestnuts, playing with my sword and making songs with bitter sounds, and dragging my train to the royal family, which is not suitable for me." Li Bai also wrote joyful drinking poems to relieve the sorrow of not being able to realize his talent. "About to Enter the Wine": "If you are happy in life, you must have all the fun. Don't let the gold bottle stand empty against the moon. I am born with talents that will be useful. I will come back after all the gold is spent. I have fun cooking sheep and slaughtering cattle. I will drink three hundred cups at a time." In line with this bold and unrestrained emotional momentum, the distinctive characteristics of Li Bai's poetry in terms of artistic techniques are: magical imagination, unprovoked changes, vertical and horizontal jumps in structure, and scattered sentence lengths, forming a majestic and elegant poem. style. "Dreamwalking Tianmu chants and leaves behind":

"Tianmu reaches the sky and stretches across the sky, stretching out the five mountains to cover Chicheng. The rooftop is 48,000 feet long, and it wants to fall to the southeast. I want to dream of Wu and Yue because of it, Fly across the Mirror Lake and the Moon overnight.

The moon on the lake shines on my shadow, sending me to Yan River. Xie Gong's residence is still there today, and the Lu River is clear and the apes are singing. Wearing Xie Gong's clogs, we climbed the Qingyun Ladder. Half of the wall can see the sea and the sun, and the sky can smell the chickens. Thousands of rocks and ravines, the road is uncertain, and the lost flowers leaning against the rocks are suddenly dim. Bears roar and dragons sing in Yinyan Spring, and chestnut trees in deep forests are astonishing at the top of the mountain. The clouds are green as if it is raining, and the water is sluggish with smoke. There was a thunderbolt when the columns were missing, the mountains collapsed, and the stone fan in the cave sky suddenly opened. The vast blue sky has no bottom, and the sun and moon shine on the gold and silver platform. Ni is the clothes, the wind is the horse, the kings of clouds are coming and going, the tigers and drums are playing, and the luan is returning to the car. The immortals are lined up like hemp. "When I first woke up from the dream, the illusion disappeared, which led to my feelings about life and the world: "The same is true for pleasure in the world. From ancient times, everything goes in vain." Li Bai's characteristic of thinking beyond the world greatly developed Zhuangzi's fables. Qu Yuan's first romantic spirit and expression techniques also integrated Taoist immortal imagery, which has amazing artistic charm and won the praise of a generation of "poetry immortals". praise.

The themes of Li Bai's poems are diverse. His seven-character ancient poems ("The Road to Shu is Difficult", "Dream Wandering Tianmu's Song of Farewell", "About to Enter the Wine", "Yin of Liang Fu", etc.); five-character ancient poems (59 poems in "Ancient Style"); there are Yuefu folk songs of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties The unique "Changganxing", "Midnight Wu Ge", etc., and the seven-character quatrains ("Wanglu Mountain Waterfall", "Wangtianmen Mountain", "Early Departure from Baidi City", etc.) have become famous works in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Li Bai was already famous in the Tang Dynasty. His poems "are not collected in a fixed volume, but every family has them." He is the first person in the Chinese poetry circle.

Du Fu

(712～770)

A poet of the Tang Dynasty. The words are beautiful. His ancestral home is Xiangyang (now part of Hubei), and he was born in Gong County, Henan. Because he once lived in Shaoling in the south of Chang'an City, he was recommended by Yan Wu as Jiedu staff officer in Chengdu and a member of the Ministry of Inspection and Engineering; later generations called him Du Shaoling, Du Gongbu.

Du Fu was born in a family with a "Confucianism and officialdom" and a literary tradition. He was the grandson of the famous poet Du Shenyan. He studied poetry at the age of 7 and became famous at the age of 15. After the age of 20, it can be divided into 4 periods.

From the 19th year of Xuanzong's Kaiyuan reign (731) to the fourth year of Tianbao's reign (745), Du Fu lived a romantic life of "Qiu Ma Qing Kuang". He once roamed around Wuyue and Qi Zhao areas. During this period, he went to Luoyang to take the imperial examination and failed. In the third year of Tianbao's reign, he became close friends with Li Bai in Luoyang. They broke up the following autumn and never met again. There are more than 20 poems written by Du Fu in this period, most of which are Wulu and Wugu, represented by "Wang Yue".

From the fifth to the fourteenth year of Tianbao, Du Fu was trapped in Chang'an and was in poverty. He constantly devoted himself to powerful people in order to advance in officialdom. In the sixth year, he took the "Zhiju" examination; in the tenth year, he presented three "Da Li Fu" which were appreciated by Xuanzong and ordered the prime minister to test the articles; but there were no results. It was not until October of the 14th year, one month before the Anshi Rebellion, that he was appointed as the right guard and led the governor to join the army. The frustration of his official career and personal hardship forced him to realize the corruption of the rulers and the suffering of the people more objectively, making him gradually become a poet who cared about the country and the people. Creation has undergone profound and huge changes. It has produced immortal masterpieces such as "The Troops' Chariots", "The Beauty's Journey", "Out of the Fortress Before", "Out of the Fortress Behind", "Five Hundred Words of Praise for the Journey from Beijing to Fengxian County" and "The wine and meat in the Zhumen are smelly, and there are people who freeze to death on the road." Bones" is a warning. There are about 100 poems handed down from this period, most of which are ancient poems of five or seven characters.

From the reign of Suzong to Deyuanzai (756) to the second year of Qianyuan (759), the Anshi Rebellion was at its peak. Du Fu also went through many hardships, but his creative achievements were great. After the fall of Chang'an, he went north to Lingwu to defect to Su Zong, but was captured on the way and was trapped among thieves for nearly half a year. After risking his own life, he escaped from Chang'an and returned to Fengxiang. Soon after, he disobeyed the decree due to the housing case and almost died. After Chang'an was recovered, he returned to Beijing and took up his original post. In May 758, he was demoted to Huazhou Si Gong and joined the army, bidding farewell to Chang'an forever. During this period, Du Fu had a clearer understanding of reality, and successively wrote "Sorrowful Chen Tao", "Spring Outlook", "Northern Expedition", "Qiang Village", "Three Officials", "Three Farewells" and other handed down works. Masterpiece. In 759, there was a great famine in Guanfu. Du Fu was disappointed with politics. He resigned after the Beginning of Autumn and passed through Qinzhou and Tonggu before arriving in Chengdu at the end of the year. More than 200 poems have been handed down from this period, most of which are masterpieces of Du poetry.

In the 11 years from the first year of Shangyuan of Suzong (760) to the fifth year of Dali of Daizong (770), Du Fu stayed in Shuzhong for eight years and Jing and Xiang for three years. In the spring of 760, he built a thatched cottage by the Huanhua River in Chengdu and lived there on and off for five years. During this period, he was exiled to Zi and Langzhou due to chaos. In 765, when Yan Wu died, Du Fu lost his support and his family left Chengdu. He stayed in Yun'an due to illness and moved to Kuizhou in the late spring of the following year. He left the gorge in 768 and visited Jiangling and Gong'an before arriving in Yueyang at the end of the year.

During the last two years of his life, he had no fixed place to live. Wandering between Yueyang, Changsha, Hengyang and Leiyang, most of the time was spent on the boat. In the winter of 770, Du Fu died on the ship from Changsha to Yueyang at the age of 59. Before his death, he wrote a 36-rhyme long poem "Lying on the Pillow and Reading in a Wind-Speed ??Boat", which contains the sentence "The blood of the battle still flows, and the sound of the army continues to this day", still thinking about the national disaster. In these 11 years, he wrote more than 1,000 poems (including more than 430 poems by Kuizhou), accounting for five-sevenths of all Du poems. Most of them are quatrains and rhymed poems, and there are also long arrangements. Famous works include "Song of Thatched Cottage Broken by the Autumn Wind", "Hearing the Official Army Takes Henan and Hebei", "Eight Poems of Autumn", "Climbing High", "Another Present to Wu Lang", etc.

There are more than 1,400 Du poems in existence. It profoundly reflects the overall social picture of the Tang Dynasty for more than 20 years before and after the Anshi Rebellion, and vividly records Du Fu's life experience; it closely combines social reality with personal life, achieving the perfect unity of ideological content and artistic form; and represents the development of poetry in the Tang Dynasty. The highest achievement. It is called "the history of poetry" by future generations. However, Du Fu did not objectively narrate and write history with poetry; instead, he expressed his subjective feelings through unique artistic means while deeply and extensively reflecting reality. As Pu Qilong said: "Shaoling's poems reflect one person's temperament, and the events of the three dynasties will be reflected in them" ("Du Xinjie"). Since the late Tianbao period, Du Fu has written a large number of political poems on current affairs. Short stories such as "Washing the Soldiers and Horses", "Feelings", "Beauty's Journey", "Three Quatrains", "Sick Orange", "Song of the Thatched House Broken by the Autumn Wind", "Wu Lang Presented Again", and long stories such as "Book of Kuizhou" Although the contents of "Reminiscences", "Going to Be", "Thatched Cottage" and "Reminiscences of Reminiscences" are different, they all combine personal emotions with facts and have a strong lyrical color. There are a large number of war themes in Du's poems. Du Fu had different attitudes towards wars of different natures. Those that oppose the imperial court's excessive military force and consume the national power include "The Troops and Chariots" and "Going to the Foot of Houyuan Mountain Again"; those that support quelling the rebellion and resisting foreign aggression include "Two Poems of Watching the Western Soldiers Pass by Guanzhong and Standing for Order", "Guarding the Soldiers", and "At the End of the Year" "wait. The two poems "Before Leaving the Fortress" and "Later Leaving the Fortress" not only praised the heroic bravery of the soldiers, but also condemned the king's insatiable pursuit of borders and the arrogance and luxury of the general. They summarized the unfortunate fate of countless brave soldiers with the confession of a soldier. In "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells", the poet sympathizes with the suffering of the people and resents the barbarian Latins; but with the enemy at hand and lack of troops, he can only endure the pain and tearfully comfort the conquered. It shows the sharp and complex conflicts in the author's heart. Du Fu has many poems praising nature. The object of singing is often related to both oneself and current events. It is a blend of emotions, scenes and current events, not just a blend of situations. The most representative ones are "Spring Hope" and "Sword Gate".

Du Fu also has some poems that praise painting, music, architecture, dance, utensils and agricultural production, which also reflect the author's feelings and have the characteristics of the times. There are also some poems in Du Ji's poems, which are not strong in the atmosphere of the times and have relatively indifferent personal feelings, especially some poems written in thatched cottage in Chengdu. This is a manifestation of his state of mind after a long period of wandering and getting a temporary rest. In poems such as "Screen Traces", "For Farmers", "Field House", "Xu Bu", "Water Threshold Relieves Heart", "Back Tour", "Spring Night Joyful Rain", the poet has a deep appreciation for flowers, plants, trees, birds, animals, fish and insects. There is delicate observation, infinite love and profound understanding of the dynamics. It reflects another aspect of Du Fu's poetry and person. Most of Du Fu's poems about missing relatives and friends are sentimental and full of love. For example, "Moonlight Night" misses my wife, and "Moonlight Night Remembers My Brother" misses my younger brother. Among the many poems in memory of friends, the one in memory of Li Bai is the most prominent. From the time he broke up with Li Bai until his later years, there were 15 poems written in memory of or talking about Li Bai. It shows his admiration and friendship for Li Bai. Du Fu also used poetry to discuss poetry. In "Drama as Six Quatrains", "Odd Titles", and "Twelve Poems to Relieve Boredom" (Parts 4 to 8), he expressed the idea of ??"turning to multiple teachers" and "different genres as styles". The artistic proposition of abandoning the past and present and creating great poems by oneself. During the period when he was trapped in Chang'an and wandering in the southwest, in order to advance as an official and maintain his livelihood, Du Fu also wrote some poems with boring content and low style about giving gifts to the powerful and offering peace and entertainment. There are many five-character rhythms among them.

Du's poems are diverse in structure and have their own strengths. They work in various genres and are able to innovate and create new things. His five-character ancient poems integrate feelings, travels, and expressions of feelings; they are broad, profound, and capable of doing anything, opening up the realm of the Five Ancients in the Tang Dynasty; his representative works include "Five Hundred Words of Ode to the Heart from Beijing to Fengxian County", "Northern Expedition", "Qiang" "Village", "Gift to the Eight Imperial Guards", "Three Officials", "Three Farewells". Seven-character ancient poems are good at expressing opinions, with bold and melancholy emotions, and a strange and steep style; such as "Song for Zheng Guangwen when Drunk", "Washing the Soldiers and Horses", "Song of Thatched Cottage Broken by the Autumn Wind", "Song of the Year", etc.

His five and seven-character rhyme poems are extremely skillful; the five rhymes include "Looking at Spring", "Walking with Li Bai at the End of the Day", "Back Tour", "Joyful Rain on a Spring Night", "Water Threshold to Heart", "Walking at Night", "Walking with Love at Night", "Climbing Yueyang Tower", seven rhymes such as "Xiang Shu", "Ye Lao", "Wen Guanjun took over Henan and Hebei", "Sufu", "White Emperor", "Five Poems of Generals", "Eight Poems of Qiuxing", "Climbing High" etc.; Tang Dynasty rhymed poetry rarely surpasses them. Du Fu also had many five-character rhymes and several seven-character rhymes, which greatly developed the rhymes. His "A Hundred Rhymes to the Guests of Zheng Supervisor and Li in Kui Mansion in Autumn" is 1,000 words long. However, Du Fu's arrangement of rhymes also included many allusions and social works. His quatrains express emotions on the scene, reflect current events, and open up the argumentative style in the quatrains, which is a different approach and has made great contributions. The content of Du's poems is broad and profound, with sincere and rich emotions; artistically, it combines the culmination of classical poetry, and innovates and develops it; it greatly expands the field of poetry in terms of content and form, and has a wide impact on later generations. Du Fu was also revered as a saint of poetry by later generations. Du Fu lived in poverty throughout his life, and his poem "I have been suffering for hundreds of years, but I have never found a close friend" (Du Fu's "Southern Expedition"). However, after his death, he was highly praised by Fan Huang, Han Yu, Yuan Zhen, Bai Juyi and others. Du's poems had a profound influence on the literary and artistic thought of the New Yuefu Movement and Li Shangyin's modern allegorical poems about current events. But it was after the Song Dynasty that Du's poetry received widespread attention. Wang Yu, Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Lu You and others highly praised Du Fu. Wen Tianxiang even regarded Du Fu's poems as the spiritual force to uphold national integrity. The influence of Du Shi, from ancient times to the present, has long gone beyond the scope of literature and art.

In the past thousand years, the trend of ruling Du has been endless. In the Song Dynasty, there were many special books on the chronology, classification, and annotations of Du's poems, such as Wang Zhu's "Collection of Du Gongbu", Guo Zhida's "Jiujia Annotation of Du's Poems", Lu Bianci, and Cai Mengbi's "Du Gongbu Thatched Cottage Poetry Notes" ", "Divided Notes on Du Gongbu's Poems" edited by Xu Juren. There are more than a hundred annotations of Du's collections in later generations. The more popular ones include Qian Qianyi's "Annotation on Du Gongbu Collection", Qiu Zhao'ao's "Detailed Annotations on Du's Poems", Yang Lun's "Jingquan of Du's Poems", and Pu Qilong's "Reading Du Xinjie". Both the old and new "Book of Tang" contain Du Fu's original biography. After the two Song dynasties, there were very rich texts commenting on and explaining Du's poems in poetry notes. In 1964, Zhonghua Book Company compiled "Compilation of Classical Literature Research Materials: Du Fu Volume" and compiled "Parts of Tang and Song Dynasties". In the late Ming Dynasty, Wang Si published "Du Zui", and in the Qing Dynasty, Shi Hongbao published "Du Shi Shuo". In addition, Zhonghua Book Company also compiled the more important papers since the May 4th Movement into the "Collection of Research Papers on Du Fu". Biographies and new research monographs include Feng Zhi's "Biography of Du Fu", Xiao Difei's "Research on Du Fu", Fu Gengsheng's "On Du Fu's Poetry", and Zhu Dongrun's "A Narrative of Du Fu". More detailed chronologies include Wen Yiduo's "Chronicles of Mr. Shaoling" and the "Chronicles of Du Fu" from the Sichuan Literature and History Research Institute.

Su Shi

Chinese poetry of the Tang and Song Dynasties has always been praised by people, and the culture of poetry has become a unique landscape in the treasure house of traditional Chinese literature. If we discuss the representative figures of Ci literature, we have to talk about Su Shi. Su Shi changed the style of writing lyrics at that time, just like Wang Anshi's reform in the same era, which had a huge impact on that time and later generations. This book is based on "Words Engraved by Siyinzhai" by Wang Pengyun of the Qing Dynasty. Mainly relying on Zhu Xiaozang's "Rein Village Series" of the Qing Dynasty, ninety-five of Su Shi's lyrics were selected to showcase Su Shi's literary talent and thoughts.

There are many more. . . . . . . . . .

After Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty unified the north and south, the country became increasingly prosperous and powerful. However, in literature, the flashy style of writing, directly inherited from the Southern and Northern Dynasties, still dominates.

In the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Su Chuo advocated a restoration of the style of writing. In 584 AD, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty continued to issue an edict that "public and private writings should be recorded realistically." He also punished Sima Youzhi, the governor of Sizhou, who wrote gorgeously. Later, Li E, the imperial censor, wrote a letter criticizing the writing style of the Southern Dynasty as "a long series of documents, not like the moon dew; a pile of cases filled with boxes, just like the wind and clouds". Emperor Wen also issued this memorial to the world. Although these two edicts could not fundamentally change the atmosphere of the literary world, they also had a certain positive impact.

In the early Sui Dynasty, some poets originally from the Northern Dynasty, such as Lu Sidao, Yang Su, Xue Daoheng, etc., wrote some better frontier fortress poems. Although the quality is not high enough, such works have appeared one after another in a relatively short period of time, which does reflect some new trends. This also somewhat illustrates the influence of Yu Xin and Wang Bao's poetic styles.

Lu Sidao (about 530-582) mainly lived in the Northern Dynasties. His poems were praised by Yu Xin. "Walking in the Army" is his masterpiece:

The beacon fire in Shuofang shines on the sweet spring, and the flying generals from Chang'an leave Qilian. Xiqu is a son of a good family with a jade sword, and a young man with a white horse and a golden guard. In the bright moon, I am stationed on the right side of the mountain, and in the evening, Yuli chases the left Xian.

In the valley, a stone tiger holds an arrow, and on the mountain, a golden man once offered sacrifices to heaven. As soon as the end of the world goes to the end of the world, this door is three thousand miles away. In the morning, you can see the yellow sand and yellow sands of Maling. In the evening, you can see the clouds rising in the formation of Dragon City. The strange trees in the courtyard are already worth climbing, but the soldiers outside the fortress have not yet returned. The white snow has just begun to fall outside the Tianshan Mountains, and the floating clouds are rising straight up between the five plains. The mountain is insurmountable for thousands of miles, who can sit facing the beautiful moon? Running water breaks the human intestines by itself, but the hard ice always hurts the bones of horses. The side courtyard is full of different objects and flowers, and the frost in winter and autumn never stops. The long wind blows across the water, and the returning geese reflect in the sky one after another. Join the army and march thousands of miles out of Longting. Now that Shanyu Wei Bridge has been worshiped, where can the general find fame?

Yang Su (544-603) was the founding minister of the Sui Dynasty and an extraordinary scholar. But the poem is very well written. His "Out of the Fortress" describes the desolate and cold scenery outside the fortress: "The desolate fortress is thousands of miles away, the lonely city is separated from its surroundings, the trees are cold and the weather is old, the grass is withered and there is no spring. ... The wind and frost have been working for a long time, and the river is full of hardships. There is a sound in the dusk, and the sky is empty. "Fei Hu Qichen" reflects to a certain extent his life experience of leading troops to fight against the Turks. This poem has been praised by famous poets such as Yu Shiji and Xue Daoheng. His "Fourteen Poems to Xue Bozhou" recalls his life experience and cherishes his close friends, which brings with it a subtle and unspeakable pain. There is a certain basis for the historical legend that this group of poems have "magnificent words and elegant charm".

Xue Daoheng (539-609), courtesy name Xuanqing, was born in Fenyin, Hedong (now north of Ronghe County, Shanxi). Zeng Guan became the general manager of Xiangzhou and the governor of Bozhou. He was later killed because of his rebellion against Emperor Yang. He was the poet with the highest artistic achievement in the Sui Dynasty. "Xi Xi Salt" is his most famous work:

The weeping willows are restored to the golden embankment, and the weeping leaves are restored to their neatness. The water overflows the hibiscus marsh, and the flowers fly over the peaches and plums. The daughter of the Qin family who picked mulberry trees, and the wife of the Dou family who weaved brocades. Farewell to the prodigal son in Guanshan, watch the wind and moon in the empty boudoir. A thousand-gold smile is always collected, and a pair of jade pendants cry. The coiled dragon disappears in the mirror, and the colorful wind drives the curtain low. The flying soul is the same as the night magpie, and I remember the morning chicken when I am tired. Cobwebs hang from the dark roof, and mud falls from the empty beams. I went to Daibei the year before last and this year I went to Liaoxi. Once there is no news, it would be a pity for the horse's hoof.

Although the poem is a traditional theme about the suspense of a missing woman, and is mixed with some frivolous words and phrases from Qi Liang, the couplet "Cobwebs hang in the dark window, and swallows fall in the empty beams" can reveal the meaning of the poem. Through the detailed description of the environment, it depicts the lonely mood of the missing woman, showing her artistic originality. His seven-character long poem "A Trip to Yu Zhang" describes the lingering and pathos feelings of a missing woman in her boudoir. It ends with the line "I am not afraid of the general's separation for a long time, but I am afraid that the prince's heart will change", which profoundly reveals the inner sorrow and sadness of women. fear. He and Yang Su's "Crossing the Fortress" and other sentences such as "Three autumn twilights in the desert, and poverty and gloom thousands of miles away. The mournful music of Jia music on the cold night, the sound of wild geese cut off in the frosty sky" also have the tragic atmosphere of the frontier fortress. He also has a famous poem "People Think of Returning":

It is only the seventh day of spring, and it has been two years since I left home. After returning to the wild geese, my thoughts are in front of the flowers.

Using the subtle thought activities of calculating the return date, it euphemistically expresses the deep feeling of homesickness, which is quite implicit.

It can be seen from the above poems that the poetic style of the early Sui Dynasty did indeed show a new trend of the convergence of northern and southern literature. In terms of form and rhythm, Sui poetry also had further development. Among them, the development of the seven-character poem form is particularly significant. In addition to the seven-character songs of Lu Sidao and Xue Daoheng mentioned earlier, for example, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty's "Jiangdu Palace Music Song" is closer in form to the seven-character songs of the Tang Dynasty than Yu Xin's "Wye Cry", while Anonymous's "Farewell" "Poetry":

The willows are green and hanging on the ground, and the poplar flowers are flying in the sky. When all the willow branches are broken and the flowers fly away, I ask passers-by whether they are returning home.

The melodious tone is like a mature seven-character quatrain from the Tang Dynasty.

However, throughout the Sui Dynasty, the influence of Qi and Liang was relatively deep-rooted. Not only did the poets Jiang Zong, Yu Shiji, Yu Shinan, etc. from the Southern Dynasties bring deep old habits, but also the literati of the Northern Dynasty admired the Southern Dynasty. Writing style is also a trend that has been formed over a long period of time. After Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty came to the throne, he even more consciously promoted the style of palace style poetry that was based on debauchery and pleasure and whitewashed peace. "Sui Shu Literary Biography" says: "When Emperor Yang first studied art and literature, he had some opinions about being non-considerate. After he came to the throne, he changed his style." In fact, his "non-consideration" in his early years was just to cater to his father Sui Dynasty. Emperor Wen's will. He was always very fascinated by the culture of the Southern Dynasties. He "loved the Wu language" and was "three blessings for Jiangdu". He took the lead in writing palace-style poems such as "Feast at the East Hall" and "Chaosi Huanu". Other literati who were fascinated by the palace style of the Southern Dynasties, As a result, he began to write frivolous and flashy poems even more unscrupulously. The fresh and vigorous atmosphere of the poetry world in the early Sui Dynasty, which was already weak, was easily washed away by the impact of Qi and Liang poetry styles.

In general, Sui poetry is the initial stage of transition from Northern and Southern Dynasties to Tang poetry.

Tang Dynasty.

Zhang Jiuling, also known as Zishou

Li Bai, also known as Taibai, in his later years called himself Qinglian Jushi

Du Fu, also known as Zimei

Bai Juyi , courtesy name Letian, in his later years he was called Xiangshan Jushi

Liu Yuxi, courtesy name Mengde

Li Shangyin, courtesy name Yishan

Luo Binwang, courtesy name Guangguang

Wang Bo , named Zian

Lu Zhaolin, also named Shengzhi, named himself Youyouzi

Song Zhiwen, also named Shaolian, named Yanqing

Du Shenyan, The courtesy name is Bijian

Chen Ziang, the courtesy name is Boyu

Shen Quanqi, the courtesy name is Yunqing

Wang Ji, the courtesy name is Wugong, and he calls himself Donggaozi and Mr. Wudou< /p>

Meng Haoran, whose real name is Hao and whose courtesy name is Haoran

Wang Changling, Yu Shaobo

He Zhizhang, whose courtesy name is Suzhen

Wang Zhihuan, also known as Wang Zhihuan , courtesy name Ji Ling

Liu Changqing, courtesy name Wenfang

Gao Shi, courtesy name Dafu

Liu Zongyuan, courtesy name Zihou

Meng Jiao , courtesy name Dongye

Han Yu, courtesy name Tuizhi

Li He, courtesy name Changji

Jia Dao, courtesy name Langxian, pseudonym Wuben

< p>Yuan Zhen, courtesy name Wei Zhi

Zhang Ji, courtesy name Wenchang

Du Mu, courtesy name Muzhi

Song Dynasty.

Xin Qiji 1104-1207, poet of the Southern Song Dynasty. The courtesy name is You'an and the nickname is Jiaxuan. He is a native of Licheng, Jinan. Geng Jing gathered troops in Shandong, controlled the loyal army and horses, and kept the secretary in charge. In the 32nd year of Shaoxing, he ordered Feng Biao to return to the south. Emperor Gaozong summoned him and granted him the title of Chengwu Lang. Ning Zongchao's tired officials went to eastern Zhejiang to appease the envoys, added Longtuge to wait for the system, and entered the Privy Council to accept the decree. He once lived in Shangrao and Qianshan, Jiangxi Province for more than ten years. His words are passionate, generous and tragic. The writing is strong and the artistic styles are diverse, but the main ones are bold and unrestrained. There is "Jia Xuan Long Short Sentences".

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Ouyang Xiu 1007-1072, writer and historian of the Northern Song Dynasty. His courtesy name was Uncle Yong, his nickname was Zuiweng, Liuyi Jushi, and he was a native of Jishui, Jizhou (now Jiangxi). Tiansheng Jinshi. Lei Guanzhizhigao, Hanlin bachelor, deputy envoy to the privy council, and participated in political affairs. He was the leader of the classical prose movement in the Northern Song Dynasty. The prose is fluent in reasoning and euphemistic in lyricism. It is one of the "Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties". The poetic style is similar to that of prose, the language is fluent and natural, and the words are profound, graceful and beautiful. There is "Ouyang Wenzhong Collection", and the collection of poems includes "Six Words", "Modern Style Yuefu" and "The Drunken Old Man's Musical Collection".

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Zhou Bangyan, 1056-1121, was a poet in the Northern Song Dynasty. His courtesy name was Meicheng, and his nickname was Qingzhen Jushi. He was a native of Qiantang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang). He has been an official of Taixue Zheng, a professor of Luzhou, and a professor of Pianshui County. During the reign of Emperor Huizong, the Huiyou Pavilion was waiting to be established, and the Dasheng Mansion was promoted. He is proficient in music and has created many new lyrics and tunes. Most of the works are about love affairs and travel, and there are also works that sing about objects. The rhythm is rigorous and the language is elegant. Long tunes are especially good at telling narratives. It was followed by later metrical poets. In the old days, he was called the "top poet" in poetry theory. There is "The Collection of Muslim Laymen", which was renamed "The Collection of Katama" by later generations.

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Wu Wenying lived from 1212 to 1272, with the courtesy name Junte and the nickname Mengchuang. In his later years, he was also given the name Jueweng. He was a native of Siming (now Zhejiang). He was not an official in his life, but the friends he had in his life were all prominent for a while. He wrote many lyrics and was an important poet. His dictionary is beautiful and well-crafted, with many carvings and harmonious rhythms. Today there is "Mengchuang Ci".

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Li Qingzhao 1084~? , a female poet of the Southern Song Dynasty. No. Yi'an Jushi, a native of Zhangqiu, Qizhou (now Shandong). His father, Li Gefei, was a famous scholar at that time, and his husband, Zhao Mingcheng, was an epigraphic expert. In his early days, he lived a prosperous life, and together with Zhao Mingcheng, he devoted himself to collecting and organizing calligraphy, painting and epigraphy. Jin soldiers invaded the Central Plains and lived in the south. Mingcheng died of illness and was left alone. The lyrics he wrote mostly reflected his leisurely life in the early stage, but in the later period, he lamented his life experience and had a sentimental mood. In terms of form, he is good at using line drawing techniques, finding his own way, and using clear and beautiful language. The tone of the lyrics emphasizes the law of association, advocating elegance and character, and puts forward the saying "don't belong to the same family" in lyrics, and opposes writing lyrics in the same way as poetry. Now there is "Li Qingzhao's Collection and Annotations".

Wang Zhuoyun: If you are a woman in this dynasty, you should be the first to recommend her words. He can compose long and short sentences that are full of twists and turns, light and sharp, and full of gestures; he writes nonsense words in the pavilions and alleys. Since ancient times, there has never been such a careless woman in the house of Jin gentry who can write.

(Biji Manzhi)

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Shi Dazu 1163～1220? Nian, whose courtesy name was Bangqing and whose name was Meixi, he was from Bian (Henan). When Han Yuzhou was in power, he was the most trusted official and was responsible for writing documents. The history of Han Dynasty was tattooed and died in poverty. Today there is "Meixi Ci". His poetry is devoted to chanting things.

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Wang Anshi 1021-1086, an outstanding statesman and writer. His courtesy name was Jiefu, his alias was Banshan, and he was a native of Linchuan (now Fuzhou City, Jiangxi Province). Prime Minister during the reign of Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty. He innovated laws, reformed old politics, and became known as King Jinggong in the world. His main achievements in literature are in poetry. He has not many lyrics, but his lyrics can "wash away the old habits of the Five Dynasties" and have a clear realm. This is the "Collected Works of Mr. Linchuan" and "Collected Works of Wang Wengong".

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Wang Yisun? ~About 1290, poet of the Southern Song Dynasty. The courtesy name is Shengyu, the nickname is Bishan, and the nickname is Zhongxian. He is from Kuaiji. After the death of the Song Dynasty, he went into seclusion and formed a society to sing in the West Lake. There are "Huawai Ji" and "Bishan Yuefu". Bishan's poems are full of poems about objects, with profound suspense and sadness.

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Yan Jidao, about 1040-1112, was a poet in the Northern Song Dynasty. His courtesy name was Shuyuan and his nickname was Xiaoshan. He was from Linchuan (now Fuzhou, Jiangxi Province). Yan Shu's seventh son. He successively served as the supervisor of Xutian Town of Yingchang Prefecture, the general judge of Qianning Army, and the judge of Kaifeng Prefecture. He was aloof and arrogant, and his family declined in his later years. The poem has a lingering sense of sadness, clearness, strength and frustration. There is "Xiaoshan Ci".

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Yan Shu lived from 991 to 1055, named Tongshu, and was born in Linchuan, Fuzhou (now Jiangxi). In the Northern Song Dynasty, Jingdezhong entered the examination as a child prodigy and was granted the same background as a Jinshi. From Qingli Zhongguan to Jixian Hall, he was a bachelor, Tong Zhongshu's Pingzhangshi and Privy Envoy. His poetry is good at Xiaoling, which mostly expresses poetry, wine, life and leisurely nature. His language is graceful and elegant, and he is greatly influenced by Feng Yansi of the Southern Tang Dynasty. The original collection has been lost, and only "Zhuyu Ci" and "Yan Yuanxian's Posthumous Documents" compiled by the Qing Dynasty remain. He also compiled the Lei Yao (Lei Yao), a fragment of which remains today. Later generations called him the "prime minister of poets".

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Su Shi 1037-1101, Northern Song Dynasty writer, calligrapher and painter. His courtesy name was Zizhan, his nickname was Dongpo Jushi, and he was a native of Meishan, Meizhou (now Sichuan). Jiayou Jinshi, official to the Minister of Rites. Politically, he belongs to the old party and has been repeatedly demoted. His writing was unbridled and unrestrained, and he was one of the "Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties". His poems are fresh and vigorous, his lyrics belong to the bold and unrestrained style, and his artistic conception is broad. His calligraphy and painting are also unique.

Liu Yong? ~About 1053, poet of the Northern Song Dynasty. His courtesy name was Qiqing, his original name was Sanbian, and his courtesy name was Jingzhuang. Later he changed his name to Yong, ranking seventh, so he was named Liu Qi. He was from Zong'an (now Fujian). Jingyou was a Jinshi and a foreign official in the field. He was dissolute and unruly, and lived in poverty all his life. When he died, prostitutes donated money for his burial. His poems mostly describe the city scenery and the life of singing girls, and are especially good at expressing the feelings of traveling and traveling. The lyrics are widely circulated, "Anyone who has a well to drink from can sing willow lyrics." There is "Collection of Movements".

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Jiang Kui 1155～1121? Nian, courtesy name Yaozhang, from Poyang. Taoist No. Baishi, who lived in Qingyuan Dynasty, once wrote to beg for justice, Taichang Yale. He lived in civilian clothes all his life and made a living by selling calligraphy and giving money to friends. He is versatile, proficient in music, able to compose music by himself, and his lyrics have strict rhythm. His works are known for their ethereal and subtle nature. There is "Songs of Taoist Baishi".

Summary of Sikuquanshu: Kui's poetry style is elegant and elegant, which was recommended by Yang Wanli and others. His lyrics are also profound and wonderful, and he is especially good at using new accents.

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Qin Guan 1049-1100, poet of the Northern Song Dynasty. His courtesy name is Shaoyou, and his nickname is Taixu. His nickname is Huaihai Jushi. He was a native of Yangzhou Shangyou (now Jiangsu). He has been a doctor of Taixue, secretary and editor of the National History Museum. He holds Yuanyou Party membership. After Shaosheng, he was repeatedly demoted. His literary works were appreciated by Su Shi, and he was one of the "Four Bachelors of the Soviet Union". Gongci poetry, which mostly writes about love between men and women, and sad life experiences, is one of the great euphemistic poets. The style of poetry is similar to the lyrics. There are "Huaihai Collection" and "Huaihai? Scholars' Short Sentences".

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He Zhu lived from 1052 to 1125, with the courtesy name Fanghui and the nickname Qinghu Yilao. He was a native of Weizhou (now Huixian County, Henan Province). Grandson of Queen Xiaohui. Yuanyou Zhongtong passed Sizhou and Taipingzhou, and retreated to Wuxia. The themes of his poems are rich, and his style has many changes. He has the advantages of both boldness and elegance, and is good at integrating the predecessors into sentences. Observe rhythm and emphasize rhyme. One volume of "Dongshan Ci" and two volumes of "He Fanghui Ci" are handed down today.

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Zhang Xian lived from 990 to 1078, with the courtesy name Ziye, and a native of Wucheng (now Huzhou, Zhejiang). Jinshi in Renzong Dynasty of Song Dynasty. From the official position to the official doctor of the capital. In his later years, he traveled between Hangzhou and Wuxing and lived a leisurely life. His lyrics are as famous as Liu Yong's, and he is known as "Zhang Sanying". This is the "Anlu Ci", also known as "Zhang Ziye Ci".

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Zhang Yan 1248~? In 1989, his courtesy name was Shuxia, his nickname was Yutian, and later his nickname was Lexiaoweng. He was a native of Lin'an (now Hangzhou). The sixth generation grandson of Zhang Jun, the Song Dynasty died and ended in a state of decline. His poems were especially famous for their poems chanting things. At that time, he wrote the famous poem "Qingkong", and his poems include "White Clouds in the Mountain" and the monograph "Etymology" on poems handed down to the world.

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Lu You, a poet of the Southern Song Dynasty from 1125 to 1210, with the courtesy name Wuguan and the nickname Fangweng, was born in Shanyin, Yuezhou (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang). A famous patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty and one of the four great poets in the Southern Song Dynasty. The volume of lyrics is not as huge as that of poetry, but it also embodies the spirit of patriotism that devastates the captives. He is the author of one volume of "Fang Weng Ci" and two volumes of "Weinan Ci".

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Li Yu (937-978), originally named Congjia, with the courtesy name Chongguang and the nickname Zhongyin, was the sixth son of the Central Lord of the Southern Tang Dynasty. Xuzhou native. He ascended the throne in Jinling in the second year of Jianlong of the Song Dynasty (961). He reigned for fifteen years and was known as Empress Li in the world. When he succeeded to the throne, the Southern Tang Dynasty had already followed Zhengshuo of Song Dynasty and lived in peace in a corner of the south of the Yangtze River. In the seventh year of Kaibao's reign in the Song Dynasty (974), Emperor Taizu of the Song Dynasty repeatedly sent people to tell him to go north, but he refused to leave. In October of the same year, Song soldiers went south to attack Jinling. In November next year, the city was broken, and the queen's master Rouqi surrendered. He was captured and taken to Bianjing, where he was granted the title of Marquis of Disobedience. Taizong ascended the throne and was granted the title of Duke of Longxi County. In the third year of Taiping and Xingguo's reign (978), Qixi Festival was his 42nd birthday. Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty hated him for saying that "the motherland cannot bear to look back on the bright moon" and ordered people to poison him to death at the banquet. Posthumously granted the title of King of Wu and buried in Luoyang Mang