Medieval bridge-building strategy: the strategy of medieval bridge builders.

1. Brief introduction of medieval bridge builders

London Bridge

It has collapsed many times in history, but it is rarely a bridge that has fallen repeatedly but its reputation remains the same.

Build a bridge

Around 50 AD, the Romans, famous for their engineering skills, built a bridge over the Thames with wood. This is the original London Bridge. After the Romans left, London Bridge gradually fell into disrepair, but at some point, it may have been repaired or rebuilt, but the time is impossible to verify. 10 14, King Ethel Reid II of England ordered the London Bridge to be burned in order to split the invading Danish army in two. It is said that this incident led to the collapse of the famous nursery rhyme London Bridge.

The entrance to London Bridge

The burnt London Bridge was rebuilt, but the rebuilt London Bridge was destroyed in the storm of 109 1. The rebuilt London Bridge was destroyed again in 1 136, but this time it was destroyed by fire.

So from 1 176, people began to build the London Bridge with stones, which was finally completed in 1209. It took 33 years before and after the construction of the New London Bridge, during which it was said that 150 workers died. The newly-built London Bridge is probably the strangest bridge built in the Middle Ages. Completely asymmetrical. None of the 19 arches are exactly the same. Besides the 19 arch, there is also a suspension bridge.

Houses and shops were quickly built on the bridge deck, and even a small church was built in the middle of the bridge. There is also a guard room at the southern end of the bridge. The arch is very narrow and the water flows quickly, so only brave or reckless people will pass under it. Many people have died.

By the beginning of the19th century, the London Bridge, which has experienced more than 600 years of ups and downs, was overwhelmed and obviously needed to be rebuilt.

: 2. Bridge builders' medieval strategy 1-40 pass

Cardiff: an important port, industrial and service center in southwest England, the capital of Wales and the seat of Cardiff University. Located on the north bank of Bristol Bay, at the mouth of Taft River, near the coal fields in southern Wales, it was the largest coal export port in the world in the early 20th century. Modern streets and buildings coexist with old streets and churches in the city. There are the National Museum, the National Museum of Wales and the airport in the west of the city.

2. Swansea: the second largest city in Wales, the center of heavy industry and the seat of Swansea University. Swansea's name comes from the Germanic word SweynsEy, which is because the Vikings looted here in history. Swansea is an important port city on the south bank of Wales, England. /kloc-It was a famous coal port in the early 8th century. /kloc-in the mid-9th century, it is the copper-based nonferrous smelting center in the copper trading market in England and the world, with copper, lead, zinc and nickel smelting industries as the main industries, as well as steelmaking, oil refining, chemistry and shipbuilding industries. The port mainly exports coal, coking coal, petroleum products and tinplate, and imports mainly crude oil, copper, nickel ore, iron ore, wood, grain and rubber.

3. Newport: the third largest city in Wales, located in the southeast of Wales, near England, is the seat of the University of South Wales (the president is Prince Charles). The whole city extends from the Usk River to the center of the city. Newport is mainly lowland with few mountains, especially in the east and south, mainly in swamp areas. The main industries are steelmaking, papermaking and chemistry. There are Tudor houses, American churches in Szentvari and medieval towers. 1964 The first cantilever bridge in China was built here in Britain. The city is famous for its bridges and nightlife, and it is also the seat of the University of Wales in Newport.

3. Full picture of medieval attackers of bridge builders

Name: Zi Ren.

The meaning of catalpa people:

1. Ancient carpenter. Make musical instrument hangers, drinking fountains, arrow targets, etc.

2, generally refers to carpentry, construction craftsmen.

3. Sculptors in the printing industry.

Someone pays, the door is right, and he is willing to be a servant. Work, find, guide, adjust, brush, rope, ink, don't live in equipment. When asked about his ability, he said: I am good at measuring my ability. Depending on the building system, it should be deep and round, short and not long. Guide me to work in groups.

Therefore, catalpa people are also skilled craftsmen.

4. medieval bridge builders

The emergence of medieval universities, although it has obvious limitations. But it should be affirmed that the emergence of medieval universities laid the foundation for running modern universities and promoted the development of higher education, which is of great historical significance.

The emergence of medieval universities, especially medieval universities, had great autonomy, promoted academic freedom, encouraged scholars and students to seek truth and made great contributions to the development of human culture. Modern universities have become the gathering place of advanced culture, which is inseparable from the status of medieval universities in the social system.

(2) An academic center has been formed, which has promoted the development of ideological learning.

In the Middle Ages, while advocating academic freedom, universities gathered a large number of scholars, and in the process of educating students, they spread social culture and directly became a bridge to inherit culture. The exploration of truth has promoted the development of social thought and science. Make the university a social academic center.

(3) It provides a lot of meaningful practical experience for the later development of universities.

Universities in the early Middle Ages formed a preliminary discipline division and degree system. For example, the division system, which is a teaching and organization form divided by occupation, has been affecting modern universities.

The Eastern Roman Empire was founded in 395 AD.

experience

/kloc-at the end of 0/3, the Ottoman Turkish Empire began to invade and expand abroad. /kloc-In the middle of the 4th century, Ottoman Turks occupied a stronghold on the other side of the Daniil Strait as a base for advancing to Europe. In 396, Nicoford fought World War I. The Turkish army defeated the allies of European feudal lords, and most of the land in the Balkans was occupied by the Turkish army. Constantinople became a lonely city.

On April 6th, 453, Sultan (King) Muhammad Ⅱ of Ottoman Turkish Empire (1432 ~ 148 1 reigned) led 200,000 troops and 300 warships to launch a large-scale attack on Constantinople from the western front. The army bombarded with heavy artillery (the artillery weighed 33 tons and was 12 meters long), but the city defense was solid and the shelling was invalid. The army dug a tunnel leading to Constantinople, but the residents in the city found that it was blown up by explosives and the tunnel was blocked, so they could not move forward. After the army attacked the city with a movable fortress, it also failed in the desperate struggle between the soldiers and civilians guarding the city.

Faced with a series of failures, Muhammad Ⅱ suggested that the Galatians stronghold in Golden Horn Bay controlled by Genoese businessmen attack Constantinople. The Turks bribed Genoese businessmen on the condition that they were guaranteed commercial privileges in Galatia. In Galatia, the Turkish army paved a road with thick wooden boards, which were coated with a lot of butter and foreign oil to reduce friction. After a night of American efforts, 80 Turkish warships were transported into Golden Horn Bay through this special passage. The army immediately set up a pontoon bridge on the water and built a fortress on the shore, thus completing the siege layout of Constantinople.

After more than seven weeks of fierce fighting,1At dawn on May 29th, 453, the Turkish army launched a general attack on Constantinople from sea and land. As Constantinople ran out of ammunition and food and had no backup, Turkish troops invaded the city. Constantine Xi 'an, the last emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, saw that the tide had gone, put on makeup and fled, and was killed by the Turks in the melee. That night, the Turks occupied Constantinople. The army burned and looted the city, looted all the artistic treasures of the past dynasties, and set fire to gorgeous buildings. The fall of Constantinople marked the end of the Eastern Roman Empire, which lasted more than 65,438+0,000 years. Subsequently, Turkey renamed Constantinople Istanbul.

5. The medieval strategic map of bridge builders

Strange stories of urban demons

055-79000 is an online novel written by Ke Rui, which tells the story of a group of monsters living in modern cities. There are tall buildings and labyrinthine roads, which are as bright as day even at night. There are all kinds of human beings living there, who depend on this city to survive and become the driving force of its operation. However, human beings may have no idea how much natural environment will be destroyed and how many other creatures will lose their homes and never see the familiar starry sky again. People may never care where they will go, but life is tenacious. In order to survive, they will force themselves to adapt to the new environment, to adapt to human beings and to adapt to such a city.

Strange stories of urban demons

Pink gently holds the anger of darkness, and the twisted wooden handle responds to the special feeling. He opened his mouth slightly, feeling that every minute of life was passing through him. Prenso's Shadow Walker stood quietly on his shoulder, with a knife light shining in his pupil, representing divinity. Shaw needs time to burn. Yes, he held the scepter tightly, and the spell was sung from his mouth one by one. Life is being sucked out of his body bit by bit, and his time is running out. His slender pale left hand pressed down the book of the last days, and a strong black light penetrated the rolling clouds. The earthquake shook, and the wave of death, like a powerful hand, tightly gripped everyone's throat on the battlefield. Silence, dead silence.

The heart of Canaan

The Ancient Covenant is a fantasy novel by Taiwan Province writer Wen. The physical book is published by Gaia Culture Publishing House. Awaken Liang Tuzhen's lineage with ordinary youth, leading to the orc world that is not recognized by ordinary people. How to deal with this extraordinary power, sreach, how to strike a balance between ordinary life and the orc world, and what route to take for your beloved person are all wonderful. Please come with us.

An ancient contract

It is a contemporary martial arts novel written by Sun Xiao [1], a Taiwan Province native writer. Written in 1996, officially published in 2000. The book has 22 volumes and 3.2 million words. Martial arts novels regarded as "martial arts" style. Riverside map on Qingming Festival. In the introduction of Sina reading channel, it is called classical characters and post-modern structure. It is said on the Internet that Jin Yong's pen was blocked and Gu Long left, leaving only lofty sentiments and ambitions in the Jianghu. His resolute and deep writing style, the thought of forbidding by force, and his desolate and strong sense of the times can be said to be unusual in China's writing circles in the past twenty years.

hero

755-79000 mainly describes a series of stories of court struggles, battlefield battles, travel adventures and magical confrontation in a fictional medieval world. From the content and style, Fire and Ice is a mirror of real life and a true portrayal of human nature. In writing skills, Martin used POV (point of view, that is, point of view writing skills) to describe the story by changing the third person and promote the progress of the story.

Fire and ice.

I don't-I don't know how many people's bones I stepped on, so that I can stand on top of the world.

Well, this is actually a young man with his royal elder sister and Lori who set foot in Wan Ciwang in a daze, leading talented people to get rich and run towards a well-off society and a bright future.

Fire and ice.

Flying is the oldest dream of mankind.

What kind of experience is it to have superpowers? I think the most real thing is not how to kill in all directions, or how to save the world like Superman, but that one day you stand in the sky and look down at the world below. The city and the earth appear before your eyes, as if shrinking. High-rise buildings, roads and bridges, cars like small boxes, and bustling crowds on the street are like a delicate dream. You, you are like a acrophobia, standing on the roof of 100 and looking down. That kind of overlooking is definitely different from that on the TV screen.

This is an urban power novel that begins with flying. There will be the fiercest power struggle and the warmest and simple city life. I hope to use the most absurd framework to describe real life, try my best to integrate power with urban life, and let people feel: ah, although there is power, our life is really like this. People can clearly see the protagonist's life and think that he may be around us.

6. A detailed graphic explanation of all checkpoints of the bridge builders' medieval attackers.

civil engineering

Civil engineering is the specialty of designing and building civil engineering, which is different from military engineering. This word was first used in18th century and became popular. But from the earliest, engineers have been engaged in peacetime activities, many civil projects in ancient and medieval times, such as public baths, roads, bridges and aqueducts in Rome; Flanders canal; Dutch maritime defense; French Gothic Cathedral; This series of construction projects shows human creativity and continuous exploration.

7. Brief introduction of medieval bridge builders

Bright life in Switzerland is located in Lucerne, Switzerland.

LucerneLuzern, located in central Switzerland, has always been a traditional tourist destination in Switzerland. The beautiful lakes, Alps and medieval architecture are in harmony. The scenery is picturesque and breathtaking. The Royce River flows through the middle of the city, and bridges like Cabel connect the two banks. Lucerne has preserved many historical buildings, including beautiful murals and various statues and fountains. Being here is like being in the Middle Ages. At the same time, the famous architect Jean Nouvelle personally designed and built a cultural conference center with rich cultural connotations. Modern buildings such as hotels and shops, international music festivals and various artistic activities gathered by world-class performers make Lucerne show its charm as a modern city.

8. Bridge builders medieval raiders Chapter 2

London Bridge was built at 1 179- 1209. It is a bridge over the Thames in London, England, which has been rebuilt many times. It is also the downstream bridge of 28 bridges on the river. It is located near the Tower of London, connecting High Street in Southwark and King William Street in London. London Bridge is one of the symbols of London, also known as the main entrance to London.

London Bridge, which collapsed many times in history, is rare, but it is still a famous bridge after repeated rejections.

wood bridge

Around 50 AD, the Romans, famous for their engineering skills, built a bridge over the Thames with wood. This is the original London Bridge. After the Romans left, London Bridge gradually fell into disrepair, but at some point, it may have been repaired or rebuilt, but the time is impossible to verify. 10 14, King Ethel Reid II of England ordered the London Bridge to be burned in order to split the invading Danish army in two. It is said that this incident led to the collapse of the famous nursery rhyme London Bridge.

Rebuild stone bridge

The burnt London Bridge was rebuilt, but the rebuilt London Bridge was destroyed in the storm of 109 1. The rebuilt London Bridge was destroyed again in 1 136, but this time it was destroyed by fire. So from 1 176, people began to build the London Bridge with stones, which was finally completed in 1209. It took 33 years before and after the construction of the New London Bridge, during which it was said that 150 workers died. The newly-built London Bridge is probably the strangest bridge built in the Middle Ages. Completely asymmetrical. None of the 19 arches are exactly the same. Besides the 19 arch, there is also a suspension bridge. Houses and shops were quickly built on the bridge deck, and even a small church was built in the middle of the bridge. There is also a guard room at the southern end of the bridge. The arch is very narrow and the water flows quickly, so only brave or reckless people will pass under it. Many people have died.

Secondary reconstruction

By the beginning of the19th century, the London Bridge, which has experienced more than 600 years of ups and downs, was overwhelmed and obviously needed to be rebuilt. So at 1799, a competition to design a new bridge to replace the old one began. During this period, engineer Thomas telford designed a single arch iron arch bridge with a span of 600 feet. Although this revolutionary design has been praised by people, it has never been realized. The reason is that people have doubts about its feasibility and the land area needed for construction.

Finally, a beautiful five-arch stone bridge stands 100 feet west of the original bridge site. The New London Bridge was designed by engineer John Rainey and supervised by his son (the same name as his father). It lasted seven years (1824- 183 1). The bridge is 928 feet long and 49 feet wide and is made of granite. In the same year when the new bridge was built, the old bridge was demolished. From 1902 to 1904, the bridge was widened to alleviate the old problem of traffic congestion in London. Unfortunately, the widened bridge ran over the foundation, and it was later found that London Bridge was sinking at the rate of 1/8 inches per year.

Tertiary reconstruction

Today, the London Bridge across the Thames has been built from 1967 to 1972, and part of the cost comes from the sale of the London Bridge by Rennie and his son. This new bridge is a rather boring three-span concrete bridge. Maybe more powerful and practical. Besides, it can't be compared with the old London Bridge.

After the old London Bridge was sold to American businessman Robert mcculloch, it was demolished and transported to Lake Vasu, Arizona, USA for re-installation.

Functional localization

For 2000 years, London Bridge has not only witnessed the history of mankind, but also its own history is the history of human civilization. From wooden bridge to stone bridge to cement bridge, London Bridge has its ups and downs. The only thing that remains unchanged is the Thames water under the bridge and its own name.

9. Bridge master medieval raiders

Middle Ages: The period from ancient times to the Renaissance in European history, which is generally considered as the period from the end of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD to the beginning of the Renaissance in15th century. In order to oppose the rule of religious theocracy and advocate the cultural traditions of ancient Greece and Rome, the Italians in the Renaissance believed that the history from the demise of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance was a brutal and dark era, an era between civilization and revival, so it was called the Middle Ages.

In medieval European culture, the influence of Christianity played a leading role, which determined the social life style and social ideology at that time. Art inevitably has a strong religious color and acts as a spokesman for God and the church. Therefore, some people call European medieval art Christian art.

Medieval art is still rich and colorful, and it is a synthesis of various cultural origins, which laid the foundation for the development of modern European culture and art.

Christianity originated in the Middle East. When it was established as a cultural form in Europe, it also brought some cultural characteristics of the East. At the same time, the cultural traditions of ancient Rome, especially architecture, sculpture and painting, have a long process of integration and transformation. Finally, after Christianity was established on the Mediterranean coast, it absorbed local cultural elements, that is, the so-called barbaric art, and produced some new styles. Finally, Christianity absorbed local cultural elements in the process of expanding to Western Europe.

Therefore, European medieval art can not be simply understood as religious art, but as Christian art based on the integration of oriental culture, ancient Greek and Roman cultural traditions and barbarian culture.

Characteristics and Development of European Art in the Middle Ages

The Middle Ages was a period when Christianity prevailed and the Roman Catholic Church ruled the society. Christian views on marriage and sex dominated all sexual activities in Europe at that time. This feature of religious asceticism is exploited by the ruling class. By denying sexual desire and the pursuit of happiness and happiness in this world, the people will not rise up against oppression and exploitation, and the position of the ruling class will be consolidated. Under the guidance of this idea, the church used its own rights to impose celibacy and penance on priests, and believers prohibited sexual behavior.

Section 1 Early Christian Art (2nd-5th century AD)

In 3 13 AD, the Roman emperor Constantine issued the Decree of Milan, which recognized the legal status of Christianity and declared this new religion, which had been suppressed by the Roman Empire for a long time, as the state religion. At this time, the Roman Empire was on the eve of disintegration. Christianity, as the belief and consciousness of the lower class, played an important role in the end of the Millennium Empire in ancient Rome. After gaining legal status, it was used as a tool for rulers to control the people. Early Christian art reflected this change.

In the 1 th century, Christianity began to spread secretly in the Roman Empire. Because of its illegal status, believers can only hold religious ceremonies in private houses. This early secret religious place is called the ancient human church.

Later, in order to escape the official search, the ceremony was moved to a public catacombs and Christians were buried together. The ceiling and walls of the tomb are covered with various murals with biblical themes, so it has become a treasure house of early Christian art. This form is mainly popular in the urban areas of Rome, such as the underground tomb of Prizra in Rome, which was built in the 3rd century. Its world-famous zenith mural "Heavenly Drive".

After the legalization of Christianity, its assemblies and ceremonies returned to the ground, and formal Christian churches began to be built. But Christianity has no architectural tradition of its own, and can only borrow the ready-made architectural forms of Rome. There is a common public building in Rome, which is rectangular in plan, with a wide corridor in the middle and pillars separating the verandah on both sides. It is usually used for public meetings and is called basilica. Christians moved directly here and added an altar at one end. Decorated with religious paintings, this form set the tone for later western Christian churches. St Peter's Church, built around 320 AD, is one of the largest churches in basilica.

Christianity was forced to suffer for more than 200 years, and many believers died for it. The worship of martyrs is a part of Christian spiritual life. Christians carved religious contents on the sarcophagus of the relatives of the deceased to pin their faith and pray for the deceased, but the expression style is not much different from that of the ancient Roman sarcophagus.

Byzantine art in the second quarter (5th-65438+5th century)

Constantinople (now Istanbul), the capital of Byzantine Empire, was originally a Hellenistic city. In 330, Constantine the Great moved here, gradually replacing Rome and becoming an important city in the political, economic, cultural and trade exchange center between the East and the West in the Middle Ages. Byzantine Empire not only inherited the classical cultural traditions of ancient Greece and Rome, but also was influenced by oriental culture. The Christian culture of Byzantine Empire is the product of the integration of politics and religion, serving religion and kingship.

Byzantine architecture mainly inherits Roman style. Early church buildings mainly used the circular or polygonal plane structure of Roman tombs and the dome of the Pantheon. The existing church of Hagia Sophia in Istanbul is the representative of Byzantine architectural art, with a complex and organized structural system. A large dome with a height of 60 meters and a diameter of 33 meters stands high in the center, covering the main space and integrating with the front and rear domes and smaller domes on both sides. It is connected to the side porch through columns. Forty lighting windows are arranged at the bottom of the main dome. When the sun shines, the dome of the church rises in the air, giving people a mysterious feeling. /kloc-After Turkey invaded Constantinople in the 5th century, Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque.

Mosaic plays a special and important role in Byzantine art, among which the mosaic of Lavan Saint Vital Church is the most famous.

Section 3 Romanesque Art (A.D.10-12nd century)

/kloc-after the 0/0 century, the economic level of western Europe improved and the feudal system tended to be stable. Crusades and large-scale missionary activities expanded the power and influence of the church. Economic development and religious fanaticism have led to the emergence of new churches and monasteries. In order to pursue more spectacular effects, these buildings generally adopt a vault and beam-column combination system similar to that of ancient Rome, and a large number of immortal Greek and Roman sculptures are used to decorate churches. So the style of this era is called Romanesque.

Roman art is still dominated by church architecture.

The rise of Romanesque church coincided with the feudal separatist period, so it has the characteristics of feudal castle. The stone wall is thick, the window is small, and it is high from the ground. The towers in front of and behind the church are usually built like blockhouses to prevent external attacks. The towering tower makes the Romanesque church stand out among the general buildings, and strengthens its effect as a memorial building. Later, the tower was gradually fixed on both sides of the west main entrance and became a symbol of Romanesque architecture. The famous legacy of Romanesque architecture is 0755.

Section 4 Gothic Art (A.D.12-15th century)

Italian Renaissance scholars call12nd century and13rd century art Gothic.

Gothic art, a form of architecture, first rose in France at the end of 12, and then became popular all over Europe. Gothic architecture represents the most brilliant and greatest achievement in the feudal Middle Ages, which has extraordinary value from content to form, and has reached an amazing height from engineering technology to artistic techniques. This is the crystallization of the people, and this is the wisdom at that time.

The architects of Gothic churches made use of the sagittal coupons that have appeared in Romanesque buildings, and improved all the arches in the past, resulting in a curved rib arch as a skeleton, which extended upward. The span of the pointed arch can be arbitrary. There are almost no walls in the whole building, and there are tall windows between the skeletons, which make the interior tall and bright, plus the colorful light from the stained glass windows. People have a mysterious religious feeling that goes straight into the sky. The most typical representatives are Notre Dame de Paris, Chatel Cathedral in France, Cologne Cathedral in Germany and Milan Cathedral in Italy.

Features of Gothic architecture:

1. This plane is cross-shaped.

2. The spire is mostly used outdoors.

There is plenty of light in the room and no one is there.

Most windows have colorful glass mosaic patterns.

The split of the Roman Empire into the bourgeois revolution began in the Middle Ages, which is a political fragment and also a social and historical fragment.

The last stage of literature and art is the beginning of secularization of Roman Catholic Church and the rise of Renaissance activities.

Xiongnu's 80-year military influence on Europe in the last century was the beginning of the Middle Ages, which led to turmoil in European countries. After the demise of the Eastern Gothic Kingdom, the rest went to France to establish the Frankish Kingdom, and the Visigoth Kingdom was forced to establish the Visigoth Kingdom in Spain. Vandals living in Spain were forced to establish the kingdom of Vandals in North Africa. At the beginning of the era of great navigation, capital began to accumulate, and the colonial activities in western Europe began to end in the Middle Ages.