Five characteristics of Le Corbusier’s architecture

Five characteristics of Le Corbusier's architecture

Le Corbusier (Le Corbusier, October 6, 1887 - August 27, 1965), formerly known as Charles Edouard Jeannert-Gris, one of the most important architects of the 20th century, was a radical and leader of the modern architectural movement. Together with Walter Gropius and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, he is known as the main representative of the modern school of architecture or the International School of Formal Architecture. Also translated as Kirby.

His rich and varied works and radical architectural philosophy have profoundly influenced the urban landscape of the 20th century and the lifestyle of contemporary people, from the early white series of villa buildings, Marseille apartments to Lang From the reconstruction plan of Paris to the New Town of Changal, from "Towards a New Architecture" to "Module", his ever-changing architectural and urban thoughts have always left his followers far behind. Corbusier is an insurmountable peak of modern architecture and an inexhaustible source of architectural ideas.

Le Corbusier was born in a small town in northwest Switzerland near the French border. His parents were engaged in watchmaking. When he was a boy, he studied at the watchmaking technical school in his hometown. He was interested in art. In 1907, he went to Budapest. He studied architecture in Paris, where he studied under Auguste Berry, an architect famous for his use of reinforced concrete, and later worked at the German Behrens Office. The Peter Behrens Office was famous for experimenting with new architectural treatments. Known for his novel industrial architecture, he met Walter Gropius and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who were both working there at the same time. Created the trend of modern architecture. He also traveled to Greece and Türkiye to visit ancient buildings and folk buildings.

Le Corbusier settled in Paris in 1917 and engaged in painting and sculpture at the same time. He co-edited the magazine "New Spirit" with the new cubist painters and poets, and took the pen name Le Corbusier after his maternal grandfather's surname. · Corbusier, he wrote in the first issue: "A new era has begun, rooted in a new spirit, a constructive and comprehensive new spirit with clear goals." Later. He compiled and compiled some of his articles on architecture and published a single book "Toward a New Architecture", which fiercely denied the conservative architectural views and retro architectural styles since the 19th century, praised the achievements of modern industry, and proposed that "our era are deciding their own style every day," praising the working methods of engineers, "Engineers are driven by economic laws and guided by mathematical formulas, making us consistent with the laws of nature and achieving harmony." He proposed that "housing is a machine for living" and advocated. Industrial methods are used to build houses on a large scale. "The primary task of architecture is to promote the reduction of construction costs and reduce the components of the house." The architectural design emphasizes that "the original shape is a beautiful shape" and praises simple geometric shapes. Le Corbusier's architectural design took full advantage of the characteristics of frame structure. Since the wall is no longer load-bearing, large horizontal windows can be designed. Some of his designs were not accepted by people at the time, and many designs were rejected, but these structures and design forms were later popularized and applied by other architects, such as apartments set back layer by layer, exhibition halls with suspended structures, etc. He was a pioneer in many aspects of architectural design and had a very broad influence on modern architectural design. Influence.

Le Corbusier also put forward many ideas for urban planning. He went against the trend of thought against big cities at the time and advocated a new urban planning. He believed that under modern technological conditions, it was possible to maintain a stable population. High density creates a quiet and hygienic urban environment. The idea of ??high-rise buildings and three-dimensional intersections was first proposed, which was extremely far-sighted. He was always at the forefront of architectural development trends in the 1920s and 1930s, and played a role in promoting the modernization of architectural design and urban planning.

During the Second World War, he fled to the countryside and later worked in India and Africa. After the war, his architectural design style changed significantly, from focusing on function to focusing on form; from focusing on modern industry Technology has shifted to value folk architectural experience; it has shifted from the pursuit of smoothness and smoothness to the pursuit of rough, old and sometimes primitive taste. As a result, he remained at the forefront of the new postwar architectural genre. Until his death, his design concepts were a great inspiration to architects from all over the world.

His designs often caused great controversy. The weird appearance of the Notre Dame de Ronchamp church he designed made the conservatives extremely angry, but it was regarded as a classic by the innovative parties. His design for the headquarters of the League of Nations in Geneva caused a lengthy debate among the jury and was ultimately rejected by the politicians. His Marseille apartment was sued by the French Landscape Protection Association and later became a local attraction; his planning and architectural design for the city of Algiers was rejected by the municipal authorities, but his layer-by-storey setback design method was later rejected. Many coastal countries in Africa and the Middle East have adopted

Le Corbusier - 5 characteristics of new architecture

Master of modern architecture, one of the most important architects of this century, An activist and leader of the modern architectural movement. In 1928, he organized the International Association of Modern Architecture with W. Gropius and Mies van der Rohe

Le Corbusier was the main advocate of modernist architecture and laid the important foundation for machine aesthetics. In 1923, he published his famous book "Toward a New Architecture", in which he proposed that houses are "machines for living". In 1926, five characteristics of new buildings were proposed:

1. Independent pillars on the ground floor of the house;

2. Roof garden; 3. Free plane; 4. Long horizontal windows; 5 . Free facade.

His innovative ideas and unique insights were a powerful impact on academic architectural thought. The representative works of this period are the Villa Savoye (1928-1930), the Swiss Student Apartments in Paris, and the Terrace Villa.

Villa Savoye: the embodiment of architectural ideals - the perfect combination of the three elements of sun, air, green space and the five points of new construction.

Propose a building system - plate and column load-bearing system

Social ideal - standardized components, machine production, able to assume social responsibilities. It embodies the indelible classical complex deep in the European psychology

After the Second World War, his architectural style has undergone significant changes, which is characterized by the organic form of freedom

Style exploration and expression of materials, especially the expression of fair-faced reinforced concrete without decoration after demoulding. This style was later named Brutalism (or New Brutalism). Representative works include Marseille Apartments, Ronchamp Church, Chandigarh Court, Ratu Hai Monastery, etc. Among them, the external form and internal mystery of Langxiang Church have gone beyond the scope of Christianity and returned to the form of prehistoric tombs in the Megalithic Age. It is considered to be a masterpiece in modern architecture.

Le Corbusier is also an expert in urban planning. He has engaged in a large number of urban planning research and designs, and his representative works include the Chandigarh Plan in India.

Langxiang Church: Citro?n load-bearing system, unique shape and curved walls. There are three small niches around the main space, and the upper part of each is a "tower" that rises upward. Extending beyond the roof. The individual facades vary greatly. Taking Mediterranean houses as the source of ideas, the internal spatial relationship is similar to the treatment of the hall and surrounding spaces in the Pantheon.

Its architectural form and space prove Corbusier’s extraordinary imagination and vividly reflect the characteristics of modern Western religion

Le Corbusier’s residential design— The origin of architectural design:

Corbusier’s entire career is related to residential design, and his greatest contribution is also residential. Residence is the first and direct carrier of people and space, so through residence Design is the measure of a good architect. By analyzing these small residential models, we learned that Corbusier sought new ideas for every design.

Corbusier designed the first house in his hometown in Switzerland in 1905. It was completely in the style of a local vernacular house. It was full of geometric decoration inside and outside. It had two floors. The owner of the house was an art school student. Le Corbusier, a gem dealer, completed this virgin building due to the introduction of his teacher. He was only 17 years old at the time.

In 1914, Corbusier had already foreseen the birth of modern architecture through the domino-type house. He had designed mass-produced houses for workers, and also had white experimental housing groups, including the smallest houses. At the same time, Le Corbusier also invented a construction method for unskilled craftsmen. The design of local residences due to regional differences was also Le Corbusier's field. Le Corbusier's work was very much like that of an anthropologist in the architectural field. He studied the world He is interested in all types of housing. Cobb also conducted research on housing based on primitive huts in non-Western European circles, housing for war victims, and legal systems. Corbusier’s concern for humanity is expressed through a wide range of residential designs.

Le Corbusier's architecture is an imaginative architect:

Le Corbusier is an imaginative architect whose vision of the ideal city The interpretation, appreciation of the natural environment and strong belief and reverence for tradition are all quite unique. As an architect and urban planner with international influence, he is a rare talent who is good at applying popular style---he can perfectly combine stylish rolling elements with rough and refined factors. He designs with grids and cubes, and often uses simple geometric figures, general squares, circles, triangles and other figures to create seemingly simple patterns. As an artist, Le Corbusier understood the importance of controlling volume, surface, and contour, and this was reflected in the numerous abstract sculptures he created. Therefore, in Le Corbusier's design, the use of a large number of patterns to produce a lifelike visual effect occupies a dominant position, and the transformation of his architectural patterns into physical objects is like an artist carving and sculpting on a clay mold. Cut the same. Through careful design and the contrast between light and dark light, he successfully maximized the limited space and produced good visual effects. What are the five characteristics of Corbusier's new architecture

Le Corbusier, French: Le Corbusier, October 6, 1887 - August 27, 1965, also translated as Le Corbusier , formerly known as Charles Edouard Jeannert-Gris), was born on October 6, 1887 in the Swiss town of Chaux-des-Fonds, and settled in Paris in 1917. He is known as the originator of modernist architecture and the richest architect in the 20th century. Together with Walter Gropius and Mies van der Rohe, he is known as the main representative of the modern school of architecture or the International School of Formal Architecture. He devoted his life to the design of modern high-rise buildings and left behind many classic masterpieces. What are the five characteristics of new buildings?

In 1930, Corbusier proposed the "Five Characteristics of New Architecture" for his residential design. They are:

(1) Independently supported elevated bottom floor , the main use part of the house is placed above the second floor, and the bottom floor is completely or partially vacated, leaving independent pillars;

(2) Roof garden;

(3) Free Plan;

(4) Horizontal long windows;

(5) Free facade. Characteristics of Brazilian Architecture

The basilica is a public architectural form in ancient Rome. It is characterized by a rectangular plane with a circle of colonnades on the outside. The main entrance is on the long side and there are transoms on the short side. , using strip arches as the roof. Later church buildings originated from Basilica, but the main entrance was moved to the short side. The word basilica comes from Greek, and its original meaning is "the hall of the king". The full name in Latin is basilica domus. It was originally a luxurious building used as a court or a large shopping mall in a big city. The main characteristics of western architecture

Traditional housing includes stone houses, bamboo and wood houses, stilted buildings, triple courtyards and quadrangle courtyards. It mainly comes from nation, culture, customs, characteristics and aesthetics. Judging from its composition, it comes from natural conditions such as life, climate, geography, topography, etc., which together form the characteristics of the building.

Characteristics of Xi’an’s ancient architecture

Xi’an’s ancient architecture is represented by the Ming Dynasty city wall, with the Bell and Drum Tower and the Big and Small Wild Goose Pagodas as examples. Timber and bricks are the main building materials, and wooden frames are used. Structure is the main structural method.

What are the characteristics of Gaudí's architecture?

Curves, the use of natural elements, bright and bold colors, and geometric shapes are integrated into the characteristics of Qin Dynasty architecture

The residential buildings of the Qin and Han Dynasties are Chinese architectural culture The products of the highly developed stage show a trend of patterning and unification. The buildings of the Qin and Han Dynasties were mainly brick, tile, and wood structures. The so-called "Qin Brick and Han Tile" is a general summary of the housing architecture in the Qin and Han Dynasties. As the development stage of residential culture, the Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty inherited each other and formed different styles, so academic circles often compare them.

Residential houses are mainly made of adobe bricks

In cities, fire-burned bricks are used. Main

The city walls are mainly made of rammed earth, but some are also made of stone

The streets are mainly made of flat earth, a characteristic of Mayan architecture

I found the following information:

1 The Mayan architectural style is different from Greek, Roman and Gothic architecture. Although it has regional characteristics, it is basically unified in style. There are signs that the thatched huts with sloping roofs on both sides that the Mayans lived in were the prototype of stone arch architecture. This theory is not unrealistic. The thatched huts that ordinary people live in have remained unchanged after more than 2,000 years of baptism. The house is rectangular in shape with rounded corners, 22 feet long and 12 feet wide. The walls are made of branches and mud or unpolished stone, and the height is no more than 7 feet. On top of this, a strut structure with a ceiling of 12 or 15 feet supports the steeple-roofed thatched huts on both sides of the slope.

Descriptions of this type of hut can be seen in the descriptions of wall panels and frescoes from the Postclassic period, and were found on an early horizontal scale in a palace at Uvasaktun The internal slope of the thatched roof reveals the original conception of the stone arm vault.

Masonry's raw materials are very abundant. There are many building materials that are easy to process. Local limestone can also be used to make lime, and there are also many sedimentary rocks that are used to make plaster. Considering the high intelligence and strong religious enthusiasm of the ancient Mayans, there is no doubt that they will build a great religious building. Except for their own direct economic needs, no activity can consume so much of their energy and time.

The oldest example of Maya architecture

It can be inferred that there were no stone buildings during the early formation period of Uvasaktun. But later in the formative period, low stone walls appeared. It raises the question whether stone buildings had already been constructed at this time. The walls unearthed with the Chakanir pottery may be the remains of a low platform parapet that was used to support the perishable superstructure. At the end of this period we find the first large stone structure, a pyramid supporting a temple of branches and thatch.

The earliest known example of Mayan stone construction is the stucco-covered pyramid E-VII-Sub at Uvaxaktun. It is so well preserved that soon after it was built, it was covered with a pyramid of rough stone and stucco E-VII, which was built to protect and preserve it. The surface of the latter building was also heavily decorated. Covered with stucco, the apex of the latter pyramid was so small that it was obvious that no stone building could be built. Likewise, the top of the former could not have supported any stone building. Four post holes were found in the stucco floor beneath the pyramid, which were apparently used to support the corner posts of the hay and branch structure. This stucco-covered pyramid, with a staircase on each side and decorated with 16 rectangular stucco ornaments or masks, is a marvel of early Mayan architecture, although it is made of mudstone and only A building foundation, but it can be considered the first stone building.

Corbeled stone vault

Introducing stele details and pottery from the period 8.14.0.0.0 (317 AD) of Uvasaktun In the introduction, we discovered the earliest Mayan stone vault. The first stone vault may have been built in 8.12.0.0.0 (278 AD). The earliest stone vault The stone walls are very rough. They are made of rough uncut flat stones placed on a thick bed of plaster and gravel. The bottom of the arch or the lower part of the slope is often coated with a thick layer of rough plaster.

The use of stone vaults seems to have begun to spread widely when stone vaults entered Uvasaktun, and in 9.0.0.0.0 (435 AD) it was introduced Copán in the far southeast. In 9.2.0.0.0, it was introduced into Oxentin in the northwestern Yucatan, and in 9.6.10.0.0 (564 AD) it was introduced into the northeastern Yucatan. Tulon, was introduced into the Usumacinta River Basin in 9.10.0.0 or possibly earlier.

At the end of the Classic period, that is, 10.3.0.0.0 (889 AD), stone vaults were almost ubiquitous in the Maya area, but their use was limited to this area. Its application is not found in other adjacent areas, extending as far west as Comacalco in the state of Tabasco, as far south-east as Papar and Asumita, and in the south-east of Guatemala, except The use of stone vaults is almost non-existent in the Guatemalan highlands on the roofs of a few tombs, probably due to the relatively frequent seismic activity here that prevented its widespread use.

Lime Cement and Beam Roofs

In addition to corbeled stone vaults, flat-topped lime-cast post-and-beam roofs are often found on Mayan buildings. During the Classical period they were found in Piedras Nigras, Uvashakton and Tizminkas. During the Postclassic period they are found in Chican-Itesa and, relatively later, in the areas of Tulon and Chacum along the eastern Yucatán. The lime-cast roof is built on intersecting beams, and the gaps between the beams are filled with a temporary branch structure. On this structure, some roofing materials poured with plaster will reach a thickness of about a foot. When it finally hardens, the branch structure can be removed. This method of roofing is still very common in Yucatan, but the remnants of this roof are very difficult to distinguish when excavating, because it has been broken down into small stones and some lime powder fragments. However, in most of the No examples of stone vaults were found among the excavated graystone buildings, so it can be inferred that the structure had a roof of cast stucco and beams.

2 The architectural styles of ancient Maya ceremonial areas are different. On the premise of similar form and function, they are widely influenced by a series of regional traditions.

The buildings and structures at different sites are Each layout setting has its own characteristics.

In the entire building complex, the overall planning of the ceremonial center is the most important. The main ceremonial center had the function of a regional capital -

- controlling the subject kingdoms politically, religiously and economically, so there must be administrative buildings in it. For example, in many

sites, there are public buildings and private residences, but the difference between the squares surrounded by public buildings and the squares surrounded by private residences

, and there are obvious differences. Temples, palaces, stadiums, steam baths and other buildings all have regional differences, and architectural traditions also have the characteristics of the times.

The uniqueness of various regional architectural styles is manifested through varying degrees of emphasis on the characteristics of certain buildings.

Regardless of their function, almost all Mayan buildings were built on substructures, such as a single-story platform (on which the house was built), an uneven ground surface, and a finished surface. Large platforms (on which palace complexes were built

), and tower-shaped pyramids (on which temples were built). Except for some low-rise building platforms, other buildings require facilities leading to the superstructure. This facility is usually a single- or multi-stage central axis stairway, and the stairway itself is The main structure of the building

.

The most common roof form in public buildings is the stone arch structure - the stones are gradually collected at the top to form a narrow gap

On the gap A capstone was placed across the bridge. The indoor side of the stone is usually beveled, so that the inner surface of the vault structure forms a neat and smooth slope. This vault structure of the Mayans is closest to the pressure vault in the Old World. It has been used since the late Preclassic

period. With the increase of practical experience and confidence, the walls gradually increased and the vaults The span gradually increases.

At the beginning of construction, the Mayan city had a planned overall layout. The city unfolds based on the formed central square or center. It has been repeatedly repaired and expanded around this center for a long time, and each addition and expansion is carried out according to plan. At the same time, attention was also paid to

arranging various buildings according to certain calendar requirements and the orientation and angle of their interconnection... so that the building complex played an astronomical role to a certain extent

The role of observation instruments. For example, on the top floor of the watchtower of the Palenque Palace, you can see the sun setting on Bakar's tomb on the winter solstice.

This kind of combination of architecture and astronomy, the unity of architectural layout and astronomical observation, is rare in ancient architecture.

Judging from these signs, advance planning and rigorous design of architectural layouts are common in the Maya. This has become a proud achievement for Mayan architecture to be based on the forest of ancient

modern architecture. .

3 The Mayans were also skilled craftsmen. They were able to craft flint tools from obsidian. Flint tools can chip away at solid rock and carve jade. The Mayans used this tool to build a large number of cities, with more than 100 large and small cities built successively. Famous ones include Tikal, Vasacton (in today's Guatemala), Copan (in today's Honduras), Palenque (in today's Chiapas, Mexico), and so on.

In the Yucatan Peninsula, the Mayans built the "Governor's Palace", "Nun's Palace", "Warrior Temple", "Tiger Temple" and pyramids in the cities of Uxmal and Chichen Itza. A large-scale building complex. Not only are they beautiful in appearance and majestic, the exterior walls, door frames, and stone lintels of the buildings are all covered with exquisitely carved reliefs of feathered serpents.

Today in the remaining Mayan ruins in the tropical jungles of Yucatan or Guatemala, we can see the bright colors and beautiful patterns on those ruined walls. The fine carving, the beauty and symmetry of the image are amazing.

4 Pyramids

The Mayan pyramids are different from the Egyptian pyramids. First of all, the shapes are different. 99% of the Mayan pyramids are square stepped, with a platform on the top, and some have temples on the platforms; while the Egyptian pyramids are square cones with pointed tops. Secondly, the Egyptian pyramids are all tombs of pharaohs, while the Mayan pyramids are mainly places for worship. Of course, pyramids serving as tombs of rulers have also been discovered (such as the Palenque Pyramid). Thirdly, the sizes are different. The sizes of the American pyramids are very different. The big ones are tens of meters high and hundreds of meters wide, but the small ones are only as high as one or two stories. The Egyptian pyramids are all very tall and huge. (The shortest ones are tens of meters high). What are the characteristics of ancient Egyptian architecture

1. Architectural style and characteristics of ancient Egypt

1. Huge: the most famous architectural art of ancient Egypt, such as the pyramids and the Sphinx Statues and obelisks are all huge works of art, and they are all related to the survival of the kingdom.

2. The main building materials are stone: all the buildings built with stone in the world first came from Egypt. It is characterized by majesty, grandeur and solidity. Take the Pyramid as an example. Its construction materials are all stones weighing several tons or even more than ten tons. It has not deformed or collapsed after thousands of years, and it still stands on the west bank of the Nile.

3. Strong sense of order: We will not find surprising elements in ancient Egyptian paintings, sculptures and architecture. The production of each part will follow certain rules, and this style has lasted for at least 3,000 years. This sense of order sometimes feels quite unnatural to us: in order to make things orderly and visible, the faces of the characters are generally profiled, but have a big frontal eye; the hands and feet are not shortened. Therefore, although ancient Egyptian architecture is a bit stiff, it gives us an extraordinarily calm and steady feeling, which is due to its strict sense of order.

4. The application of geometry in art: The pyramid construction and various sculptures in ancient Egypt all reflect the use of geometry. The development of ancient Egyptian geometry originated from the regular annual flooding of the Nile River. When rivers wash away farmland, people must redivide the land and redefine the fields with straight lines and geometric figures. The role of geometry in ancient Egyptian architectural art was mainly to make it rich in three-dimensionality and sharp-edged, and it also strengthened the laws of order. It appeared rigid and tough, but intensified the feeling of solemnity and rigor.

5. Continuity and fixity: Plato said, "In Egypt, nothing ever changes." People were loyal to their firm religious beliefs, which resulted in the artistic style of ancient Egypt remaining incredibly fixed and unchanged for thousands of years.

2. Religious belief is closely related to ancient Egyptian architectural art

1. Egyptian art is a process leading to eternity and longing for eternal life, which is cultivated and derived from religious belief Artistic concept - the core of the content expressed in ancient Egyptian art is religion and belief. The ancient Egyptians built great works of stone on the banks of the Nile. The pyramids stood like a mountain on the desert horizon. A pyramid is the tomb of a king. The Egyptians believe that the emperor is the incarnation of the god. When he dies, people try to preserve his body and prevent it from decaying, so that his soul can continue to exist in the future. They smeared many antiseptic spices and medicines on the corpse, and then wrapped the whole body with linen cloth. This is the mummy. The mummy was placed in a coffin deep inside the pyramid. The coffin is surrounded by incantations and magic spells, advising the emperor's soul on how to successfully navigate its journey to rebirth. This is the profound connotation contained in ancient Egyptian architecture - death is eternal, and life is even more eternal.

2. Religious belief was the driving force behind ancient Egyptian architectural art, producing huge cohesion. Religious belief led each emperor to gather a large number of clan members and slaves during his lifetime, and use their flesh and blood to build giant tombs under difficult conditions that would amaze future generations. Although the pharaohs used their supreme power to finally complete the construction of their tombs, in fact the participation and enthusiasm of the entire dynasty was much higher than we imagined. It was believed that these large pyramids, obelisks and temples would have immortalized the ancient Egyptian dynasty for generations.

3. Religion, as an important part of ancient Egyptian culture, ran through the history of the entire dynasty. Heliopolis, Memphis, Thebes and Hermopolis were the four most important religious cities in Egypt. People worshiped those "gods" and primitive totems devoutly, causing ancient Egyptian art to remain static and fixed for thousands of years. In short, religious belief is the core and driving force of ancient Egyptian architectural art and even all categories of art.

3. Analysis of typical architectural forms of ancient Egypt

1. Pyramid: a square cone-shaped imperial tomb of the ancient slave society of Egypt. One of the seven wonders of the world. Large in number and widely distributed. The area of ??Memphis, the ancient city on the west side of the Nile River, southwest of Cairo, is most concentrated. The three pyramids in the Libyan Desert 8 kilometers south of Giza are particularly famous and are called the Giza Pyramids. Among them, the tomb of Pharaoh Khufu of the Fourth Dynasty is the largest. In addition to its stunning size, it is also famous for its high degree of architectural skills. This pyramid was built in the 27th century BC. It is 146.5 meters high, which is equivalent to a 40-story skyscraper. Each base is 230 meters long. It is made of 2.3 million large stones weighing about 2.5 tons and covers an area of ??53. 900 sqm. There are corridors, stairs, halls and various valuable decorations in the tower. The entire project lasted more than 30 years. To the southeast of the tower is the majestic Sphinx.

2. Obelisk: Another architectural masterpiece of ancient Egypt, it is also the most distinctive symbol of ancient Egyptian civilization besides the pyramids. The obelisk is shaped like a square column with a pointed top, gradually shrinking from bottom to top, and the top is shaped like a pyramid tip. Wrapped in gold, copper or gold-silver alloy, when the rising sun shines on the top of the monument, it shines like the dazzling sun. It is generally carved from a single piece of granite and weighs hundreds of tons. It is engraved with hieroglyphs on all sides, indicating three different purposes of this kind of stone tablet: religious (often dedicated to the sun god Amun), commemorative (often used to commemorate the sun god Amun). Pharaoh reigned for several years) and decorative. At the same time, the obelisk was a powerful symbol of the power of the Egyptian empire. Since the Middle Kingdom, pharaohs have erected obelisks in years of amnesty or to show off their victories, and they were usually erected in pairs on both sides of the temple tower. The oldest and most complete obelisk in existence was built during the reign of Pharaoh Senusert I (about 1971 BC - 1928 BC) of the Twelfth Dynasty of ancient Egypt (about 1991 BC - 1786 BC). It was erected on In front of the ruins of the original Sun City Temple in Heliopolis, in the northeastern suburbs of Cairo. This obelisk is 20.7 meters high and weighs 121 tons. It was built by Senuselt I to celebrate the coronation of his king.

During the New Kingdom, Thutmose I (about 1525 BC to 1512 BC), Queen Hatshepsut (about 1504 BC to 1450 BC) and Ramses II (about 1304 BC to 1237 BC) Years) have built huge obelisks, all with a height of more than 20 meters. Digging and erecting the obelisk was a huge undertaking. According to the hieroglyphics on an obelisk in front of the Karnak Temple, it took seven months to excavate this single stone from the quarry and transport it from Aswan to Thebes. In the Temple of Queen Hatshepsut in Aswan, there are pictures depicting the transport of obelisks on barges from the Nile River. After arriving at the destination, people carried the obelisks up a slope made of earth, and then Stand it upright on the base. This fully demonstrates the ancient Egyptians' high level of mechanical wisdom.

3. Temple: As a religious building, the temple was the main place for ancient Egyptians to worship gods. The religious ceremonies held when worshiping gods have become an important part of the daily life of ancient Egyptians. Therefore, the influence of ancient Egyptian temple architecture can be said to have exceeded the influence of pyramid architecture to a certain extent at that time. The most eye-catching thing in ancient Egyptian temple architecture is the numerous and graceful columns: the column body has a graceful curvature, and there are bunches of decorative lines carved to imitate papyrus, and the decorative patterns on the capitals are mostly papyrus. , lotus flowers and palm leaves are shaped like buds about to bloom, and some appear as blooming flowers, showing the unique columnar architectural style of ancient Egypt. This architectural style and technique had a certain influence on later ancient Greek architecture. As early as the 3000s BC, a colonnade form very similar to the Parthenon in Athens appeared in Egypt. The Parthenon is a typical example of ancient Greek Dorian architecture. Its architectural features are that the middle of the column is slightly protruding, the capital is simple, and there is no column base. It is famous for its solemnity and simplicity. It was built in the annex of the step pyramid in Saqqara, Egypt. Imitation papyrus columns are almost indistinguishable from pure Greek Doric columns.

The construction of pyramids, temples and obelisks fully demonstrated the ingenuity, exquisite artistic skills and superb architectural talents of the ancient Egyptian working people, and wrote a glorious page in the history of world architecture. . The dissemination and inheritance of these architectural techniques have added treasures to the world's cultural treasure house and made important contributions to human civilization.