What are the "36 small caves" and "72 large caves" in Buddhism and Taoism?

The Cave Heaven Blessed Land is the fairy mountain on the earth. It includes ten big cave heavens, thirty-six small cave heavens and seventy-two blessed lands, which constitute the main part of the Taoist fairyland on earth. In addition, Taoists also worship Wuzhen Haidu, Thirty-six Jinglu, Twenty-four Rules, etc. The Five Mountains of China are included in Dongtian.

Dongtian Paradise mostly refers to actual meanings. Taoist priests in the past dynasties often built palaces and temples here and practiced diligently, leaving behind many cultural landscapes, historical relics and myths and legends.

The Ten Great Cave Heavens

"The Map of the Palaces of Heaven and Earth" says: "The ten great cave heavens are located between the famous mountains of the earth. They are the places where the gods sent by heaven to rule." The Taoist Scripture of the Eastern Jin Dynasty "Taoji Jing" (a compilation of "The Immortal's True Industry" of the Shangqing School in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, actually a separate edition of "Zhen Gao") lists the ten major caves and the corresponding ten major caves, and was later published in "Shangqing" by Sima Chengzhen of the Tang Dynasty It is based on Taoist books such as "The Illustration of the Palaces of Heaven and Earth" and Du Guangting's "Notes on the Famous Mountains of Dongtianfudiyuedu". They are:

First, Wangwu Mountain Cave, named "Xiaoyou Qingxu Tian". In Wangwu County (now between Yuanqu, Yangcheng, Shanxi, and Jiyuan, Henan);

Second, Weiyu Cave, named "Da Youkong Tomorrow" ("empty", one means "empty") "). In Huangyan County (now part of Zhejiang);

Third, Xicheng cave, named "Tai Xuan Zong Zhen Tian". The location is unknown, Tao Hongjing's "Deng Zhen Yin Jue" is suspected to be in Zhongnan Taiyi Mountain, and Du Guangtingyun is in Shuzhou;

Fourth, Xixuan Mountain Cave, named "Sanxuan Ji Zhentian". Don't know where it is. Du Guangtingyun is in Jinzhou;

Fifth, Qingcheng cave, named "Baoxian Nine Chambers Heaven". In Qingcheng County (now Dujiangyan City, Sichuan);

Sixth, Chicheng Cave, named "Shangyu Qingping Mountain" ("Tiandi Palace Map" is "Shangqing Yuping's Cave Heaven"). In the Tang Dynasty Xingxian (now Tiantai, Zhejiang);

Seventh, Luofu Mountain Cave, named "Zhu Mingyao Zhentian" ("Yao", also means "Hui") in Boluo County (now Guangdong);

Eighth, Juqu Cave, named "Jin Tan Huayang Tian", is located in Jurong County (now part of Jiangsu); it is connected to the Qing Taoist Altar, Maoshan Zongben Mountain;

No. 9. Linwu Mountain Cave, named "Zuo Shen Youxu Tian" ("Dragon God Youxu Cave" in "Heaven and Earth Palace Map") is at the mouth of Dongting Lake, and Du Guangting said it was in Wuxian County, Suzhou (now part of Jiangsu); < /p>

The tenth is Kuocang Mountain Cave, named "Chengde Yin Xuantian" in Le'an County (now Xianju, Zhejiang Province. The main peak is in Linhai County).

Thirty-six small caves.

The Thirty-six Small Cave Heavens are compared to the Ten Great Cave Heavens. "The Map of Heaven and Earth Palace" says:

"The Thirty-Six Small Cave Heavens are among the famous mountains. The place where immortals rule. "The Preface to the Notes of the Famous Mountains of Yuedu in Dongtian Blessed Land" quoted from "Guishan Jade Sutra" states that the thirty-six caves "have palaces for the sun, moon, stars and spirits, which govern the protection of sins and blessings, and record death and life. They are based on high truth and immortality." "Wang Suoli". The term "Thirty-Six Cave Heavens" first appeared in Taoist books of the Shangqing School in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. "Zhen Gao Ji Shenshu" says: "Within the great sky, there are thirty-six caves and heavens in the earth." "According to Taoist books, they are:

First, Huotong Mountain Cave, named "Huolin Cave". It is in Changxi County, Fuzhou (south of Xiapu County, Fujian today);

Second, Dongyue Taishan Cave, named "Pengxuan Cave" in Qianfeng County, Yanzhou (today's Tai'an, Shandong), has been believed to be a place for ghosts and ghosts since the Han Dynasty;

Third, Nanyue. Hengshan Cave, named "Zhuling Cave Heaven", is located in Hengshan County of Hengzhou (now part of Hunan). According to "Yuanshi Shangzhen Zhongxian Ji", it is said that the Red Emperor Zhu Rong governed Henghuo Mountain. Huoshan in Anhui was named Hengshan in ancient times, and also named Tianzhu Mountain. The so-called "Henghuo Zhengyue" in "Baopuzi Neipian" refers to this.

Fourth, Huashan Cave in Xiyue, also known as "Zongxian Cave". It is called "Jizhen Cave" in Huayin County, Huazhou (now part of Shaanxi Province);

Fifth, Beiyue Changshan Cave, named "Zongxuan Cave" in Quyang County, Hengzhou (now part of Hebei Province). , after the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was enshrined in Hunyuan, Shanxi;

Sixth, Zhongyue Songshan Cave, named "Sima Cave" in Dengfeng County (now part of Henan);

Seventh. , Emeishan Cave, named "Xuling Cave Heaven". It is in Emei County, Jiazhou (now Emeishan City, Sichuan);

Eighth, Lushan Cave, named "Dongling Zhentian", is in De'an County, Jiangzhou. Today's Jiujiang, Jiangxi);

Ninth, Siming Cave, named "Danshan Chishuitian" in Shangyu County, Yuezhou (now Zhejiang).

The mountain is located southwest of Ningbo City);

The tenth is the Kuaiji cave, named "Jixuan Dayuantian". In Jinghu Lake in Shanyin County, Yuezhou (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang), it may be called Yangping Mountain in Shu County;

Eleventh, Taibai Cave, named "Xuande Cave". In Chang'an County, Jingzhao Prefecture (actually between Zhouzhi, Mei County, Taibai and other counties in today's Shaanxi Province);

The twelfth, Xishan Cave, named "Tianzhu Baoji Xuantian". In Nanchang County, Hongzhou (now Nanchang, Jiangxi);

Thirteenth, Xiaowei Mountain Cave, named "Haosheng Xuan Shangtian". In Liling County, Tanzhou (now part of Hunan). According to Xiaowei Mountain Cave, one is called Dawei Mountain;

The fourteenth, Qianshan Cave, is named "Tianzhu Si Xuantian". In Huaining County, Shuzhou (set by the Jin Dynasty and governed today's Qianshan, Anhui);

The fifteenth, Guigu cave, named "Guixuansi Zhentian". In Guixi County, Xinzhou (now part of Jiangxi), it is said to be Zhang Ling's alchemy place;

Sixteenth, Wuyi Mountain Cave, named "Zhen Sheng Hua Xuantian". In Jianyang County, Jianzhou (now Chong'an, Fujian, Jianyang County under Jin Dynasty, Chong'an Chang was established in the Southern Tang Dynasty);

The 17th, Yuji Cave, named "Tai Xuan Fa Lo Tian". In Yongxin County, Jizhou (now part of Jiangxi);

The eighteenth, Huagai Cave, named "Rongcheng Dayu Tian". Forty miles back, in Yongjia County, Wenzhou (today's Wenzhou City), this is a different place with the same name as Huagai Mountain in Jiangxi;

Nineteenth, Gaizhu Mountain Cave, named "Changyao Baoguangtian". In Huangyan County, Taizhou (now part of Zhejiang);

Twentieth, Duqiao Cave, named "Baoxuan Cave". In Puning County, Rongzhou (now Rongxian County, Guangxi);

No. 21, Baishi Cave, named "Xiule Changzhentian". In the south of the South China Sea in Yulin Prefecture (now Yulin, Guangxi), or Hanshan County in Yunhe Prefecture (now part of Anhui);

Twenty-second, Juluo Cave, named "Yuque Baoguitian". In Beiliu County, Rongzhou (now part of Guangxi), it is said to be Ge Hong's alchemy place;

Twenty-third, Jiuyi Cave, named "Chaozhen Taixutian". In Yantang County, Daozhou (now Ningyuan, Hunan);

Twenty-fourth, Dongyang Cave, named "Dongyang Yin Guan Tian". In Changsha County, Tan (now northwest of Liuyang County, Hunan Province);

Twenty-fifth, Mufu Mountain Cave, named "Xuanzhen Taiyuantian". In Tangnian County, Ezhou (now at the border of Hunan, Hubei, and Jiangxi provinces);

Twenty-sixth, Dayou Mountain Cave, named "Dayou Hua Miaotian". In the northwest of Chenzhou (today's Yuanling, Hunan);

Twenty-seventh, Jinting Cave, named "Jinting Chongmiaotian". In Yan County, Yuezhou (now Sheng County, Zhejiang Province);

Twenty-eighth, Magu Mountain Cave, named "Danxia Tian". In Nancheng County, Fuzhou (now part of Jiangxi);

Twenty-ninth, Xiandu Cave, named "Xiandu Praying to Immortality". In Jinyun County, Chuzhou (now part of Zhejiang);

The 30th, Qingtian cave, named "Qingtian Dahetian". In Qingtian County, Chuzhou (now part of Zhejiang);

No. 31, Zhongshan Cave, named "Zhu Ritai Shengtian". In Shangyuan County, Runzhou (now Nanjing, Jiangsu);

The 32nd Liangchang Cave, named "Liangchang Fangming Cave" is in Jurong County, Runzhou (now Jiangsu), near Xiaoxiao Maoshan;

Thirty-third, Zigai Cave, named "Zixuan Cave Zhaotian". In Dangyang County, Jingzhou (now part of Hubei);

Thirty-fourth, Tianmu Cave, named "Tiangai Dixuantian". In Yuhang County, Hangzhou (now part of Zhejiang);

Thirty-fifth, Taoyuan Cave, named "White Horse Xuanguangtian". In Wuling County, Xuanzhou (now Taoyuan, Hunan);

Thirty-sixth, Jinhua Cave, named "Jinhua Cave Yuantian". In Jinhua County, Wuzhou (now part of Zhejiang).

The Seventy-Two Blessed Lands

"The Map of the Palaces of Heaven and Earth" says: "The Seventy-two Blessed Lands are among the famous mountains of the earth. God ordered the real people to rule them. There are many places where people can attain enlightenment. "The term "Blessed Land" appeared very early. The "Taoji Jing" compiled by the Shangqing sect of immortals in the Eastern Jin Dynasty cited "Blessed Land Chronicles" and "Confucius' Blessed Land". The term "seventy-two blessed places" is also found in Taoist books of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. "Fu Zhai Weili Jing" has "twenty-four governance, thirty-six Jinglu, seventy-two blessed places, three hundred and sixty-five famous mountains..." and so on, specifically The name is listed in books such as "Pictures of the Palaces of Heaven and Earth" compiled by Sima Chengzhen, a Taoist priest of the Tang Dynasty.

They are:

The first, Difei Mountain (i.e. Maoshan), in Jurong County, Jiangning Prefecture (now part of Jiangsu);

The second, Gaizhu Mountain, in Xiandu, Quzhou County (according to the Tang Dynasty, Quzhou did not have Xiandu County), or it may be said to be at the same location as the 19th Dongtian;

The third, Xian'o Mountain, is fifteen miles away from Baixicao City in Liangcheng County, Wenzhou (Based on the fact that Liangcheng County was not established in Wenzhou in the Tang Dynasty, it is suspected to be the "Lecheng County" of the Tang Dynasty, which is now Yueqing. There is Baixi Town in the northern Yandang Mountain within its territory. It is unknown whether it is);

Fourth, East Xianyuan, in Huangyan County, Taizhou (now part of Zhejiang);

Fifth, West Xianyuan, in Qiaoling, Huangyan County, Taizhou;

Sixth, Nantian Mountain, in the East China Sea East. Legend has it that it can be reached by boat. According to "Yu Di Ji Sheng", Nantian, Qingtian County, Zhejiang, is one of the seventy-two blessed places in ancient times;

Seventh, Yuliu Mountain, is on Penglai Island near the East China Sea. ;

Eighth, Qingyu Mountain, in the west of the East China Sea, connected with Fusang Wonderland;

Ninth, Yumu Cave ("cave" or "pit"), In the south of Yuqi Mountain (now in Yongxin, Jiangxi);

The tenth, Danxia Cave, in the west of Magu Mountain (now in Nancheng, Jiangxi);

The eleventh, Junshan is in Qingcao Lake in Dongting (now Dongting Lake in Hunan);

Twelfth, Daruoyan is in Yongjia County, Wenzhou (now in Zhejiang). It is said that this is the place where Tao Hongjing revised "Zhen Gao";

The 13th, Jiaoyuan, in the north of Jianyang County, Jianzhou (now part of Fujian);

The 14th, Lingxu , in the north of Tangxing County, Taizhou (now Tiantai, Zhejiang Province). It was once the hermitage of Sima Chengzhen, a Taoist priest of the Tang Dynasty;

The 15th, Wo Prefecture, south of Yan County, Yuezhou (now Sheng County, Zhejiang);

The 16th, Tianmu Cen, in Shan County (now Sheng County, Zhejiang Province). Li Bai's "Sleepwalking Tianmu Yin Leaving Farewell": "The Yue people said Tianmu", "Tianmu reaches the sky and stretches across the sky, and the five mountains cover Chicheng", referring to this;

The seventeenth, Ruoye River, In the south of Kuaiji County, Yuezhou (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province);

The 18th, Jinting Mountain, is in the east of Shengxian County, Zhejiang Province, with Jinting Cave on it. Pei Tong of the Tang Dynasty wrote: "The mountains and rivers in Zhongshan are the most beautiful, the caves and sky in Jinting are the most beautiful." Or also known as Ziwei Mountain, located in Chao County, Luzhou (now part of Anhui);

Nineteenth, Qingyuan Mountain, located in Qingyuan County, Guangzhou (now part of Guangdong);

No. Twenty-one, Anshan, in the north of Jiaozhou (now Guangdong, Guangxi);

Twenty-one, Malingshan, in the east of Shui Nei, Chenzhou (now Chenxian, Hunan);

< p>22nd, Eyang Mountain, in Changsha County, Tan (now part of Hunan);

23rd, Dongzhen Ruins, also in Changsha County, Tan, one called "Dongzhen Altar";

The twenty-fourth, the Green Jade Altar, is located to the west of Zhurong Peak in Nanyue;

The twenty-fifth, the Guangtian Temple, is located at the west source of Hengshan Mountain;

The second The 16th, Donglingyuan, is in the west of Zhaoxian Guan, Hengshan Mountain, Nanyue; Donggong Mountain);

Twenty-eighth, Taoshan, in Anguo County, Wenzhou (it should be Angu County, now Ruian, Zhejiang). Tao Hongjing once lived here in seclusion;

The 29th, Sanhuang Well, in Hengyang County, Wenzhou (now Pingyang, Zhejiang);

The 30th, Lanke Mountain, in Quzhou Xin'an County (now Quzhou City, Zhejiang Province);

The 31st, Lexi, east of Jianyang, Jianzhou (now in Fujian);

The 32nd, Longhu Mountain, in Guixi County, Xinzhou (now part of Jiangxi). It is where the Zhengyi altar is located;

The 33rd, Lingshan, is in Shangrao County, Xinzhou (now part of Jiangxi). One is "Lingying Mountain", in the north of Raozhou (governed in today's Boyang, Jiangxi);

The thirty-fourth, the source of the spring, is in Luofu Mountain (in today's Boluo, Guangdong);

< p>The 35th, Jinjing Mountain, in Qianhua County, Qianzhou (now Ningdu, Jiangxi);

The 36th, Gezao Mountain, in Xingan County, Jizhou (now Qingjiang, Jiangxi). It is tied to the Taoist altar of Lingbao Sect;

The thirty-seventh, Shi Fengshan, in Fengcheng County, Hongzhou (now part of Jiangxi);

The thirty-eighth, Xiaoyao Mountain, In Nanchang County, Hongzhou (now Nanchang, Jiangxi).

Xu Xun's Monastery;

The 39th, Dongbaiyuan, east of Xinwu County, Hongzhou (now Fengxin, Jiangxi);

The 40th, Bochi Mountain, in Chu Prefecture (now Huaian, Jiangsu);

The 41st, Lunshan, in Dantu County, Runzhou (now Jiangsu);

The 42nd, Mao Gongtan, In Changzhou County, Suzhou (now Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province). Or it is said that there are seventy-two altars in the Dongting Lake in Suzhou;

The 43rd, Jilong Mountain, is in Liyang County, Hezhou (now Hexian County, Anhui);

Forty-fourth, Tongbai Mountain, in Tongbai County, Tangzhou (now part of Henan);

Forty-fifth, Pingdu Mountain, in Fengdu County, Zhongzhou (now Fengdu, Sichuan);

Forty-sixth, Luluo Mountain, in the north of Wuling County, Langzhou (now Taoyuan, Hunan);

Forty-seventh, Huxi Mountain, in Pengze County, south of Jiangzhou (now Jiangxi) ). Tao Yuanming's hermitage in Jin Dynasty. One theory is that it is Huxi in Lushan Mountain;

The 48th, Zhanglong Mountain, is in the north of Liling County, Tanzhou (now part of Hunan);

The 49th, Baofu Mountain, is in Lianshan County in Lianzhou (now part of Guangdong), or Jiaozhou in the South China Sea. The first is "Baodu Mountain", located in Shangdang, Luzhou (now Changzhi, Shanxi);

The fiftieth, Damian Mountain, is located in Chengdu County, Yizhou (now Dujiangyan City, Sichuan);

No. 51, Yuanchen Mountain, in Duchang County, Jiangzhou (now Jiangxi);

No. 52, Horseshoe Mountain, in Poyang County, Raozhou (now Boyang, Jiangxi). One is called "Maji Mountain", either in Shuzhou (the seat of governance is now Huaining, Anhui), or in Dantu County, Runzhou (now Jiangsu);

The fifty-third, Deshan ( One is "Dide Mountain"), in Wuling County, Langzhou (now Taoyuan, Hunan);

The fifty-fourth, Gaoxi Lanshui Mountain, in Lantian County, Yongzhou (now Shaanxi);

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The fifty-fifth, Blue Water, is in Lantian County, the western capital (now part of Shaanxi);

The fifty-sixth, Yufeng, is in Jingzhao County, the western capital (now Xi'an, Shaanxi). Or "Yufeng Mountain", in Hezhong Prefecture (administered in today's Puzhou Town, Yongji County, Shanxi);

Fifty-seventh, Tianzhu Mountain, in Yuqian County, Hangzhou (now Lin'an, Zhejiang) ;

Fifty-eighth, Shanggu Mountain, in Shangzhou (governed in today's Shangxian County, Shaanxi Province).

The 59th, Zhang Gong Cave, in Yixing County, Changzhou (now Yixing City, Jiangsu);

The 60th, Sima Huishan, in Tiantai, Taizhou (now Zhejiang);

Sixty-one, grew up in the mountains, in Changshan County, Qi (now Zouping, Shandong);

Sixty-two, Zhongtiao Mountain, in Yuxiang County, Hezhong Prefecture (Today's Yongji, Shanxi). Or the clouds are in the river Yongle (Yongle Town, Ruicheng County, Shanxi), which actually refers to a mountain;

The 63rd, Jiaohu Yucheng Cave, in the ancient Yaozhou in the west (governed in today's Yao'an, Yunnan) . One is "Yuhu Cave", in Siming Mountain (southwest of Ningbo, Zhejiang);

The 64th, Mianzhu Mountain, in Mianzhu County, Hanzhou (now part of Sichuan);

No. Sixty-five, Lushui, in Western Liangzhou (referring to Liangzhou mentioned in "Yu Gong", today's Yalong River and the section after its confluence with Jinsha River);

Sixty-sixth, Ganshan, In southern Guizhou (generally referring to today's Guizhou), one said it was in Qianzhou (today's Pengshui, Qianjiang and other counties in Sichuan are adjacent to Guizhou);

Sixty-seventh, Wang Huangshan (one is called "Guishan"), In Hanzhou (governed in today's Guanghan, Sichuan);

Sixty-eighth, Jincheng Mountain, was a limited garrison in ancient times, and also a marble garrison. One is said to be in Yunzhong County (governed in today's Datong, Shanxi);

The 69th, Yunshan, in Wugang County, Shaozhou (now Wugang, Hunan);

The 70th , Beimang Mountain, in Luoyang County, the eastern capital (now Luoyang, Henan);

The 71st, Lushan, in Lianjiang County, Fuzhou (now Fujian);

No. Seventy-two, Donghai Mountain, twenty-five miles east of Haizhou (now Haizhou Town, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province), is Yuntai Mountain.

The above is arranged in order according to the "Picture of Heaven and Earth Palace" written by Sima Chengzhen, a Taoist priest of the Tang Dynasty. According to Du Guangting's "Dongtian Blessed Land Yuedu Famous Mountains" and Li Sicong's "Dongyuan Collection", the order and specific names are mostly different from this.

Here are the names of seventy-two blessed places in the Song Dynasty listed in Dongyuan Collection compiled by Li Sicong, a Taoist priest of the Northern Song Dynasty, for reference: Difei Mountain, Gaizhu Mountain, Qingyuan Mountain, Anshan, Shike Mountain, Dongxianyuan, Lantau Island, Yumukeng, Chishui Mountain, behind the top of Magu Mountain, Junshan, Guiyuan, Lingxu, Wozhou, Tianmucen, Ruoye River, Jinting Mountain, Maling Mountain, Eyang Mountain, Zhenxu, Qingxu Jade Altar, Guangtian Temple, Cave Palace, Taoshan, Donglingyuan, Sanhuangjing, Lanke Mountain, Lexi, Longhu Mountain, Lingshan, Baishuiyuan, Xiaoyao Mountain, Gezao Mountain, Shifeng Mountain, Jinjing Mountain, Dongbai Mountain Yuan, Bochi Mountain, Non Mountain, Maogongtan, Jilong Mountain, Tongbai Mountain, Pingdu Mountain, Luluo Mountain, Zhangxian Mountain, Baofu Mountain, Damian Mountain, Huxi, Yuanchen Mountain, Majishan, Di Deshan, Lanshui, Yufeng Mountain, Tianmu Mountain, Shanggu Mountain, Zhanggong Cave, Yuhu Cave, Zhongtiao Mountain, Dilingxu, Mianzhu Mountain, Ganshan, Guishan, Jincheng Mountain, Diling Mountain, Beimang Mountain, Wudang Mountain, Nuer Mountain, Shaoshi Mountain, Lushan Mountain, Xiyuan Mountain, Nantian Mountain, Yuliu Mountain, and Baodu Mountain.