In what aspects is the humanitarianism of Notre Dame de Paris reflected?

Humanism

humanism

Ideological trends and theories about human nature, mission, status, value and personality development. It is a philosophical category that develops and changes. Humanitarian thought emerged as mankind entered the civilized period, but humanitarianism, as a trend of thought and theory of the times, gradually formed after the 15th century. It was first expressed in literature and art, and later gradually penetrated into other fields.

The word humanitarian is derived from the Latin humanistas (humanitarian spirit). In ancient Rome, it was extended to an education system with a humanistic spirit that can promote the maximum development of individual talents. . Among the emerging bourgeois thinkers of the 15th century, humanism referred to the spirit of the Renaissance, which required the full development of human talents through the study and promotion of ancient Greek and Roman culture. In the process of the bourgeois revolution, humanism opposed the autocracy of the feudal church and demanded the full development of human personality. Until the 19th century, humanitarianism was always an important ideological weapon for the bourgeoisie to establish and consolidate the capitalist system. With the loss of the revolutionary nature of the bourgeoisie and the rise of the proletarian revolutionary movement, this humanitarian theory and trend of thought gradually lost its progressive historical role. In modern times, although Western thinkers have not given up the banner of humanitarianism, their humanitarian theories are more or less nihilistic or pessimistic.

1793 was the era of terror during the French Revolution, and the complex class struggle was extremely fierce. In the novel "1993", Hugo painted a true and vivid historical picture of the bourgeois revolution with his profound social and historical vision and majestic spirit. The thrilling plot, sharp conflicts, majestic momentum, and strong colors make this book an immortal masterpiece.

"1993" takes the Japanese army's suppression of the Wangdai rebellion as the central event. Through the shaping of the three main characters, it expresses the author's humanitarian ideals. After the French feudal dynasty was overthrown in 1793, the former Marquis Landenac gathered thousands of peasants in the small town of Vendai to rebel. The National Convention sent the priest Simourden to serve as a political commissar in a counter-insurgency force in Daiwang. Guo Wen, the young commander of this Japanese army, is a humanitarian who is given beautiful ideals by the author. Later, Landenac was besieged. He used the three children he had kidnapped as hostages and demanded freedom in exchange for his freedom, but Guo Wen flatly refused. Due to accidental reasons, Landenac was able to escape. When he saw the tragic situation of three children trapped in the sea of ????fire, human nature made him come back to rescue the children and voluntarily fell into the hands of the Japanese and the army. Guo Wen was shocked by Longdenak's humanitarian spirit. After a fierce ideological struggle, he let him go and took full responsibility. As Guo Wen's teacher, Simurden regarded Guo Wen as his own son. He understood Guo Wen's humane impulse to let Landenac go, but the iron discipline of the National Assembly and his strong will to enforce revolutionary discipline trumped personal feelings. Simulden finally ordered Guo Wen to be executed. The moment Guo Wen's head fell to the ground, he could not bear the heavy blow and committed suicide with a gun.

This ups and downs and soul-stirring story embodies the author's humanitarian ideals and is considered to be a self-summary of Hugo's lifelong pursuit of humanitarianism. This ideal cultivated with blood and tears and sacrificed with life contains the writer's painful reflection on the revolution and his profound consideration of revolutionary violence. Hugo supported and praised the revolution, and his humanitarian ideals were first reflected in his affirmation of the revolution.

In Hugo's eyes, the Bourgeois Revolution freed France from the enslavement of feudal autocracy, which was a great victory for humanitarian principles. In "1993", it angrily accuses the inhumanity of feudal rule through the images of Mark, Fresa, mother and son. The sketches of Paris street scenes show the immense joy that the revolution brought to the people.

At the same time, he also recognized the important role and significance of revolutionary violence. Before he died, Guo Wen said: "Civilization has its plague, and this strong wind (revolution) has cured it. Maybe the strong wind did not choose well enough. But does it have other ways? In the face of the horror of the plague, I Understand why the storm is so violent. "Hugo believed that using bourgeois revolutionary violence to eliminate feudal autocracy was the bounden duty of the revolution in order to realize human ideals, which was another important premise of his humanitarian thought.

On this basis, Hugo conducted in-depth thinking and unremitting exploration on how to use revolutionary violence, which was rare among European humanitarian writers in the 19th century.

Simulden is a typical revolutionary created by the author with considerable ingenuity. After fulfilling his promise to the National Convention and sentencing Guo Wen to death, he truly felt the cruelty and ruthlessness of this law. In addition to the unbearable mental pain, his death also stemmed from confusion about the cruel and changeable reality: Yesterday he was a comrade in life and death, and today he was ordered to be executed. While the revolution attacks its enemies, why does it also target its own comrades? Hugo pointed out that the tragedy of Simulden is that "he has the blind accuracy of a sword and flies straight towards the target. There is nothing more terrifying in the revolution than a straight line!"

Guo Wen placed more emphasis on Hugo's humanitarian thoughts. In the revolutionary struggle, he could not only devote himself heroically to the revolution, but also be able to uphold humanitarian principles. However, when faced with the return of Landenac's humanity, he fell into a huge contradiction: against a Landenac who "used an act of sacrifice to redeem all his barbaric behaviors", if the revolution "used an act of sacrifice" "To answer this generous act with barbaric means" is the "weakness" of the revolution and the "devaluation" of Japan and the country. In the end, he chose to devote himself to humanitarianism, but Guo Wen's answer was not Hugo's answer. The author punished him for his mistake by guillotining him because he "forgot that France was betrayed to England and let go of the murderers of the motherland." Hugo also affirmed his thinking: After Landenac sacrificed his life for three children, is it the only right thing to execute him? Here, Hugo pointed out that violence is not a panacea. Revolution is not just about destroying the enemy physically, but more importantly, defeating the enemy spiritually and morally.

“Beyond the absolutely correct revolution, there is also an absolutely correct humanitarianism.” Hugo’s humanitarianism is not opposed to revolution and progress. It is not a baton that overrides the revolutionary struggle. , on the contrary, Hugo's humanitarianism is based on revolution. It is a reflection on the future of revolution and the sublimation of revolutionary significance. It is a historical necessity for the complete victory of revolution and the continuous progress of society. This puts Hugo far above those revolutionaries who were fanatically superstitious about violence and the humanitarians who opposed any violence.

“Beyond the absolutely correct revolution, there is also an absolutely correct humanism”, which can be used as a key to interpret Hugo’s thoughts. He became the pioneer of the growing Western left-wing thought. . Hugo promoted freedom of thought and speech and appreciated all social progress. His ideal was to end using evil to fight evil. He saw the endless pain that war brought to the people, so he hoped to one day establish a European federation. Hugo's real role is his promotion and influence on the progress of the entire society through his literary works. Western modern society's humanitarian thinking about human beings originated from Rousseau, but it was Hugo who really carried it forward. Over the past two hundred years, Hugo's humanitarian ideal has not died out. The history of social development of Western society has indeed followed the path of Hugo's ideal step by step.

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