What recorded peasant uprisings happened in Song Dynasty? Add 100 after adoption.

Peasant uprisings broke out one after another in the Song Dynasty, and the number was unprecedented. Among the recorded peasant uprisings, from the first peasant uprising in the third year of Gande in Song Taizu (963) to the last peasant uprising in the last year of Song Dynasty (1275), there were 433 peasant uprisings in more than 300 years before and after Song Dynasty, including 230 in Northern Song Dynasty and 203 in Southern Song Dynasty, with an average of 1.4 times a year. Song Dynasty can be said to have emerged, developed and even perished in the wave of peasant uprising. The peasant uprising "seems to be more and more like a year, and one group is better than another." Due to the relatively developed commodity economy and society, the land policy of not restraining merger adopted in the early Song Dynasty to consolidate centralization was the direct cause of land merger in the Song Dynasty. The development of land merger in the middle and late Song Dynasty has threatened the Song government to some extent, and various measures have to be taken to destroy the merger. However, these reforms ended in failure due to frequent and sharp land transactions and bureaucratic obstruction.

As the most important means of production in feudal society, land determines the basic production form of a society. The ideology established around land ownership, in turn, maintains the form of land ownership. Land can become the most important means of production because its marginal productivity is higher than other means of production. Feudal dynasties used violence when changing dynasties, resulting in a sharp decline in population and a large number of barren land. After a certain period of self-cultivation, population reproduction has intensified, and the importance of land has once again become prominent. Because the marginal productivity of land is greater than that of other means of production, land becomes more and more valuable. The more land you occupy, the more wealth you have. The pursuit of wealth led to the intensification of land annexation, and the exploitation of land output by feudal dynasties became more and more serious, which eventually led to social chaos and the beginning of new dynasty replacement. This kind of thing was an important reason for the chaos control in China feudal society for thousands of years, and the pursuit of land output made the feudal dynasty unable to jump out of the cycle of chaos control.

In the Song Dynasty, the commodity economy advanced by leaps and bounds. In the middle and late Song Dynasty, the income of commerce and handicrafts was basically equivalent to the tax on land, which basically met the basic conditions for the emergence of capitalism. However, the ideological superstructure based on land ownership obstinately obstructs new things. For thousands of years, the decadent ideas of emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce, emphasizing the root and restraining the end in feudal society still stubbornly remain in people's minds.

Wang Lun: the initiator of the peasant uprising in the late Song Dynasty.

Northern Song Dynasty

(960- 1 127) The Northern Song Dynasty was a feudal dynasty dominated by the Han nationality in the history of China, with its capital in Kaifeng (present-day Henan) and its founder Zhao Kuangyin in Song Taizu. The establishment of the Song Dynasty ended the fragmented situation formed in the late Tang Dynasty and reunified China. However, due to the strength of Liao, Jin, Xixia and other countries at the same time as that of Song Dynasty, the regime of Northern Song Dynasty and subsequent Southern Song Dynasty has been under the threat of foreign countries.

Five Dynasties later, in the sixth year of Zhou Xiande (AD 959), Chai Rong of Zhou Shizong died of illness. At the age of seven, Emperor Gong succeeded to the throne. At that time, Zhao Kuangyin, who was inspected in front of the temple and returned to the German army, seized the military power. At the beginning of the first month of the following year, Zhao Kuangyin launched a mutiny in Chen Qiaoyi (now Chenqiao Town, southeast of Fengqiu, Henan Province) and was given a yellow robe. He led the army into Kaifeng, coerced the Zen position of the emperor Zhou Gong, and seized the throne. Because the German army led by him was stationed in Songzhou, the founding number was Song, with its capital in Kaifeng. History is called the Northern Song Dynasty. After more than ten years' campaign, Zhao Kuangyin eliminated the resistance of the forces of the Later Zhou Dynasty and conquered the separatist regimes of Jingnan, Houshu, Nanhan and Nantang. After Song Taizong and Zhao Guangyi acceded to the throne, they successively conquered the former Chu and wuyue and pacified the Northern Han Dynasty. Therefore, since the Anshi Rebellion, the feudal warlord regime of more than 200 years has basically ended. The territory of the Northern Song Dynasty is bordered by the sea in the east and south, by Haihe River in Tianjin, Baxian County in Hebei and Yanmenguan in Shanxi in the north, by Bai Yushan in Shaanxi, eastern Gansu, northeastern Qinghai, Xixia and Tubo in the northwest, and by Vietnam in the southwest.

During the Five Dynasties, Ten Kingdoms and the Jin Dynasty, sixteen northern states and the Qidan nationality established the separatist regime of Liao State. In order to recover sixteen states, the Northern Song Dynasty waged a long war with Liao. Since Zhao Guangyi, Song Taizong, the Northern Song Dynasty has been at war with Liao for many times, but it has never recovered its lost territory. It was not until A.D. 1004 that North and Liao countries stopped fighting in Yizhou and agreed that Song and Liao countries were brotherly ties. The Northern Song Dynasty paid "ancient coins" to Liao every year, and the two sides did not invade each other. Since then, there has been some peace in northern China, and this alliance between Song and Liao has been called "the alliance of one source" by later generations.

At the beginning of the establishment of the Song Dynasty, in order to ensure the long-term stability of the Song Dynasty and not become the sixth short-lived dynasty after the Five Dynasties, Song Taizu and Zhao Kuangyin not only devoted themselves to ending the separatist regime of the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries, but also formulated a series of principles and policies, vigorously promoting the policy of "bullying the weak with the strong".

In order to prevent the military generals from usurping the throne again, Taizu released the general's control over the army by "relieving the soldiers with a glass of wine", implemented the policy of valuing literature over martial arts, advocated literati as the standard army, and prohibited soldiers from interfering in politics. Abolish the positions of chief inspector and deputy chief inspector in front of the palace, and set up the Privy Council in the court to mobilize the army, but there is no unified military power. The three viceroy and the Privy Council have clear responsibilities, which restrict each other and are directly responsible to the emperor. The army implemented more defensive laws, changing posts regularly and changing coaches frequently to prevent officers and men from "sticking to the party". In addition, the Song Dynasty followed the Tang system, which greatly weakened the real power of the prime minister (the secretariat order). Under the prime minister, there are several advisers, Tang envoys and three secretaries, who divide the military, political and financial power, so that the prime minister can not monopolize the power. So that the emperor mastered more power than all previous dynasties. In order to eliminate the separatist situation in the buffer region, the method of "slightly seizing the monopoly power, controlling its money valley and collecting its elite soldiers" was adopted, and gradually transferred back to Beijing from the local area to take up idle posts. The original neighboring counties were controlled by the court, and civil servants were appointed as counties and county orders, directly responsible to the court. It is stipulated that the annual tax revenue of local finance should be turned over to the capital except expenditure. In the imperial examination, Song Taizu broke away from convention and gave the final examination to the candidates in the way of palace examination. In this way, the bureaucratic ranks in the Northern Song Dynasty were expanded, from which a large number of outstanding politicians emerged and the political power was consolidated.

The policy of "strengthening cadres and weakening branches" and "valuing literature over martial arts" in the Northern Song Dynasty successfully weakened local forces and strengthened the centralization of power in the Song Dynasty. This has created favorable conditions for political stability, ending the separatist situation and economic development. It prolonged the Song Dynasty, but it caused the Song Dynasty's weak national strength, financial constraints, too small local power constitution, weakened military combat effectiveness and deep foreign invasion. The foreign enemies in the Northern Song Dynasty mainly included Liao (whose predecessor was Qidan), Xixia and Jin. Although the Song Dynasty spent a lot of money and silk to pay New Year greetings to them, it could not change the passive state of being beaten. Finally died at the hands of foreign enemies.

Although the Northern Song Dynasty suffered from foreign invasion and was poor and weak, its internal governance was very successful. The economy, culture, science and technology of the Song Dynasty were stronger, and the talents were richer than those of the Han and Tang Dynasties.

In the early decades of Song Dynasty, the cultivated land in China almost doubled. Due to the implementation of the new economic systems such as the two tax laws, the service system and the tenancy system, farmers' enthusiasm for production has been stimulated. What follows is: the increase of population, the expansion of cultivated land area, the progress of iron tools, the improvement of farming technology, the multiplication of crop varieties and output, and so on. According to statistics, in the three years from Song Taizong to Daohua (AD 997), the registered population in the Northern Song Dynasty exceeded 41.3000, while in the eight years from Song Renzong Jiayou (AD 1.063), the registered population in the Northern Song Dynasty exceeded1.2400. In the second year of Daodao in Song Taizong (AD 996), there were more than 300 million mu of cultivated land, and in the fifth year of Tianxi in Song Zhenzong (AD 102 1), it increased to more than 520 million mu. The rapid development of agricultural economy has promoted the development of handicraft industry and commerce. Handicraft industries such as shipbuilding, mining and metallurgy, textile, printing and dyeing, paper making and porcelain making in the Northern Song Dynasty far surpassed those in the Tang Dynasty in terms of production scale and technology. The commercial market has broken the old pattern, and the trade between towns is unprecedentedly active. Urban commerce is very prosperous, with more than 40 cities with100000 households. Kaifeng, the capital of the Song Dynasty, became the national commercial center.

Kaifeng was also called Tokyo (East Capital or Bianjing) in the Northern Song Dynasty. According to records, there are as many as 160 lines of handicrafts and commerce in Tokyo, and there are many shops along the street; People come and go in the downtown area, bustling and staying up all night. In the Kyoto market, goods from all over the world are dazzling, and even goods from Japan, North Korea, Arabia and other countries are bought and sold. In order to meet the needs of trade and commercial development, the Northern Song Dynasty also issued the world's earliest paper money-Jiaozi. The appearance and widespread use of paper money is of epoch-making significance. Its social and economic development is also obvious. Meng Yuan, a veteran of the Song Dynasty, once wrote Dream of Tokyo, which described the prosperity of Tokyo in detail. At that time, there were busy streets, restaurants, teahouses and brothels in Kaifeng, and the night market in the city did not disappear until midnight. At the fifth watch, the lights came on again, and there were people around the clock. It was a "city that never sleeps". In addition, the painter Zhang Zeduan painted a picture of the Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival. By depicting the scenery of Bianjing, this long scroll made nearly 600 people jump to the page and became an immortal masterpiece in the history of China painting. Shanghe is what the people in Song Dynasty called Tomb-Sweeping Day's memorial to ancestral graves, which means the same thing as "burial". The painting depicts the bustling scenes inside and outside the East Corner Gate of Tokyo and on both sides of the Bianhe River during the Qingming period, but it shows the prosperity of China as the first city at that time, the traffic on the bridge, the crowds of vendors and pedestrians.

In history and literature, the Northern Song Dynasty made great achievements. At the same time, celebrities come forth in large numbers. The imperial examination system in Song Dynasty allowed the literati to develop freely. In historiography, The Book of the New Tang Dynasty compiled by Ouyang Xiu in the Northern Song Dynasty has made great contributions to the preservation of Tang Shi. Sima Guang's masterpiece "Learning from the Same Experience" is a model of chronicle. Zi Tong Zhi Jian was compiled in the third year of Yingzong Zhiping (A.D. 1066) and completed in the seventh year of Zongshen Yuanfeng (A.D. 1084), lasting 19 years. Sima Guang once said in Zi Zhi Tong Jian that "the minister's energy is on this book". From the twenty-third year of King Wei Lie of Zhou (403 BC) to the sixth year of Zhou Shizong's showing virtue after the Five Dynasties (959 AD), this book recorded the rise and fall of the China Dynasty and its political gains and losses during 1362, which provided an important reference for the later emperors' rule and never weakened its influence on history and literature. Besides historiography, the literary development of the Northern Song Dynasty also plays an important role in China's literary world. Especially Song Ci is another monument in the history of China literature after Tang poetry. There are many poets in the Northern Song Dynasty, such as Yan Shu, Ouyang Xiu, Liu Yong, Su Shi, Qin Guan and Zhou Bangyan. Liu Yong and Zhou Bangyan are famous for their beautiful ci, and Su Shi, an uninhibited school, is most familiar to later generations. The Northern Song Dynasty also made great achievements in prose, among which Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Wang Anshi and Ceng Gong, together with Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan in the Tang Dynasty, were called the "Eight Masters of Ancient Prose in Tang and Song Dynasties". Thanks to the efforts of writers in the Northern Song Dynasty, the ancient prose movement since Han Yu in the Tang Dynasty has achieved further success, and many works have been handed down to this day. With the development of prose, poetry, ci and other literary forms, scripts, operas and other folk rap literature also flourished, laying a solid foundation for the prosperity of Yuan Zaju and Ming Dynasty novels. It can be seen that the literary achievements of the Northern Song Dynasty have epoch-making significance.

Song dynasty was also a prosperous period of science and technology culture. In particular, the three world-famous inventions of compass, printing and gunpowder were mainly developed and applied at this stage.

At the beginning of the founding of the Northern Song Dynasty, the policy of "strengthening the cadres and weakening the branches" was implemented, which led to the accumulation of poverty and weakness in the middle period: foreign powers were strong and China was weak, and foreign enemies invaded it repeatedly; The internal bureaucracy is corrupt, and the staff is full. People of insight are deeply worried, so they have suggestions to reform the disadvantages to reverse the dangerous situation. The most influential reforms in the Northern Song Dynasty were Song Renzong's Qingli New Deal and Wang Anshi's political reform in Song Shenzong. However, these two reforms have been repeatedly blocked by conservative courtiers and vested interests. Wang Anshi's political reform ended in failure in Qingli New Deal. The Northern Song Dynasty gradually declined.

The reign of Song Huizong was the most decadent and dark period in the Northern Song Dynasty. Many farmers lost all their money to make a living, and they rebelled against tyranny. During this period, the peasant uprising led by Fang La and Song Jiang had the greatest influence. Sung River peasant uprising, based in Shandong Liangshanpo, moved to Shandong, Hebei, Henan, Anhui and northern Jiangsu, and repeatedly defeated the loyalist. Finally, Song Jiang and others were wooed by the imperial court. Song Huizong likes to play with strange stones. They often look for treasures among the people and return to Beijing by ship. Every ten ships form a class, which is called "Huashi Class". Many people lost their families, especially in Hangzhou in the southeast, which finally aroused the civil uprising led by Fang La. The imperial court kept sending heavy troops to suppress it, but none of them succeeded. Later, the Song Jiang team enlisted in the army was reassigned to participate in the encirclement and suppression. It took Xuanhe three years (1 12 1) to destroy the insurgents. In August of the same year, Fang La was captured and executed. Although the peasant uprisings at the end of the Song Dynasty failed, they greatly shook the rule of the Song Dynasty.

At the same time, the Jin State established by the northern Jurchen nationality rose. In order to recover Yan State and Yun State, Song Dynasty and Jin State joined hands to destroy Liao, but its weakness was also recognized by Jin State. In the same year when Liao Dynasty was destroyed, that is, in the winter of the seventh year of Xuanhe (1 125), Jin Bing invaded the Song Dynasty in two ways. The East Route Army was commanded by Wobu, and the West Route Army was commanded by Mianhan. * * * attacked Taiyuan together. At this point, the situation in the Song Dynasty was in chaos, and Hui Zong had to cede the throne to Prince Zhao Heng and Song Qinzong. Hope to improve the situation, resist the nomads from, in order to reverse the unfavorable situation. At this time, the nomads from the Yellow River had reached the bank, forcing the capital of Song Dynasty to turn to Kaifeng, while fleeing to Jinling (now Nanjing). Under the command of Prime Minister Li Gang, the army of the Northern Song Dynasty repelled the Jin Army and temporarily stopped the invasion of the Jin State. However, due to the incompetence of Huidi and Qin Emperor, they were bent on making peace with the State of Jin. They promised to cede territory and pay reparations to Xu Jin, and also removed Li Gang and other loyal ministers, making the nomads from the army even more unscrupulous. In the first year of Jingkang (A.D. 1 126), the Jin army captured Bianjing. In the spring of the second year of Jingkang (1 127), the Song Emperor was abolished by Jin, and he was made emperor, with the title of Chu. At this point, the Northern Song Dynasty declared its demise. In the meantime, * * * experienced seven emperors and enjoyed the country 168.

Why can the army of the Northern Song Dynasty suppress every peasant uprising, but it can't defeat the Western Xia Liao State?

The main reason is that the environment of peasant uprising is not optimistic.

As we all know, there are serious phenomena of redundant officials, redundant soldiers and redundant expenses in the Northern Song Dynasty, which are not necessarily useless. The most obvious point is the huge bureaucratic system. The phenomenon of bribing officials in Song Dynasty was very serious, that is, the government was too preferential to bureaucrats and the salary was unreasonable. The advantage of this approach is that the ruling structure is very solid and it is difficult to destroy it from the inside.

Secondly, the economic development in the Northern Song Dynasty was relatively good, and the people were relatively rich. People who really rebel (not counting bandits who fish in troubled waters) are often the most oppressed people at the bottom, but such people pose the least danger to the ruling structure. Uprising that is really expected to succeed (which is also a class that poses a danger to the ruling structure) often requires the participation of the middle and lower classes of society. It's no use just relying on the lowest floor.

Furthermore, the development of any society always needs the lowest oppressed class. If it is not produced in one ethnic group, it will develop into other ethnic groups. Regrettably, the overall policy of the Northern Song Dynasty imperial court was stable, but not healthy. If the Northern Song Dynasty had developed outward for the survival of the nation and moved the domestic contradictions and the lowest class outward, it would have been rich and powerful.

Similarly, the war between summer and western Liaoning is not invincible, but not serious. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty fought against the Huns, and in the spirit of revenge and survival for the nation, the Tang Dynasty destroyed the Turkic Koguryo, so it won. But not in the Northern Song Dynasty. He has a retreat, and his overall foreign policy is passive. The rise of Khitan is a struggle to find living space for its own people. The results of World War I are naturally visible.

At the same time, the highly developed commercial economy in the Northern Song Dynasty was also afraid of large-scale war. Scholars in the upper class and people in the middle and lower classes are afraid of destruction and excessive taxes, which leads to the insensitivity of the whole society to war.

Five principles for evaluating historical figures and events

At present, there are different opinions on how to evaluate historical figures and events. I'm trying to give you five principles. What is a historical figure? I think, in a simple understanding, people who passed away in the past are historical figures. There are two points here. First of all, his body is dead. Second, time is the past tense. Of course, the past time was long and short, and the people involved were big and small. People with ancient, modern, modern, contemporary and all colors are what we call historical figures.

I think there should be five principles about how to evaluate them.

First, the class principle. In short, it is the principle of class analysis. As a historical materialist, there should be no doubt about applying the principle of class analysis in historical research. Even now, this effective principle should be applied.

At present, it is not a question of using it, but a question of how to use it.

In class society, of course, we should stand on the side of the exploited class and eulogize their heroic acts of resisting oppression and exploitation. However, this eulogy should not be dogmatic and rigid, but dialectical and materialistic. Can not be unprincipled beautification, unlimited elevation. This problem exists in the study of peasant uprising. We often unconsciously beautify or elevate peasant uprisings. This phenomenon exists in the study of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom should be fully affirmed. However, the research on it is often over-beautified. This is understandable under the historical conditions at that time, but now it is time to restore the true colors of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. For a long time, especially during the Cultural Revolution, we simplified the rich and colorful history into the history of peasant uprising or Confucianism and law, which is an extreme example of rigid application of the dogma of class analysis principle.

This is one aspect of the problem, on the other hand, it is a total denial of the exploiting classes and their actions. To completely deny all their political, economic, military, cultural and artistic behaviors is actually a complete national nihilism. This wrong idea leads to historical nihilism. During the Cultural Revolution, this erroneous view developed to an extreme, and the glorious history of the Chinese nation ceased to exist, only a few of them were denied by the Gang of Four. In their view, it is "there are no good people in Hongtong County". The exploiting classes in history should be overthrown and stepped on so that they can never turn over. The 5,000-year history of civilization of the Chinese nation was destroyed and discredited by this ultra-left view of so-called class analysis. At that time, scholars wrote about the history of China. What did the teacher say and what did the students learn? Can only look up to heaven and sigh, at a loss.

Second, historical principles. This is an indispensable but often misused principle. The historical principle is to look at and evaluate historical figures from the perspective of time and place. What a historical figure has done cannot surpass his time. We can't ask too much of them. There are two tendencies here. One is to modernize historical figures and give them many modern colors. The leader of the peasant uprising was beautified as a "high, big and complete" hero without any flaws. Now, the emperor on the screen is over beautified. The other is to demonize historical figures. In the middle of the Cultural Revolution, emperors, princes, gifted scholars and beautiful women were all regarded as historical rubbish and all were discarded. These two tendencies are unacceptable.

Third, the principle of big festival. Gold is not enough, no one is perfect. Great men in history cannot be perfect. Great men are often not saints. Great men also have a mortal side, secular desires and joys and sorrows. Therefore, great men are bound to make mistakes and make mistakes. Some of these are intentional and some are forced. In a word, we historians should look at historical figures, their major festivals and their contributions to history. For example, Qin Shihuang, we see him mainly because of his contribution to the reunification of China. What he did promoted the development of history. However, his burning books to bury Confucianism is uncertain anyway. We can't deny his historical contribution just because he burned books and buried Confucianism; Nor can he beautify books and bury Confucianism because of his historical contributions.

Are there any historical works that beautify "burning books to bury Confucianism"? Yes There is a historical work at hand that says, "Qin Shihuang's' burning books to bury Confucianism' had certain positive significance under the historical conditions at that time, which hit the retro trend of thought and maintained the centralized state system. Burning books did not burn all the books, nor did the books of the National Library, medicine, divination and tree planting. Pit Confucianism didn't kill all Confucian scholars. There are also famous Confucian scholars Fu Sheng and Shu Suntong in North Korea, and they are still highly valued. "[1] What is this? In such a magnificent masterpiece, it is of certain positive significance to say "burning books to bury Confucianism". Moreover, it is said that "burning books does not burn all the books" and "burying Confucianism does not kill all the Confucian scholars". How come? Still don't think Qin Shihuang burned and killed hard enough? Our historians actually seek theoretical basis for the cruel means of Qin Shihuang's feudal cultural autocracy, label all Confucian scholars who talk about current politics as "retro", and then say that killing them is reasonable and "has certain positive significance". I really don't know what to say. When someone kills you, you clap. Of course, this book was published in 1979, just after the Cultural Revolution, and its content was inevitably branded with the times. The authors of this book are all famous scholars I have always admired. Now let them write it again. I don't think it will be so dark!

That is beside the point. Don't say that. Although Qin Shihuang "burned books to bury Confucianism" for unifying China, it should be affirmed. But after all, his "burning books and burying Confucianism" is like Ah Q's lalitou, and it is impossible to be as gorgeous as a peach blossom.

In addition, I put forward a personal opinion, that is, we can't make moral judgments on great men in history, that is, moral judgments can't change the historical status of great men. Things that are important to ordinary people, such as the lifestyle of men and women, or the question of sincerity and hypocrisy, are not problems for great men in history. Because there are many questions that cannot be confirmed. Even if it is confirmed, I don't think it makes sense. Because these are all sections. Historians judge historical figures according to their main parts, not their minor parts. Looking for details and chapters is a novelist's business.

Fourth, the win-win principle. China is a multi-ethnic country with a long history. In the historical process of her formation, there are many historical phenomena of "a country within a country" on the present map. This is what is often said in history: "If you are separated for a long time, you will be separated for a long time." Professor Zhang Boquan, an expert in the history of Liao and Jin Dynasties, said: "In history, there are often countries within a country, and there are families at home." [2] When analyzing the relationship between Jin and Song, he said: "It should be admitted that all the brotherly peoples in China are an inseparable part of China. The Jurchen nationality is a member of the Chinese nation. The Jin regime established by the Jurchen nationality is a national regime in the history of China and an important dynasty in historical development. This is a prerequisite that must be affirmed when analyzing the Jin and Song wars and history. In other words, the concept of the whole Chinese nation is irreplaceable by the Han nationality, who is the main body of the Chinese nation. Jurchen nationality can't be regarded as an alien invading nation outside the Chinese nation, and the Jin regime can't be regarded as a foreign country independent of China. The Jurchen nationality is a nation in the Chinese nation, and the Jin Dynasty is a country in China. " [3] This view is very convincing. I totally agree with this view.

This leads to two viewpoints.

First, we should look at the war between the two countries from a historical perspective. The war between countries is not without justice and injustice. Professor Zhang Boquan believes that the Jin-Song War should be divided into three stages. The first stage is the predatory war of Jin invading Song, and the just war of Song against plunder. [4]

However, I think since it is a national war within a country, it is difficult to mention justice or not. Because the integration between ethnic groups includes rough and brutal wars. There are bullies, there are bullies, there are bullies, there are bullies. Unreasonable and treacherous. The rational side may also be eliminated because of weakness. At first, it was a heinous aggressor. With the reunification of the whole country, this heinous aggressor may become a unified person. Because he became the founder of the new dynasty. Therefore, we should look at the war at that time from a historical perspective and also evaluate historical figures.

No matter what happens in the future, the performance of local historical figures at that time should be the standard for evaluating historical figures. "The wind blows and the rain blows, the water cools, and the strong man is gone forever." Jing Ke, who was ordered by Yan Taizi Dan to assassinate the king of Qin, should be sure as always. Because he is fighting against the invasion of Qin. Just because Qin Shihuang later unified the whole country and became a great man in history, it cannot be said that those who opposed him were reactionary. Yue Fei's patriotism and Qin Gui's traitorous behavior are irrefutable historical ironclad cases. Hong Chengchou can only enter "Biography of Chen Er" [5], and so did the Qing people write "Biography of Qing History". Because they betrayed the Ming Dynasty. Of course, he contributed to the unification of the whole country in the Qing Dynasty. Wu Sangui's rebellion is another matter, and he entered the Biography of Rebellion [6]. Evaluating such a complicated historical figure requires more words.

Second, according to the performance at that time, every evaluation is different, which is the win-win principle. For example, when Regent Dourgen of the Qing Dynasty unified the whole country in the south, he sent a letter of surrender to Shi Kefa, the minister of the Ministry of War of the Ming Dynasty, before attacking Yangzhou. Advise him to hand over Yangzhou and surrender on the spot. Shi Kefa steadfastly opposed threats and inducements. After the Qing army surrounded Yangzhou, it sent a letter to surrender five times. Shi Kefa burned the letters one by one. After being outnumbered, the city was broken and captured. After three days of persuasion, Shi Kefa said, "You can break your head, but you can't bend your body." Die heroically. Anti-Qing generals like this should be affirmed.

But his opposites, such as the Regent of Qing Dynasty, Dourgen, should also be affirmed. Zhou Yuanlian, a professor and scholar at Zhao Shiyu, said: "[Dourgen] is an outstanding politician and strategist in the history of our country and one of the representatives who made great contributions in the history of Manchu." [7]

Dourgen and Shi Kefa are antagonistic in history and go their own way. Dourgen made great contributions to the unification of the whole country in Qing Dynasty. And Shi Kefa, till death do us part, showed his valuable national integrity. Everyone should affirm and affirm their own. This is a win-win principle. This is a special phenomenon to evaluate historical figures when a big country like China sometimes has a small country.

Fifth, two principles. The evaluation of historical figures should be based on two points, not one. If we evaluate Zeng Guofan, there is this problem. Zeng Guofan severely suppressed the peasant uprising in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. As a result, for decades, he was designated as an executioner, traitor and defender, and became a negative example in history. But since the 1990s, people's evaluation of him has changed a lot. Mao Zedong's evaluation of Zeng Guofan was also made public and shocked the world. Mao Zedong said: "A fool loves his own man and obeys Ceng Wenzheng alone." This is a letter written by Mao Zedong at the age of 24 in 19 17.

Professor Ma Dongyu said: "Mao Zedong spoke highly of Zeng Guofan. Following Zeng Guofan's example, he studied in exploring' origin', self-tempering, academic attitude, living habits, writing temperament, physical exercise and military principles. Although this was before he became a Marxist, Zeng Guofan had a profound and lasting influence on him in many ways. This is a big topic, and here is just an example. " [8]

He added: "From the middle of this century to the 1980s, the mainland completely denied Zeng Guofan because he suppressed the uprising and defended the feudal tradition, but at that time it completely denied feudal thoughts. Now that political thoughts have been liberated, people have affirmed Zeng Guofan in culture, spirit and personality knowledge, forming an upsurge. This fully shows that Zeng Guofan is a figure who affects history. " [9]

In the past, we evaluated Zeng Guofan with a little theory, but only saw his side of suppressing peasant uprisings and totally denied it. Now we use the two-point theory of Marxism to evaluate him and find that he has many good places worth inheriting and developing. This is also the excellent traditional culture of our Chinese nation and should not be discarded.

Evaluating historical figures is a very complicated problem. Try to put forward five principles for the reference of scholars. Please correct the shortcomings.

Wang Xiaobo's Peasant Uprising in the Northern Song Dynasty In 993 (the fourth year of Emperor Taizong's Chunhua), Spring Qingcheng (south of guanxian, Sichuan) 1993, Wang Xiaobo and Li Shunzai revolted in Qingcheng, Sichuan, and put forward the slogan of "equal wealth"; In the second year, he occupied Chengdu, established the Dashu regime, controlled parts of Sichuan, persisted in the struggle until the spring of 995, and finally failed.

Li Shun Qingcheng Mountain in 993 (the fourth year of Emperor Taizong's Chunhua) 65438+ February.

Song Jiang 1 1 19 (the first year of Xuanhe) Liang Shanbo (now Liangshan, Shandong) 21119, Song Jiang led the northern people's uprising, and the rebels hit the Northern Song army hard in Hebei, Shandong and Henan. Due to the cruel repression of the ruling class in the Northern Song Dynasty, 6438.

Fang La 1 120 (the second year of Hui Zong Xuanhe) 10 9, Zhou Mu Qingxi (now Chun 'an, Zhejiang) 3 1 120, 10, and the Fang La Uprising in Zhou Mu, Zhejiang. The uprising broke through six counties in Zhejiang, Anhui and Jiangxi, killing corrupt officials. Later, due to lack of food and weapons, he retreated to the cave in Qingxi County, Zhou Mu, and finally failed.

In February, Zhong Xiang and Yang Yao 1 130 (the fourth year of Gao Zongjian Yan) revolted in Dongting Lake, Hunan Province, putting forward the slogan of "all rich and all poor" and establishing "Great Chu". How tough it was when the Song Dynasty suppressed the domestic peasant uprising. Wang Xiaobo, Fang La, Yang Yao, Zhong Xiang ..............................................................................................................................................