Historical facts of Ahava's occupation and return.

Historical Background China's failure in the Sino-Japanese War accelerated the process of imperialist aggression against China. While strengthening their economic aggression against China, the western powers stepped up their occupation of important coastal ports in China, and fought fiercely in China to seize the leased land and divide their spheres of influence. During this period, the spearhead of the great powers to carve up China was North China. 1898, Germany leased JIAOZHOU bay with the support of Russia, and Russia immediately leased Lushun Dalian under the pretext of boycotting Germany. In the same year, France leased Guangzhou Bay (now Zhanjiang Port) in South China. Britain was the first capitalist country to invade China, and it had the most political and economic rights and interests in China. In the frenzy of the great powers to carve up China, in order to maintain its political and economic monopoly position in China, Britain revised its existing China policy and decided to lease and occupy Ahava and Hongkong New Territories, in order to confront Russia in the north and Germany and France in the south. 1On March 7th, 898, British Foreign Secretary Balfour asked his diplomatic envoys in China to do everything possible to get the priority of renting Ahava. On March 25th, the British government formally instructed its ambassador to China, Claude Maxwell MacDonald, to take all measures to lease and occupy Ahava. As Shandong has been included in the German sphere of influence, according to treaty of shimonoseki, Ahava was occupied by Japan to supervise the Qing government to pay war reparations. So when Britain decided to lease Ahava, it actively tried to buy off the Germans and Japanese. As for Germany, he said on March 26th that Ahava was occupied out of helplessness and would never infringe on Germany's interests. Later, on April 20th, it was officially announced that it would not build a railway from Ahava to Shandong mainland, so as to admit that Shandong is the sphere of influence of Germany, and thus gain Germany's acquiescence in its aggression plan. Because of the fierce conflict with Russia in Northeast China, Japan also hoped to use Britain to contain Russia, and immediately agreed when Britain asked about its attitude. After reaching an understanding with Germany and Japan on the basis of sharing stolen goods, Britain pursued its invasion plan even more unscrupulously.

Forced Occupation While intensifying collusion with Germany, Japan and other countries, Britain sent more than/kloc-0 warships from Hong Kong to Yantai on March 65, 1998, in an attempt to preempt Ahava after the Japanese army retreated, and forced the Qing government to submit by force to achieve its lease purpose. On May 7th, the Qing government paid all the reparations to Japan in London. On May 9th, the main Japanese troops stationed in Ahava began to retreat. On May 2 1, the Qing government sent personnel to receive Ahava and Liu Gongdao. On May 19/22, British warships Narcissus and Agility invaded Ahava, occupying the barracks, fortresses, bases and leased land evacuated by Japanese troops with their assistance. On May 23rd, the handover between China and Japan was completed, and the 8th Japanese Army withdrew from Ahava and Liu Gongdao. May 24th is the birthday of Queen Victoria of England, and the British army chose this day to hold the occupation ceremony in Huangdao. At 6:5438+0:30 in the afternoon, the commander "Narcissus" led the Marine Corps to board Liu Gongdao and occupied Huangdao. Kim Hall, the British Reception Commissioner in Zhifu Port, and Hopkins, the consul, accompanied by Brown, the military attache of the British Embassy in China, and Smith Duolun, the captain of Agile, went to the ceremony site under the Huangdao battery. Yan Daohong, a member appointed by the Qing government to handle Ahava affairs, and Lin, a guerrilla in front of the aid ship, also went with him. After King Hall read the declaration of occupation, the British flag began to rise in Ran Ran. When the flag flew to the masthead, the band played the British national anthem and the British army raised their guns to pay tribute. Subsequently, the ceremony ended with the cheers of "long live the queen". At this point, Britain completed its military occupation of Ahava and Liu Gongdao.

On March 28th, Claude Maxwell MacDonald, British ambassador to China, formally asked the Qing government to lease Ahava, claiming that it was extremely dangerous for Russia to use Lushun as a military port, but leasing Ahava to Britain was enough to control Russia's arrogance. However, the Qing government rejected Ahava on the grounds that it was still under Japanese occupation. Claude Maxwell MacDonald immediately issued an ultimatum to the Qing government on March 3 1: If the exact information is not available, the matter will be handed over to the British naval commander in China. The Qing government was forced to agree to its lease request on April 3, and on April 20, it appointed Qing Prince Yi Kuang and Minister of Justice Liao Shouheng to negotiate with the British minister. In July 1898, 1, China and Britain signed a contract to lease ahava articles in Beijing. The Chinese signatories are Yi Kuang and Liao Shouheng, and the British signatory is Claude Maxwell MacDonald. According to the "Special Terms", Ahava and its adjacent waters will be leased to Britain for the same period as when Russia occupied Dalian, and Britain has the right to build forts and garrisons along the coast. China reserves the right that troops can still enter; Weihai Acropolis is managed by China, and former officials in the city can still do their own things in the city; China warships can still use the surface of Weihai. Since then, from April 25th, 1900 to May 7th, the same year 17, China and Britain have designated the northeast coast of Dalantou village in the east, Mashanzui in the west and Caomiaozi in the south. Except for 738. 15 square kilometers outside ahava, it is a lease area with a population of about120,000. As a result, Britain gained the strategic position in North China, and the defense ability of the Qing government was further weakened.

(2) Armed resistance to Britain

The strong guns of the invaders can make the fatuous and decadent Qing government succumb to it, but the people of Weihai, who are highly patriotic, cannot be humiliated. In the thirty-two years that Britain leased Ahava, in the face of the invaders' military invasion and colonial rule, the people of Weihai, rich in the tradition of defending the country and the country, waged an indomitable and heroic struggle to defend national independence and national sovereignty.

Anti-British rally 1900 Boxer Movement flourished in Shandong mainland. Cui Shoushan, a scholar in Jiangnan Village, Weihai, was deeply encouraged. In order to defend the British family, he contacted Tong Gu Huiting, Dong Shaoliang of Laihai Village, Yu Jiakuang Village Cong and others, recruited members of the training group and raised funds to buy arms, organized secret armed forces, and prepared to launch an armed anti-British movement. 1900 On March 26th, Cui Shoushan organized four or five thousand people to hold an anti-British rally at Cisheng Temple in Zhang Cun. After learning the news, the colonial government immediately sent British Colonel Bauer to the scene to suppress it and forced the masses to disarm and disband. But the participants were not intimidated by the threat of force, and the two sides were deadlocked 1 hour. The British immediately interrogated Cui Shoushan and Gu Huiting on the spot. Cui Shoushan was fearless and furious, recounting all kinds of evil deeds of British aggression against China, and bluntly organizing mass militia was to expel the British from the country. Bauer was angry and ordered them to be taken to Ahava. The meeting was suddenly angry and nervous. In order to protect the masses, Cui Shoushan stepped forward, and Zhang Yu and Dong Shaoliang were detained by the British army in Liu Gongdao prison. In prison, he went on a hunger strike and stood firm in the face of bribes from senior officials of the British colonial authorities. At the same time, people outside the prison set off a large-scale rescue activity. The British army was released a month later for fear of causing more resistance. With heroic spirit and unyielding fighting spirit, the preparations for mass armed forces and the assembly of Cisheng Temple showed the strong will and determination of Weihai people to safeguard national dignity and resist foreign aggression, and sounded the first horn of Weihai people's armed forces against Britain. Shortly thereafter, a large-scale armed struggle against demarcation broke out.

On April 25th, at 0900, the Chinese-British Boundary Demarcation Committee was escorted by British troops to demarcate the boundary from west to east, and jiepai was buried. On April 28th, after the British army laid 25 boundary pillars, China demarcation officials, Yan Daohong and Lin came to Dongdaotou Village out of bounds, and the British army camped at the foot of Taibao Mountain, three miles away from Daotou. That night, more than 600 people surrounded the residence of China officials in Dongdaotou Village, denouncing the traitorous behavior of Li Xijie and others, and preventing them from going out to demarcate the border. At the same time, nearly a thousand people surrounded the British camp, shouting slogans, protesting the British invasion and demanding that the British troops withdraw from Ahava. The British army immediately arrested six people. Instead of dispersing the people, it increased the number of people gathered, reaching more than 2,000 the next day. The British army was forced to release the six arrested people, but the crowd still refused to disperse and demarcation could not be carried out. The British immediately mobilized a large number of reinforcements from Ahava to clear the gap. On May 4th, British leaders Bauer and Parn Ross, escorted by British troops, unilaterally forcibly demarcated the border, leaving more than 30 soldiers, headed by Captain Walter Sony, stationed in Taibaoshan Camp, ready to rescue the trapped China officials. At dawn on May 6th, Walter Sony Barracks were attacked by more than 2,000 people from Sunjiatan Village Yu, Majingshan, Sun Yiqing, Caomiaozi Village and Xujiatuan Village Yu Dianhai. In the fierce battle, the local guns and cannons of the armed masses fired at the British military camp 666665. More than 30 British soldiers, led by Captain Walter Sony, hid and opened fire everywhere, and 10 people died heroically in the battle.

On the evening of May 4th, the British troops who demarcated eastward came to camp in Linquan Hetao at the foot of mountainous areas. After learning the news, Liu Jingshan and Wu Xiucai from Jiangjiakou Village, Yu Renshan from Juanyujia Village and Xu Renshan from Nanhukou Village, etc. Immediately contact the surrounding people through the chicken hair letter and gather at Beikou Temple on May 5. Then he led 1500 villagers to the British camp. At 2: 30 pm, when the crowd reached a place four miles away from the British camp1/,they met 15 British troops returning from the demarcation line. Liu Jingshan immediately directed the masses to attack the British army with stones, hoes and shovels. British Major Parn Ross was seriously injured on the spot and four soldiers were knocked to the ground. In the fierce battle, Liu Jingshan and others 19 people died heroically. The besieged crowd was suppressed by British reinforcements.

When the people of Weihai were engaged in a life-and-death struggle with the invaders, the Qing government stayed out of it and stood by. On May 9, Yuan Shikai, the governor of Shandong Province, mobilized 400 Qing soldiers from Yantai to Ahava to rescue Li Xijie and others, but ignored the request of the masses to send troops to attack the British army. Subsequently, notices were issued at important checkpoints in Weihai, severely reprimanding the people's anti-British behavior and forcing them to "check the contract to protect themselves". Frightened by the armed resistance of the masses, the British army was forced to suspend the demarcation for several days until May 15. The colonial authorities have always suspected that Weihai people's struggle against demarcation was instigated by the China authorities in ahava. So when the news reached Hong Kong, the British Hong Kong authorities used it as an excuse to demand that Kowloon City be transferred to Hong Kong on the grounds that the presence of China officials in the city was not in harmony with Hong Kong's defense.

The anti-British armed struggle of Weihai people is a glorious page in Weihai's modern history. Although the struggle failed in the end because of poor weapons and equipment and lack of combat experience. However, people are deeply impressed by the dedication and heroism of the anti-British fighters. Until today, their heroic achievements have been widely praised by the local people and become a glorious banner to inspire future generations to forge ahead, build their homes and revitalize China.

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(3) Political model

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1898, Britain established the interim government of Ahava, which was attached to the British Admiralty. 1899 was transferred to the management of the British War Department. From 1 90111October1,it was officially under the jurisdiction of the British colonial department. In the same year, the Privy Council of the United Kingdom promulgated the Ahava Act of 190 1, and the Colonial Department promulgated the Organic Law of Local Government in Ahava, thus following the colonial rule mode of Hong Kong and establishing a highly centralized and tightly controlled colonial rule system in Ahava.

Administrative agency 190 1 weihai administrative office, established in Britain, is the highest administrative agency in the concession. 1906, the colonial government divided the leased land into two administrative regions, north and south, which were managed by the chief executive's office. At this point, a complete colonial rule system has been formed: administrative offices-administrative offices in northern and southern districts-communities-villages. The Chief Executive is the highest head of the colonial government and occupies a core position in the whole colonial rule system. He was directly appointed by the King of England and had the same status as the British colonial governor. As the supreme head, the Chief Executive not only enjoys executive power, but also enjoys certain legislative power and judicial power. Therefore, its actual power is far greater than that of the British colonial governor. Among them, the decrees issued by the Chief Executive in Ahava must be recognized and allowed by the British King, who will decide whether to recognize them according to the opinions of the Colonial Department. From Daohuade in 1898 to Johnston in 1930, Weihai served as a chief executive for seven times. Among them, Lockhart served the longest. He was born in Scotland and graduated from the University of Edinburgh in England. 1883 served as the opium tax supervisor of the British Hong Kong government, 1895 was promoted to assistant chief secretary, ranking second only to the governor. During his tenure, he strongly advocated expanding the scope of Hong Kong's New Territories, and participated in the negotiations on the demarcation of the New Territories as a member of the British Boundary Commission, and signed the Hong Kong-New Zealand Concession Treaty. Subsequently, he led the army to suppress the anti-British struggle of the people in the New Territories and took over the New Territories by force. Lockhart, as the first chief executive of the British Colonial Department in Ahava, served in Victoria for 19 years, and was the main maker and executor of the colonial system and ruling policy during the British lease of Ahava. Then there was Zhuang Shidun, who worked in Wei for three years 16, during which he served as the English teacher of the last emperor Puyi. As the last Chief Executive, he presided over the handover ceremony between China and Britain and Ahava. The chief executive's main subordinates are the chief executive, the vice minister in charge of China affairs and the chief doctor. Most of the C-com Affairs Department is a diplomat in China, who concurrently serves as the government secretary and the chief executive of the North District, and is in charge of finance, civil affairs, copywriting, prison management and civil case trial. Deputy China Affairs Department is mainly selected from the police in Hongkong and Singapore, and concurrently serves as the secretary of the High Court, in charge of taxation, police and criminal cases; The chief medical officer has one or two officers, who are respectively responsible for public health, government-run hospitals and ship quarantine in the whole region. 1928, the colonial government also set up a tax collection department to collect taxes. In the second year, an engineer will be appointed in charge of public buildings. In the composition of the colonial government, all the senior positions were held by the British, and most of the employees came from China. Therefore, power is firmly in the hands of the British, while China people are always excluded from the power center.

In order to effectively rule the vast rural areas in the occupied areas, the colonial authorities paid special attention to combining with local forces and strengthening the construction of grass-roots political power. Its main means is to fully implement the village director system and govern China with China. At first, the rural political power organization in Weihai was only at the village level. In view of the unstable foothold in Wei, the colonial authorities recognized their power and status in the countryside by registering the names of the original village directors or heads of families, and tried their best to win over the rural clan forces and feudal landlords. By 1906, the rule was basically stable, and the colonial government began to implement a new village director system. Divide 360 villages into 26 communities, and divide 26 communities into two administrative regions: north and south. The North District governs 9 communities, plus Liu Gongdao and Port Edward; The southern district governs 17 community, and the district head office is located in the hot spring pond. Each district has a general director, thus adding the district-level political power to the original village, adding the post of general director to the village director, and promulgating a set of management regulations on the generation, authority and treatment of village directors. According to the relevant regulations, the village director and the general director should be elected, and the appointment certificate should be issued after the approval of the colonial government. Village directors and general directors are mainly responsible for conveying government orders, collecting taxes, issuing deed documents and complaints, and maintaining public order. In fact, with the addition of the post of Director-General, most of the rural management functions that were mainly undertaken by village directors were transferred to the Director-General, which formed the separation of powers between the Director-General and village directors, thus making it easier for the colonial government to control the countryside. The general director can get a monthly allowance of $5 from the colonial government, and a small part of the income from the sale of house deeds and taxes. Starting from 1923, banquets are held twice a year for the general director. The colonial government held a meeting of directors-general every quarter to convey decrees and collect grass-roots intelligence. In addition, the colonial government also lured village directors and general directors by awarding medals and medals. As agents of colonial authorities in rural areas, although village directors and general directors are all elected, they are actually mainly controlled by powerful landlords and gentry, because they need to have more than ten acres of land and receive a good education. According to the provisions of the election of village directors, if the interests of Britain cannot be faithfully safeguarded, the colonial authorities can also cancel their posts at any time. For example, 1907, seven of the 26 general directors were dismissed. The village director system is the most important part of the political system in Ahava, England, which constitutes an important pillar and foundation of colonial rule, and is also the product of the combination of colonial power and feudal clan power. In this way, the colonial government consolidated and strengthened the original form of feudal rule in Ahava, making feudal landlords and feudal clan forces loyal defenders of its colonial rule.

While strengthening the construction of administrative organs, the police department maintains its rule by strengthening police administration and justice. In the judicial aspect, according to the Ahava Law of 190 1, the colonial government established the High Court of Ahava, which is a court of record. 1906 set up civil courts (also known as civil courts) and criminal courts (also known as criminal courts) in the southern district and the northern district respectively. Cases against the judgments of these two courts can be appealed to the ahava High Court. Since there is no full-time senior judge in this court, all cases are entrusted to the Chief Executive. For major cases, the Shanghai British Concession High Court sent senior judges to hear them. The power of pardon and commutation shall be exercised by the Chief Executive, and the death penalty trial shall be finally approved by the Chief Executive. The laws applicable to Ahava's leased land are mainly adapted from Hong Kong laws, and also applicable to British laws and decrees promulgated by the colonial government. In addition, as long as it does not violate the principles of English law, China's laws and customs can be applied to civil litigation between China people. In the litigation procedure, the village director takes the responsibility system, that is, civil litigation. The prosecutor received a complaint from the colonial government from the office of the General Administration, filled it out and sealed it by the village director, and handed it over to the civil affairs director for trial. In criminal and public security cases, the village director will directly hand over the offenders to the patrol room and hand them over to the deputy Chinese affairs department for trial. The Court of Appeal of the High Court of Ahava is the highest court in Hong Kong, but few people can afford to go to Hong Kong to appeal because of the leased land, and few people know that they can appeal after losing the case, so there has not been an appeal case until 19 10. On policing, the colonial government divided the whole area into three police districts, namely, the pier district, the Liu Gongdao district and the township district, under the command of the Deputy Chief Secretary for Administration. There is a British patrol in each district, and there are nearly 200 China patrols in 1929. In addition, there are more than 20 people patrolling the water and the judiciary. There is a general patrol room in the dock area, and there are also 15 sub-cards (patrol room) in major traffic arteries, important villages and towns and border areas. The patrol stationed by each clip is changed regularly, generally once a year in April. In addition, they often exchange information with police officers in Hong Kong and other places. The colonial authorities also selected some people as "inspectors" when patrolling, that is, agents or secret agents. In prison management, the colonial authorities set up a detention center in Dongcang Village (now Memorial Road Army Dormitory) in the dock area. People usually call it a black room. There are 7 cells, which can accommodate 30 to 40 people, and mainly hold prisoners sentenced to criminal detention for less than two months. Liu Gongdao has a prison with a capacity of more than 90 people. It is divided into 18 male prisons and 3 female prisons, with 1 prison guards and 1 male 1 female wardens, and mainly holds prisoners who have been detained for more than two months. Those who commit serious crimes will be sent to Hong Kong prison for punishment.

(4) Military control

The original purpose of British occupation of Ahava was to build Ahava into a permanent naval base in the Far East. From 65438 to 0898, Seymour vice admiral, commander of the British Navy in China (once commander of Eight-Nation Alliance) and Colonel Lewis of the Royal Corps of Engineers came to Ahava for military reconnaissance, and submitted plans to the British government for the construction of Ahava defense facilities. In its plan, the construction of Liu Gongdao naval base is the most important. All defense facilities and military reserves are built in Liu Gongdao, and the berths of the fleet are all arranged in the Sea of Liu Gongdao. The goal of firepower and troops is to be able to resist any attacks from the sea and land. Among them, the military camp on the island is planned to accommodate 1 infantry battalion, 1 artillery company, 1 mechanics and heavy machine guns. Subsequently, on the basis of receiving Japanese facilities in Jinxinding, Zhudao, Wangjiazhuang and Zhaizi, barracks, racecourses and hospitals of the former Qing army around Weihai Acropolis, North-South Gang and Liu Gongdao Fort, the British army began to build large-scale military defense facilities on the island, such as forts, barracks, docks, trenches and bunkers. British troops stationed in China were ordered to assemble in Hong Kong for Liu Gongdao. However, due to the rise of the German navy and the formation of the Russian-French alliance in the early 20th century, the development focus of the British navy soon shifted to shipbuilding. Therefore, Britain revised the original plan in 1902, designated Ahava as the British naval military training base, and strengthened the construction of various training facilities. In order to build Liu Gongdao into the exclusive military control area of the British army, the colonial authorities expropriated 48 1 1 mu of land and all the houses of the people on the island, and promulgated regulations prohibiting China people from entering the island and China people from going to the island at will. Since then, Britain has been stationed in Ahava all the year round. As for the navy, three warships are stationed every year, and the number will increase to twenty or thirty in summer. In Liu Gongdao, forty or fifty people are stationed in the Marine Corps. In the army, there are about 1 regiment in summer and about 14000 or 500 people in winter, and there are about 170 or 80 people in winter. After Ahava was turned into a British training base, the British Far East Fleet came to Victoria to hold large-scale live-fire military exercises every year. So far, the submarine that crashed when the British fleet came to Victoria for exercises is still lying on the bottom of Weihai.

The China Legion has a large colonial area and insufficient domestic troops, so the formation of colonial army is the main means for Britain to strengthen colonial control and foreign aggression. After the British occupation of Ahava, it is planned to build it into the base camp for China to form colonial troops. On the one hand, it will be used to defend the Weihaiwei concession, on the other hand, it will provide troops for British military aggression against China and other countries and regions. This move was opposed by the Qing government because it violated the lease. Under diplomatic pressure, the British side indicated that it would only recruit in Ahava and use it for local defense. However, starting from 1899, it transferred officers from Hong Kong, recruited refugees from Shandong Mainland and Tianjin, and formed a colonial army. The colonial army is a mercenary, called China Corps, also called Huayong Camp. The south and the north are stationed in Beidaying, Zhudao and Zhaizi respectively. At the beginning, there were more than 600 people, and at the peak, 1902 reached 1300 people. The officers at all levels of the regiment are British military officers in China, who mainly receive British management training. Due to the lack of military discipline, the escape rate is particularly high. By 1903, more than 800 soldiers had deserted. 1906, China Legion was forced to disband, and some soldiers were incorporated into the concession patrol office as patrol officers. During its existence, China Legion has always been an important pillar force for Britain to maintain its early colonial rule in Ahava. 1900, when China and Britain demarcated the border of Ahava, the regiment was the main force to suppress the anti-British struggle of Weihai people. In September of the same year, during Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China, DOAWARD, the CEO of ahava, was promoted to Brigadier General to command the British troops landing in North China. As the main force, the regiment was incorporated into the sequence of Chinese and British troops in Eight-Nation Alliance and went to Tianjin to suppress the Boxer Rebellion.