Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Hotel franchise - The most touching story since the Opium War.
The most touching story since the Opium War.
Chen Huacheng (1776 ~1842.6.16) was a famous general who fought against Britain in the Opium War. The word industry chapter, number Lianfeng. Fujian Tongan (now Xiamen) people. He was born in the army, studied water, was good at martial arts, and was a company commander. 1830 (10 years of Qing Daoguang), Shanxi and Fujian navy served as prefects, stationed in Xiamen, and led naval warships to arrest and expel armed opium smugglers from Britain and other countries for many times. /kloc-at the beginning of 0/840, he was transferred to Jiangnan amphibious prefect. Soon, I heard that the British invaders invaded Dinghai and rushed to Wusong, the most important seaport in Jiangsu, to prepare for the war without entering Songjiang yamen. More than 4,000 Qing troops were mobilized, more than 250 guns of various types were deployed, and a defensive position "Tucheng" was built 5 kilometers along the west bank of the Huangpu River estuary, and an artillery bunker "Tu Niu" was built to reinforce the east and west forts. 1June, 842, British troops entered the Yangtze River estuary. 16, the battle of Wusong broke out. The British army attacked the Qing ships on the east and west mud ponds and rivers with 7 warships, 5 ships (more than 200 guns) and 2 legions (insufficient). Chen Huacheng, not afraid of strong enemies, ordered the shelling of British ships, injuring four British ships. When Xibao was attacked by the British land and water, and the defenders retreated one after another, he still led dozens of Qinbing to hold their ground, and was finally hit by shells and sacrificed heroically. Wusong fortress also fell.
Ge, Wang Xipeng and Zheng were famous commanders of three towns who defended Dinghai and fought bravely against Britain during the Opium War.
Ge (1789 ——1841), a native of Zhejiang, was born in Lingtai. Born in a military family, his father Ge Chengsheng and Wu Ju were born. Ge Yunfei has been a farmer since he was a child. With the support of his father, he studied and practiced martial arts. He learned to shoot in his spare time and is good at archery. Therefore, he thinks that practicing martial arts is "a useful learning" and disdains Zhu's words. Later, I visited the West Lake in Hangzhou. "I worship the tomb of the King of Yue, and I am fascinated and determined to win." (2) he told yue Fei "civil servants don't love money, Chen Wu at death" these two famous words, especially appreciated; Moreover, the deeds of eleven famous soldiers from the Han Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty were compiled into the Record of Famous Soldiers for encouragement. Thirty-year-old, juren zhong us. Daoguang became a warrior in three years (1823). From the fourth year of Daoguang (1824), he worked as a guard in the naval battalion of Ningbo, Huangyan, Wenzhou, Zhapu, Rui 'an, Dinghai and Fujian. Because of the capture of "pirates", he has repeatedly made meritorious military service in building the army and was promoted to commander in chief. In the eighteenth year of Daoguang (1838), he was appointed as the chief soldier of Dinghai Town, and was awarded soon.
Ge's life is very simple, and he is called "cold Confucianism" because he only removes millet and dried vegetables from his diet. He defended the border guards, often went deep into the barracks, shared weal and woe with the foot soldiers and took good care of them. It was freezing, and when they saw the soldiers standing on the border, they made quilts for everyone. One day, his family brought him a fur coat from home. He said, "The foot soldiers braved the frost and endured the warmth alone?" (4) so still wearing linen robes, foot soldiers smell the smell, all feel convinced. Later, in a bloody battle, he "had no food for six days and six nights and only ate eight cakes a day", and the soldiers also suffered from the difficulty in supplying food tables. One day, the local old man braved the bullets and fried ginseng soup for him to drink. He said, "Soldiers starve to death and kill thieves, but I can only drink?" ⑤ Pour the ginseng soup into the tea, "Drinking with others makes the whole army cry". (5), and add more fighting spirit, bravely kill the enemy.
He is very strict in running the army and his discipline is particularly strict. Once, a soldier was slapped by the people and killed. Defend central Zhejiang in his early years. "Those who hold orders to inspect violations of discipline, although they keep the official, use more excuses, and the whole army shudders." ⑦ He was praised as a "good official" by foot soldiers because he abided by the principle of "Honesty must be rewarded, rewards and punishments should be clearly defined, love and falsehood must be observed, and work and rest should be combined".
Although he lived a life of guarding the three armed forces, he loved reading all his life, dabbled in history and occasionally expressed his ambitions through poetry. He is the author of dozens of volumes, such as Records of Famous Generals, Essentials of Mechanical Manufacturing, Essentials of Pharmacy, My Humble Opinion on the Arrest of Navy Officers, Illustration of Zhejiang Shipwreck, and Poems. At that time, people praised him as "a scholar of literature and art, with short and clear pen, sexual painting and calligraphy, modest corporal, and friends with many scholars." ⑧
Shortly after Ge became the company commander of Dinghai Town, Zhejiang Province, his father Daoguang died in the 19th year (1839), so he returned to his hometown. Before he left, he wrote a letter and collected 87 articles about the sea. He thought that opium was banned in Guangdong, and foreign countries were insidious. He was afraid of a military incident that would spread to Zhejiang and foreign countries, so he had to plan ahead. Sure enough, in less than a year, the British army invaded Dinghai on June 7th in the 20th year of Daoguang (1840).
At that time, Zhejiang Governor Urgongo and Zhejiang Governor Zhu Tingbiao discussed the defense plan. As a result, Brother Urgun learned that Ge Yunfei was "resourceful" and invited him by virtue of his "being an official and knowing the situation in the outer islands". In July, Ge arrived in Zhenhai, and Ergun came to ask. Ge said to him, "Today's urgent task is to defend first and then fight", and actively prepared for defense, and submitted Twelve Strategies for Eliminating Foreigners. So Urgun appointed him to preside over Zhenhai military. He guarded the two mountains of Zhaobao and Jinji with elite soldiers, installed giant guns at the pass, built a earthen city on the river bank, and piled trees and rafts in the center of the river and narrow lanes to deter the British invasion. "Every three days, if you keep it, it will be determined by the people's hearts. The' Twelve Strategies' are closely followed and are often implemented." Attending soon, Ilib was ordered to make Zhejiang, and Ge asked him to "invite the bereaved veterans first, borrow their sins, and all the soldiers will return." Coach for ten days, the trip is greatly boosted. " ⑾ In August of the same year, Wang Xipeng was transferred from Wusong to Ningbo, and served as the flank commander of various armies in Zhenhai. Ge He once asked to send troops to recover Dinghai quickly, but was rejected by Ilib, an imperial envoy who advocated compromise and peace. Bryan intends to invite the British plenipotentiary Yi Law to Zhenhai for negotiations and asks Ge to attend, but Ge flatly refuses. It was not until January of the 21st year of Daoguang (184 1) that Qi Shan and Yi Law negotiated the Draft Convention on Nasal Perforation. After the British occupied Hong Kong, they expressed their willingness to return Dinghai, so Ilib sent people to contact the British generals. In February, Gehe Shouchun town company commanders Wang Xipeng and Chuzhou town company commanders Zheng led 3,000 troops across the sea to meet them. During the reception, Ge Yunfei insisted on retreating from the city before releasing the prisoners. Otherwise, he used military force to force the British troops to withdraw from Dinghai.
As Daoguang Emperor issued the imperial edict of declaring war on Britain at the beginning of the first month, he ordered Ilib to join the army and "recover Dinghai". However, Ilib hesitated and repeatedly demanded compromise with the enemy, which was severely reprimanded by Daoguang Emperor. He reassigned Yu Qian, the governor of Jiangsu Province, as an imperial envoy, replacing Ilib in charge of Zhejiang military affairs and in charge of Zhejiang front-line command. On February 7th, Yu Qian arrived at Zhenhai Barracks, and on March 6th, he went to the front position of Dinghai. In March, he was appointed Governor of Liangjiang.
Dinghai is surrounded by mountains on three sides, with Xiaofengling in the north overlooking the county seat. The mountain is steep and there are bypass roads along the sea. Zhushanmen in the east, along the coast, with narrow water depth in the harbor; On the west is Jiuanmen, with overlapping mountains, going to Haiyuan; The south is the head of the road, empty, and it is the main road between land and sea. With the consent of Yu Qian, Ge Zheng built a tucheng from Zhushan to Qingleitou in the east of the city, with a length of 1430 feet, and Zhenyuan City in the southeast of the city, with a length of 130 feet, that is, Guanshanbao. In order to strengthen the defense of Dinghai, he requested to build a fort in Xiaofengling and Zhuxiaoshan to stop crossing the river, and to build another fort on Wukui Mountain. Auspicious Gate, Grand Canal Gate, Maogang and Hutoujing Islands also set up their own defenses, each with a corner. Yu Qian refused at the cost of complexity. Ge Yunfei asked to borrow three years' salary and build it at his own expense. Yu Qian thundered, "It's all because of me!" ⑿ Resolutely refuse. Later, I asked Saizhushanmen to reduce the port, so I couldn't travel by boat, and there was no result. In July of the 21st year of Daoguang (184 1), the British army invaded Xiamen, thinking that Tucheng was poorly guarded, with Xiaofeng Mountain facing the sea, and there was a way out of line. He also wrote to ask for more guns and boats to prepare for the water war, but it still didn't attract Yu Qian's attention. Instead, it banned water wars and ordered dinghaiying ships to take over Zhenhai. Ge Yunfei, deeply bound, knew that he was doomed to failure, so he vowed to do his best to kill the enemy and die. In the 21st year of Daoguang (184 1), in August, 29 British ships gathered in the Huangniujiao area of Zhoushan Islands to scout the sea. The company commanders of the three towns were originally guarding the city, so when things were urgent, they applied for a military contract, rewarding them and guarding important places alone. Wang Xipeng, the company commander of Shouchun Town, went out to defend Xiaofeng Ridge [13], Zheng Zhen, the company commander of Chuzhou Town, defended Zhushanmen, and Ge Lingbing, the company commander of Dinghai Town, defended Tucheng, which was the main force of the enemy.
/kloc-on the afternoon of 0/2, four British ships jumped into Zhushanmen by the tide. Before they entered the inner port, Ge was already in Bantang Tucheng. He personally saw the signs, and all the guns in the command post exploded, smashing the foremast of the enemy ship. The enemy had no time to resist, so he withdrew from the auspicious gate and bypassed the Grand Canal gate. It was repelled by Zhang Shaoting, a guerrilla in Dinghai Town who was guarding Putucheng in Donggang. There were no casualties in the Qing army. British troops rushed into Xiaozhu Mountain at night and advanced to Tucheng. The Qing army fought hard and suffered heavy casualties. At that time, Ge Yunfei found that the British army had 30 ships, 70-80 boats, about 20,000 people, while the defenders had only more than 5,500 people, so he flew books for help. Yu Qian suspected that he had exaggerated the enemy's situation and sent a message to defend himself.
On the afternoon of 13th, four English ships sailed into Zhushanmen, and Gedu opened fire and broke the big mast of the English ship. Zheng led his troops to shoot with artillery, and the artillery team actively cooperated with Ge, and the British ship fled immediately.
14, the British ships Mordecai, Columbian and Revenge sailed in, attacked Xiaofengling, fired three or four hundred shots, and Wang Xipeng led the troops to attack the hidden cliff without any casualties. Later, more than 50 British troops, driving a sampan, landed in Zhumenshan, which was opened by Zheng and led troops to retreat by shelling, causing heavy casualties. In the evening, the British army bypassed the south of Dinghai and occupied Wukui Mountain.
/kloc-on 0/5, five British ships anchored south of Wukui Mountain, set up a financial office and built a fortress. Ge Yunfei took advantage of the enemy's failure to gather, that is, he shot from afar in Tucheng, damaging five financial offices and killing more than ten British troops.
16, the British ship sailed into Jixiang Gate and attacked Donggang Pu, which was repelled by the defenders' artillery. The British army turned to attack Xiaofengling and Zhushan, and landed by boat in the evening, all of which were repelled by Wang Xipeng and Zheng.
/kloc-at dawn on 0/7, the British army took advantage of the foggy weather and the hunger and fatigue of the Qing army to set sail for an attack. Ge Yunfei fired himself, hit the gunpowder on the ship, and immediately burned it, leaving no fragments. The British army crossed the rubicon and divided more than 10 thousand fugitives from Fujian and Guangdong into three ways: one was to attack Wukui Mountain head-on; One is Donggang Pu in the east; First, launch a general attack on the Qing army from Xiaofengling in the northwest. With superior forces, the British army pushed forward again and again, and the Qing army was outnumbered and stood on the edge of the cliff. The officers and men fought day and night without rest, food was available from time to time, and they were hungry and tired. It rained for days and the clothes were soaked. They are still struggling and their morale is high. They fought back with all their might. Wang Xipeng led Shouchun's soldiers and took the lead.
When the British army rushed up the mountain under the cover of heavy artillery fire, Wang Xipeng raised his arms and shouted. Shouchun soldiers fired in unison, and the British army was shocked to flee. At that time, the invading army said, "China people came down to meet the enemy. The fire of their matchlock guns and guns made the whole mountain look like a sea of fire. " [14] Shou Chunbing, who is famous for his bravery, was very brave in defending Xiaofengling. At that time, the British army took the lead in driving the outlaws bought by Fujian and Guangzhou, hiding behind the sniper's gun, cooperating with the shelling, and attacking in batches. Shouchunbing braved the gunfire and tried his best to stop it. The former team was killed, and the latter team moved on and killed the British several times. But there is no cannon in Shouxiaofengling, and the guns used by soldiers are too red to be loaded with bullets. They fought the invading army with short knives. Wang Xipeng took the lead, left and right, killing countless enemies. Later, the British army advanced and his men were killed in succession. Unfortunately, he was shot, his leg was broken, and several enemy troops were still rushing in. Finally hacked to death by the British.
Zheng stubbornly held his ground until all the guns were fired. At that time, he was advised to surrender from Xiaofengling, but he refused. He said: "If Zhushan is not kept, Xiaofeng Wu can survive, and Chen Wu is fatal." ⒂ Soon, XiaoFengLing fell and Wang Xipeng was killed. When the British occupied the underground passage and attacked Zhushanmen, the situation became more critical. Zheng calmly raised the flag to fight and led his troops to a bloody battle with the enemy. Later, he was awarded to the Indian Military Academy to ride alone against the enemy. Although he was hit by two shots and dozens of shots, he still wielded a knife as an enemy and sacrificed heroically.
At this time, the British army was advancing on Tucheng, and Ge hit back with a 4,000-kilogram gun, and the British army was bleeding.
When the British army moved eastward to the south of the Guanshan Fort and anchored the Donggang Pu Battleship and the Wukuishan Artillery Regiment, they fired heavy artillery in an attempt to attack the Guanshan Fort on three sides. The situation is very critical. Ge Yunfei made a pilgrimage to the north and said to himself, "I am tired and rugged overseas, so I can't kill thieves for my country, so I can't die!" [13] Take the seal and send it to Yu Qian, asking him to send troops to suppress it; While Qin Bing led more than two hundred people to meet them. The invading army once recorded: "When Lieutenant Colonel Adams landed under the command of the 1st18th regiment ... he entered the southern end of the battery near the sea. The people of China who are retreating on the long embankment, under the leadership of their brave general Ge, quickly gathered together and made a very decent resistance. " ⒄ Ge Yunfei moved from Guanshanbao to Zhushanmen, and all the soldiers fought with knives and machinery. When his knife was broken, he pulled out two sabres and rushed into the British army to fight. He fought in Erli Lake and killed countless people. At Zhushanmen, I just climbed up. Unfortunately, he was swept away by the enemy's long sword and besieged by muskets, with more than 40 injuries. On the chest and back of the loophole, the cliff stone at Zhushanmen Gate stands, with a knife in his hand, trying to kill the enemy. The corpse stands upright and the left eye is full of vitality, showing the lofty fighting spirit of refusing to surrender to aggression and dying.
In this defending battle of Dinghai, the commander-in-chief of the three towns led his troops to bravely resist aggression and fought bloody battles with the enemy for six days and nights. It was really a "fierce battle not seen for many years". Even the invaders themselves had to admit that China's army was "heroic". They said, "General Ge, commander of the Han army, died in the long battery. His family fought with the short soldiers of our army, and they all died heroically with him at the same time. The flag bearer on the highland chose a most conspicuous position and stood there waving the flag, not afraid of the shells that landed on the ship around him. Finally, a shell of the Flegiessen knocked him down and another man quickly took his place. " In this defensive battle, the Qing army killed and burned a British fireboat, three private ships and many garbage ships, killing hundreds of invading troops.
Shou Chunbing, led by Wang Xipeng, was particularly brave and good at fighting in the defending battle of Dinghai, daring to fight recklessly and killing the enemy the most. The British invaders hated Shouchun soldiers. So, after they occupied Dinghai, they raided Shouchun soldiers and ordered Dinghai residents not to hide the ferry and carry out bloody revenge crazily. However, the fierce flames of the invading army were severely hit by the "Blackwater Party" led by local Bao Xu.
In Chongming history, there were Tang Yicen, an anti-Japanese magistrate, and Shen, an anti-Qing scholar. According to modern history, a little-known anti-British martyr Gong Lingzeng appeared.
Gong Lingzeng (? -1842), "History of the Qing Dynasty" as "Gong Zengling". Living in Jiaqing and Daoguang years of Qing Dynasty. He was born in the military and was appointed as the general manager of Wusongying, Susong Town, and stationed in Wusongying. In the 22nd year of Daoguang (1842), 16 June, the British invaders went north from Guangzhou and attacked Wusongkou. Gong Lingzeng followed Chen Huacheng, the prefect of Jiangnan, and adhered to Wusong Xibao. After two hours of fierce fighting, the commander of Dongbao (joining Cui Jirui) abandoned his gun and fled, and Xibao was isolated. Unfortunately, Chen Huacheng died after being shot down. Encouraged by Chen Huacheng's dauntless spirit, all the soldiers were in high spirits, and everyone stood their ground, brandishing combat knives and bravely killing the enemy. More than eighty soldiers shed their last drop of blood. Gong Lingzeng was seriously injured and captured by the British army, but he was indomitable. As a result, the British army nailed his limbs to a board and threw them into the sea. Chongming military attache who was killed in Wusong and Zhang Shuyan, director of shipping administration. They wrote a tragic page of the anti-British struggle in the Opium War.
After Gong Lingzeng and Zhang Shuyan were martyred, they went to the Shanghai Mass Temple and the county Zhongxiao Temple. The court gave a pension, and Gong and Zhang both inherited the grace of their father and Yun Qiwei. Gong Zigong Bao Kang, Daoguang 27 years agent Susong Town bid Chongming garrison; Zhang is a native and works in Nanhui Dusi.
"Our people joined the army to defend the country, so we ignored life and death. Today, there is only death! "
Deng Shichang (1849- 1894), formerly known as Yongchang, was called Zhengqing. A native of Panyu, Guangdong. 1867 entered the driving class after Mawei ship administration, 1874 graduated with honors, and was appointed as the carrier of "Chen Hang" by Shen, Minister of Ship Administration, and won the military service five times. The following year, he was appointed as the duct tape of the "Haidong Cloud" gunboat. When the Japanese invaded Taiwan Province Province, he was ordered to patrol Penghu and Keelung, and was promoted to one thousand cases. Later, he was transferred to the "Wei Zhen" gunboat pipe belt, as the director of the "Wu Yang" clipper, and was recommended as a conservative, and added the title of commander.
1880, Li Hongzhang recruited talents for the construction of Beiyang Navy. Because Deng Shichang was "familiar with management affairs and a hard-won talent in the navy", he was transferred to Beiyang, and served as the management belt of the mosquito gunboat Feiting and Zhennan successively. In the winter of the same year, the two cruisers "Yangwei" and "Chaoyong" ordered by Beiyang in Britain were completed, and more than 200 officers and men of Ding Shui Division went to Britain to pick up the ship, followed by Deng Shichang. 188111arrived at dagukou safely. This is the first time that China Navy has completed the route of North Atlantic-Mediterranean-Suez Canal-Indian Ocean-Western Pacific, which has greatly enhanced China's international influence. Deng Shichang was awarded the brave name of "Boyong Batulu" by the Qing court and was appointed as.
/kloc-in the spring of 0/887, Deng Shichang led a team to Britain to receive the four cruisers Zhiyuan, Jingyuan, Jingyuan and Laiyuan ordered by the Qing government from Yingde, and returned home at the end of the year. On the way home, Deng Shichang arranged a fleet exercise along his disciples. He was promoted to deputy general because of his meritorious service in receiving the ship, and was awarded the title of "Zhiyuan" ship management belt general soldier. 1888, Deng Shichang was appointed company commander and added as prefect. 10, Beiyang navy formally became an army, and Deng Shichang was promoted to be the lieutenant of Zhong Jun Zhongying. 189 1 year, Li Hongzhang inspected Beiyang Navy, and Deng Shichang was awarded the honorary title of "Gersa Batulu" for his outstanding training.
1September, 894 17 In the Dadonggou naval battle, Deng Shichang commanded Zhiyuan Ship to fight bravely. Later, under the siege of Japanese ships, Zhiyuan ship was injured in many places, the whole ship caught fire and the hull tilted. Deng Shichang encouraged the officers and men of the whole ship to say, "Our generation joined the army to defend our country and put life and death at risk. Today, there is only death! " "Japanese warships rely entirely on Yoshino. If it sinks, it will be enough to catch my breath and succeed." It resolutely sailed into the starboard side of the Japanese capital ship "Yoshino" at full speed, determined to end up with the enemy. The officers and men of the Japanese ship were shocked and concentrated their fire on the Zhiyuan ship. Unfortunately, a shell hit the torpedo tube of Zhiyuan ship, and the torpedo in the tube exploded and Zhiyuan ship sank. After Deng Shichang fell into the sea, his entourage rescued him with a lifebuoy. He refused, saying, "I am determined to kill the enemy and serve the country. Now that I am dead in the sea, I am just. Why should I live! " The dog Sun swam to him and took his arm to save him. Deng Shichang vowed to live and die with the warship * * *, resolutely put the dog into the water, sank himself into the waves, and died heroically with more than 250 officers and men of the whole ship.
After Deng Shichang's death, the whole country was shocked. Emperor Guangxu wept bitterly and wrote a pair of couplets, "There are tears today, and the navy is mighty." Posthumous title and Deng Shichang were named as "upright and upright people", and posthumous title was named "Prince of Shaobao", who entered the Zhao Zhong Temple in the capital. Yu Bi's relatives wrote a memorial and an inscription. Li Hongzhang expressed his contributions in the book Calling for the Dead Dadonggou Navy. He said, "... Deng Shichang, Liu and others also contributed." The Qing court also gave Deng's mother a large plaque made of 65,438 +0.5 kilograms of gold, and allocated 65,438+2 million yuan to Deng's family to show their support for the elderly. Deng used the money to build a cenotaph for Deng Shichang in Panyu, Guangdong Province, and built the Down's Ancestral Hall. The people of Weihai felt their loyalty and built a shrine for the statue of Deng Shichang on Chengshan in 1899 to show their eternal admiration. 1996 On February 28th,1996, the navy of the Chinese People's Liberation Army named the new ocean-going comprehensive training ship "Shichang" to commemorate it.
Deng Shichang has three sons and two daughters, and his eldest son, Deng Honghao, succeeded him and worked in the Guangdong Navy. He died in 1947. The second son Deng Haoyang died young; The third son, Deng Haogan, is a posthumous child. He worked in the Navy Department of the Republic of China and died in Wuxi from 65438 to 0969.
Zhang Wenxuan (? -1895), a native of Hefei, Anhui Province, the Zhang family and the Li family exchanged marriages, and the relationship was very close. Li Hongzhang's brothers are all sponsored by the Zhang family, so Li Hongzhang takes special care of the Zhang family. 187 1 year, Zhang Wenxuan, a martial artist from China, was sent to two rivers to listen. At that time, Wu Changqing was stationed in Jiangpu and Jiangyin, and Zhang Wenxuan was recommended as a sentry.
/kloc-in the winter of 0/880, Lushun was fortified, and Li Hongzhang transferred Zhang Wenxuan to be in charge of the pro-army deputy battalion and stationed in Lushun to build Jinshan Fort.
1887, weihai was fortified, and Zhang Wenxuan was transferred to weihai, leading the 1st and 2nd pro-army battalions in Liu Gongdao. After Zhang Wenxuan arrived at the defense, it successively built five fortresses, including Donghong, Huangdao, Qidingshan, Yingmendong and Nandao, and built a sinkhole gun in Majingzi. In his spare time when building the fort, Zhang Wenxuan led his soldiers to practice new land exercises, which made Liu Gongdao an important coastal defense town. After all his previous achievements, he was promoted three times until the company commander briefly registered his name, and he was rewarded with the skills of brave Balutuyong.
1On July 25th, 894, the Japanese started the Sino-Japanese War, which spread to China. The Japanese navy attacked Liu Gongdao many times, but was repulsed by the battery commanded by Zhang Wenxuan. 1895 65438+1From October 30th to February 2nd, the Japanese army occupied Weihai Acropolis and two fortresses, and Liu Gongdao became an island. At Denglai Qinglu, Liu said, "Alone at sea, Wen vowed to work hard first, and then use his life." . Since then, the Japanese bombed Liu Gongdao from sea and land and launched eight attacks. Zhang Wenxuan led his troops to cooperate with Beiyang Navy to fire back, which made the Japanese plan to land in Liu Gongdao bankrupt. Encouraged by some foreign teachers, the hawk in Beiyang Navy gradually gained the upper hand, and the naval commander Ding Ning refused to give in and committed suicide at 1 1. Zhang Wenxuan knew the situation was irreversible and decided to die for his country. Before he died, Li Hongzhang wrote a suicide note: "This war was fought for a month without support, for several months without support, and for half a year without support until death. When you are sitting in the same seat, you should pay attention to the military attaché s of Taixi countries to evaluate their gains and losses, and you can't talk about success or failure. " He committed suicide as a martyr.
After the fall of Liu Gongdao, army soldiers thought that the navy had surrendered, but the army did not. They resolutely refused to board the "Ji Kang" ship with the navy. Instead, they put Zhang Wenxuan's coffin on a civilian ship and escorted it home. The Qing court sympathized with Zhang Congyou and the example of the death of the prefect, especially paid tribute to Wu, gave him 820 silver, and added the post of commandant to the hereditary cavalry commander.
Zuo (1837- 1894) was born in Philadelphia, Shandong. Hui nationality, martial arts background. 1856 Moved to Jiangnan Daying to participate in suppressing the Taiping Rebellion. 1865, crusade against the Nian army uprising since the monk Qin. 1868, which supplemented the guerrilla warfare in Tianjin town. When the Nian Army failed, he was promoted to the rank of general and awarded the rank of lieutenant. 1872, he was sent to Chaoyang, Jehol, to suppress "horse thieves", to make up for the work with the lieutenant, and to reward and increase the rank of general. 1875, led his department from Shangshu, Ministry of Justice, to Feng and Ji provinces to investigate the case, and ordered the general company commander to be named Batuluyong. Naturally, the guest army stationed in Mukden. 1880, he was ordered to command Feng Jun's army, and the Prime Minister's camp was in full swing. Because of the seriousness of running the army, General Qingyu and Li Hongzhang, a university student, used the words "diligent and loyal, diligent and hardworking, smooth military affairs, and excellent bravery" to play. This order was issued in the name of the prefect's company commander. 1889 was awarded the company commander of Gaozhou Town, Guangdong Province, and remained in Fengtian. 189 1 autumn, he won a yellow jacket and a top hat for actively participating in suppressing the Taoist uprising in Chaoyang, Jehol. 1894, because of the 60th birthday ceremony of Empress Dowager Cixi, I gave her a pair of double-eyed feather.
Usually, Zuo "runs the army seriously, attaches importance to the scribes, loves the warriors of materials, and has amazing martial arts." He obeyed Luo, rewarded his merits, punished him without lynching, and enjoyed himself. " Although he is a martial man, he is "sexual charity, especially local public welfare." He has been stationed in Fengtian for a long time, and has successively set up "disaster relief porridge factory, Tongshantang, shelter, nursery, county governance and Jinliang Road, with many precious donations".
1July, 894, North Korea was in a hurry. The Qing court ordered Zuo to lead troops into the DPRK and Pyongyang. On July 20th, the left army set off from Fengtian, arrived in Jiuliancheng Scenic Resort Scenic Area on the 29th and arrived in Pyongyang on August 6th. At the same time, more than 29 battalions13,000 people were sent to Pyongyang, including Zuo Youyi Army, Wei He Fengtian Training Army Children Camp and Shengfeng Headquarters Jilin Training Army. History records that four armies entered Korea.
After the four armies entered the DPRK, there were serious differences between the two sides on the offensive and defensive issues after the Qing emperor. Emperor Guangxu ordered the troops entering the DPRK to "March on the starry night and reach Seoul" and "quickly plan repression and pre-empt"; Li Hongzhang, on the other hand, advocated "keeping the bureau first and coming last". If you attack Khan City, "you must send 30,000 more people, so it is possible to move step by step." On the issue of attack and defense, Left insisted on taking the initiative to attack. At the beginning of August, he had discussed with people to suppress the Communist Party in the south, in order to cooperate with Ye Zhichao and Nie Shicheng who were stationed in Yashan in advance to attack the Japanese army. As soon as Sheng Xuanhuai was connected, I knew that Ye Zhichao's department in Yashan had been defeated by Chenghuan and retreated to Pyongyang in the north. As the north-south attack has been lost, the discussion on the south has stopped. In late August, Ye Zhichao led the remnants to Pyongyang. He pretended to be defeated, lied about his exploits, and was appointed chairman of the army stationed in Pyongyang. Being promoted after being defeated, "the whole army was shocked." Ye Zhichao is incompetent, timid, afraid of the enemy, and has no determination to resist the enemy. He has no plans for Pyongyang's war and defense, and the generals will not accept orders. In this way, the majestic Zuo became the actual chairman of the Pyongyang army.
On September 4, the leftists rode to Chengchuan, about 40 kilometers northeast of Pyongyang, and found that the Japanese army had besieged Pyongyang in two ways, with scattered forces and relatively thin Japanese forces in each way. On the 7th, Zuozai 15 "ma bu" or horse stance just look camp gathered more than 7,000 people, attacked in the direction of South Zhonghe and Huangzhou in Pyongyang in three ways, and advanced northward in the direction of Yuanshan with 3,000 people, ready to concentrate superior forces and attack the enemy all the way to achieve the effect of divide and conquer. The idea was endorsed by the generals. "The leaders fought bravely and chose 80% of the teams to go to the central region." On the evening of the 7th, the troops attacking in the direction of Yuanshan had arrived in Jiangdong County, and on the morning of the 8th, the troops heading south had also set out. At this point, Ye Zhichao suddenly heard that the Japanese army had entered Chengchuan by another route, and Pyongyang's posterior route was tight, so he quickly retreated from the north-south offensive forces and gave up the favorable fighter planes that took the initiative to attack the enemy. In this regard, Japanese military critic Yoshida once thought that the success of the plan of the Qing army's concentrated attack was uncertain, but if it was implemented, the action of isolating the Japanese army at that time would not appear at the gates of Pyongyang at the same time, because at least the fall of Pyongyang could be slowed down. At that time, the Japanese army surrounded the offensive movement, which was extremely dangerous. If the Qing army acts properly, refuses to be blocked by one side and takes the lead in attacking the other side, it will have the opportunity to break through one by one. However, the generals of the Qing army could not adopt such a bold strategy, and the troops lacked mobility, so they only saw the end of its implementation, but did not see it. It was the misfortune of the Qing army that its invitation to attack the south was frustrated. "As can be seen from these comments, I also regret that the Qing army failed to take the initiative and lost the favorable fighters that the Japanese army broke one by one.
From September 12 to September 14, Japanese troops attacking Pyongyang arrived in the periphery of Pyongyang one after another. 14 completed the siege of Pyongyang. A few generals of the Qing army who were afraid of death saw the Japanese army threatening and advocated abandoning the city and fleeing. Zuo was very angry. "He said: If the younger generation is reluctant to die, they can go. This city is my tomb." He firmly expressed his determination to live and die with Pyongyang. That night, Ye Zhichao called a meeting of generals, with "the enemy taking advantage of the situation, hard-edged. Our military medicine is uneven and the terrain is unfamiliar. It is better to arrange the whole team, temporarily retire from the state, and save your strength for the future. " At that time, the generals relied on mixed violations, but only said with valuable force: "The enemy is coming with a hanging army. It is perfect to make a surprise attack, so that it can only turn around and leave, and dare not face the Central Plains again. The imperial court set up machines to raise soldiers, which cost millions every year. Just for today, why do you want to serve the country for North Korea? The gentleman has made great achievements in one fell swoop. As for failure and bluntness, there is no need to plan for the time being. " Generous, outspoken, strongly opposed, once again resolutely opposed to abandon the city to escape, and ordered Qin Bing to monitor Ye Zhichao to prevent it from escaping. Even if Ye's prestige is discredited, his orders will not work.
In order to show his determination to defend Pyongyang, before the battle started, Zuo "reciprocated, bathed in advance, swore to the death of the cold current, and the war was forced, and he won the honor of Baoding first." Or suggest going to the top of the ridge to avoid being targeted by the enemy. Precious said: I serve in the royal family. I want my soldiers to know me first, so I will die for it. Why should I be afraid of the enemy's attention! "The pawn is not on the top of the ridge.
On September 15, the peony pavilion fell to the left, saying, "Knowing the situation has collapsed and you will die." "It is clothes given by the royal family and supervised by the government" and "guided by the exchange". When the battalion commander Yang saw that the city was in danger, he wanted to escape from the city with valuable weapons. He clapped his hands and fired at the enemy, and successively "issued 36 grenades and giant cannons". The soldiers fought to the death with great excitement, which caused great losses to the enemy. Halfway through the fierce battle, suddenly a shell hit me and smashed me to pieces. "Iron permeates under precious ribs." Precious wounds do not retreat, wrapped in wounds and fought again, blood stained clothes. Soon, another bullet flew over, and the left one fell to the ground. "The soldiers are eager to see, and the hole is gone." "When you can still talk, the lower city began to fall." Zuo was the first senior general of the Qing army who fought bloody battles in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.
After the left sacrifice, the commander-in-chief was lost and there was no one to command. The Japanese army took advantage of the situation and occupied Xuanwu Gate. Camp officer Yang wanted to rush out of Xuanwu Gate with Zuo's body, but the Japanese army had entered the city, "filling the streets and lanes, and Yang also died in the army". Both of them are loyal to each other, and neither of them knows where he is.
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