What happened in the world from the end of World War I to the outbreak of World War II?

It is not enough to say the cause and effect in words, not to mention the common ones (such as the League of Nations), and forget what you don't know.

Treaty of trianon

1918165438+10, World War I ended in the defeat of the Allies. In the same year, the Autumn Rose Revolution in Hungary broke out in the Kingdom of Hungary, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed. Hungary, a new sovereign country, did not continue to participate in World War I, but 19 19 On March 20th, the Allies submitted a note (known as Wilkes ultimatum) to Hungary, demanding that Hungary cede a large territory. At this time, the domestic situation in Hungary was unstable, the Soviet regime had just been established, and the allies Chen Bing and Hungary exerted great military pressure. 1920 On June 4th, the Allies signed the Trianon Treaty with the Hungarian government of Holti at Trianon Palace in Versailles. Hungary was forced to cede Slovakia and Transcarpathian Ukraine to Czechoslovakia; Transylvania and East Banat belong to Romania; Croatia and western Banat belong to the Serbian-Croatian-Slovenian Kingdom; The Danube is controlled by the victorious country; The army is limited to 35,000 people; The amount of compensation shall be decided by the compensation committee. (See the map; The pink area in the picture is the historical map of Hungary, and the red line is the national border stipulated by the treaty)

Because World War I itself was an unjust hegemonic war, and the post-war Paris Peace Conference was also a "spoiler" meeting, which made the Treaty of Trianon an extremely unequal and predatory treaty. After the signing of the treaty, Hungary lost 72% of its land area, and100,000 Hungarians were exiled overnight (19 14 years ago, the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary was more than 330,000 square kilometers, with a population of more than 20 million). This is also rare in history.

locarno,conference of

locarno,conference of

In the mid-1920s, western countries adjusted the relations between western European countries and politically fostered international conferences in Germany. Representatives of Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Poland and Czechoslovakia held a meeting in Locarno, Switzerland on 5-6 October. The participating countries reached a compromise after the quarrel. Seven treaties and 1 protocols were initialled, collectively known as the Locarno Convention. In the same year, 65438+February 1 was officially signed in London. 1926 came into effect on September 65438+. These conventions include: the final protocol of the Locarno Conference, the mutual guarantee treaty between Germany, Belgium, France, Britain and Italy (also known as the Rhine Security Convention), the arbitration treaty signed by Germany, France, Poland and the Czech Republic respectively, and the mutual guarantee treaty signed by France with Poland and the Czech Republic respectively. The most important of these is the Rhine Security Convention, which stipulates that: Germany, France and Belgium mutually promise not to destroy the Treaty of Versailles, and the border between Germany and France will maintain the status quo without mutual aggression and abide by the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles on the unarmed zone of the Rhine; Acknowledge the Dawes plan; Settle all differences through diplomatic channels or peaceful means; Britain and Italy, as guarantors of the Convention, undertake the obligation to assist the invaded country. The convention does not guarantee the border between Germany and Germany, but actually encourages Germany to expand eastward. 1926 In September, Germany joined the League of Nations and won a permanent seat in the Executive Yuan. However, it retains the freedom of action to implement Article 16 of the Covenant of the League of Nations (on sanctions against defaulting countries).

The Locarno Conference temporarily adjusted the relations between western European countries, restored Germany's status as a big country in Europe, and weakened France's hegemonic position. A after Hitler came to power,1March 7, 936, the Germans broke the contract and entered the unarmed zone of the Rhine. 1939 In April, Germany announced the abolition of the Locarno Convention.

Sword night

1On June 30th, 934, Hitler created a "sword night" in Berlin and Munich, and cleared up the Nazi stormtrooper leader Ernst Julius Rohm. On the same day, Hitler flew from Bonn to Munich and arrested and executed Roma and others on the grounds that the leader of the stormtrooper attempted a coup. In this incident, hundreds of stormtroopers were executed. Hitler further consolidated his rights, and the SS gradually replaced the original position of the SS.

1June 30, 934. Some people call it "blood washing", while others call it "sword night". In Germany and Prussia, Adolf Hitler took swift and ruthless action to suppress what he called an imminent rebellion led by the stormtroopers.

On the morning of 30th, Hitler flew from Bonn to Munich to deal with the leader of the SS, Captain Ernst Julius Rohm. It is reported that Roma and one of his senior assistants were arrested in the bedroom of a villa in another country. He didn't resist. He was asked to commit suicide, but he refused and was executed in a prison in Munich.

Carl Ernst, the leader of the Berlin stormtroopers, was found in a house not far from Bremen. He may have been shot while trying to escape, or executed after flying to Berlin.

The Gestapo, under the command of Prussian Governor Hermann G?ring, said that they would arrest former Prime Minister Kurt Van Schleicher at his home not far from Potsdam. The police said that the couple were both killed for resisting arrest. Other stormtrooper officers have also been executed.

Hitler said that the rebels threatened to take action against him and got the support of an unnamed third force. This force is likely to be Russia. No matter how threatened, Hitler consolidated his power again. 1934 65438+ 10, the Goering Gestapo headed by Deiss and the SS headed by Himmler's minion heydrich began to closely monitor the senior leaders of Rome and the stormtroopers, and reported their every move to Hitler. In February, the Military Intelligence Bureau of the National Defence Force also joined the surveillance of Roma. Roma either know nothing about the actions of the secret police, or they are completely fearless and still act blatantly and never converge.

1934+ 10 In June, Rome said to Kurt Rudek, a Nazi diplomat, "Adolf can't trample on my thoughts as before, and I'm not who I used to be. Don't forget that I have 3 million stormtroopers, and all the key positions have been occupied by my people. Adolf also knows that I have many friends in the national defense army. If adolf is reasonable, we will solve the problem calmly; If he doesn't do this, I will use force-not for myself, but for our revolution! " When Rome hosted a banquet for his henchmen at the Kempinski Hotel in Berlin, he brazenly said, "Adolf is going to betray all of us. He is closely related to counter-revolutionaries and only trusts the generals in East Prussia! Adolf used to be my student, and he learned all his military knowledge from me. Unfortunately, Adolf is still a civilian, a pen holder, a visionary and a petty bourgeoisie. " These words were reported word for word to Hitler.

Hitler knew the nature of the Romans very well and didn't take his angry words seriously. But what Rome did down there frightened Hitler. 1during April, 934, Rome was extremely annoyed by Hitler's explicit rejection of his proposal to transform the national defense forces, and began to take the initiative to contact the socialist factions inside and outside the Nazi party to seek their support, and was ready to showdown with Hitler at the Nazi party congress. Schleicher, a former prime minister and military politician who opposed the Nazi Party, noticed that the Nazi Party was about to split and actively approached the Roma. Rome overreached itself, and it was tantamount to mourning for itself by escalating the route dispute with Hitler into a power struggle.

Although the Gestapo collected Roma materials and piled them up in Hitler's case solving, Hitler still couldn't bear to attack his former old comrades. From the beginning of April, Hitler promised that the national defense forces would eliminate the Roma. More than two months have passed, and Rome is still intact. The "anti-Romanian" forces inside and outside the Nazi Party have long been irrepressible. 1934 June 17, Deputy Prime Minister Papen, representing conservative forces, pointed out in a speech to students at Marburg University that extremists in the Nazi Party seriously endangered the interests of the Conservative Party, reminded Hitler not to forget the agreement reached with the inner-party alliance at the beginning of his coming to power, and called on the German people to resist another wave of Nazi revolution. Papen's speech was immediately supported by President Hindenburg, the National Defence Force, the big capitalists and the big chaebol. This is actually an ultimatum to Hitler. Meanwhile, the latest information provided by the Gestapo shows that Roma are planning a coup, which will be launched at the end of June. Although Hitler knew that this material usually contained a lot of water, it was urgent and had to be delivered, so he made up his mind.

In order to ease the tension, Rome announced on June 19 that the stormtroopers would have a one-month holiday, and it was forbidden to wear uniforms during the holiday, so as to show Hitler that the coup was purely a rumor. On 20th, Rome left for Johanna Budwig, a sanatorium in the south of Munich, and invited all members of the stormtroopers to attend a farewell banquet here. The Gestapo immediately reported to Hitler that this was an excuse for Rome to launch a coup and assemble troops. On June 2 1, Hitler met with President Hindenburg and obtained permission to use force to clean the stormtroopers. Then Himmler drafted a blacklist, and Hitler personally cancelled 150 names on the list. On June 29, Hitler held a meeting in a hotel in Goldberg-sur-Rhine to deploy the action, where all Nazi party leaders gathered. After the meeting, Goering and Himmler immediately rushed back to Berlin to take charge of the cleaning operation there. Hitler, accompanied by Goebbels, flew to Munich, ready to arrest all the stormtroopers gathered here. Munich Wehrmacht has already received orders to send troops to occupy various strategic locations. Here, Hitler told the local wehrmacht commander: "This operation is not about the wehrmacht. We clean up our own dirt. "

At 7 o'clock on the morning of June 30, Hitler's motorcade, escorted by an armored defense vehicle, rushed into the sanatorium where Rome and others stayed. It was the day when the Gestapo declared that the stormtroopers had staged a coup, but only one stormtrooper stood guard at the entrance of the sanatorium, while Rome and his henchmen were still asleep. According to Erich Kempka, Hitler's personal driver, after the war, Hitler rushed into Roma's room with a whip, followed by two armed secret policemen and said to Roma, "You are under arrest." In the room next to Rome, Hitler found Heinz, a confidant of Rome, sleeping with a stormtrooper of 18 years old. Hitler roared: "Hynes! You are allowed to get dressed in five minutes, or I will shoot you on the spot! " At the same time, the stormtroopers in other rooms were found out, concentrated in the laundry room, and then walked past Roma one by one and were escorted to the bus prepared outside. Roma turned blue and waved goodbye to them. Finally, Roma was stuffed into a car and he walked past Hitler with a straight face.

By the evening of June 30th, about 200 stormtroopers were detained in Munich prison. Hitler initially gave Roma a chance to commit suicide, but Roma ignored it, so Theodor Eicke, the leader of SS and the future commander of Dachau concentration camp, executed Roma. On the afternoon of June 30th, Dietrich, the leader of Hitler's Guards, held a blacklist and put the stormtroopers into prison for execution in batches. The warden thought that shooting prisoners on a single list was not in line with judicial procedures and was rudely pushed aside. At the same time, Green and Himmler also started fighting in Berlin. A large number of prisoners were taken to Lichterfelde's military camp and shot by firing squad. The volley of rifles echoed around the barracks all day.

Not only the stormtroopers, but also some dignitaries were killed in the long knife night operation. On the morning of June 30th, two secret policemen rang the doorbell outside the residence of former Prime Minister Schleicher, then pushed away the maid who greeted them, rushed into the living room and shot Schleicher and his wife. Another military figure who was killed was the former director of the military intelligence agency, Brido. When Gregor Strasser, one of the early leaders of the Nazi Party, was shot, the bullet passed through the artery and bled profusely, but he did not die immediately. Heydrich said coldly: "This wild boar is not dead yet, let him bleed."

/kloc-0 On June 30th and July 60th, 2000, more than 400 people were killed, including about 200 stormtroopers. Other arrested people were sent to Dachau concentration camp, and after several years of survival, they all died one after another. After World War II, the number of final victims provided by relevant parties in the Nuremberg Tribunal was 1076. It seems that the night of Long Dao is not only a cleaning action against the Roman stormtroopers, but also a massacre to cut off dissidents and attack political enemies. After the incident, although Hindenburg was shocked by the killing of two generals, he managed to sign a telegram thanking Hitler, thus legalizing the Holocaust. Defense Minister Bloomberg issued a statement on behalf of the military: "The Fuehrer attacked and smashed the coup with the courage and extraordinary courage of the soldiers. As the only armed force in the whole country, the National Defence Force has always been detached from domestic political disputes and will express its gratitude to the soldiers for their loyalty and dedication. "

Imperial crystal night

Crystal night (German: Reichskristallnacht, Reichspogromnacht, Novemberpogrome；; English: crystal night, broken glass night, also translated as imperial crystal night, broken glass night, persecution in November) refers to the incident of1October 9+0938+0/kloc-0 10 in the early morning, Hitler Youth League, Gestapo and SS attacked Jews in Germany and Austria. The "Crystal Night" incident marked the beginning of the organized massacre of Jews by the Nazis.

The Jewish shops destroyed and looted in Crystal Night In the 1920s, most German Jews were fully integrated into German society. 1933+1After Adolf Hitler came to power on October 30th, the Jewish disaster began. He once wrote in Mein Kampf: "The biggest antithesis of Aryans is Jews". He regards Jews as the enemy of the world, as the root of all evil, as the root of all disasters, and as the destroyer of life order in any country. He believes: "There is no clearest understanding of racial issues and Jewish issues. The German nation will not revive. "

Nazi Germany's initial anti-Semitic measures were to restrict Jews, prohibit Germans from shopping in Jewish shops, prohibit Jews from working as civil servants, doctors and judges, and prohibit Jews from entering and leaving public places such as bathrooms, concert halls and art exhibition halls.

1On September 5th, 935, Hitler made a new law at the Nazi Party Congress held in Nuremberg. Nuremberg law deprived Jews of their "civil rights", which marked the escalation of anti-Semitic actions. The law stipulates that Jews are "national residents" who have no right to vote and stand for election, prohibits Germans from marrying Jews, prohibits Jewish families from employing German women under the age of 45, and even prohibits Jews from using the German flag and color symbolizing Germany. Since then, Nazi Germany has taken more severe anti-Semitic measures to emigrate and drive Jews to other countries and regions.

1938101October 28th,17,000 German Jews were deported to Poland by the German government at midnight without any notice. At first, the Polish government refused to accept them, so the Jews had to stay on the border between Germany and Poland until the German authorities persuaded the Polish government to allow them to enter the country.

Among the deportees, there was a Polish Jewish immigrant family, 19 1 1 who settled in Hanover. Their son Herschel Grynszpan lives in an uncle's house in Paris. 165438+1October 3, he received a postcard from his sister Bertas, describing her terrible experience during her dismissal. So Greenspan began to ask Ernst von Ratt, the secretary of the German Embassy in Paris, for help, but von Ratt didn't help him.

1938 165438+1October 7, Greenspan fired three shots in the abdomen,1October 9,165438, and von Rath died of serious injuries. This incident became the fuse of "Crystal Night".

1938165438+18 October, the Nazi German government announced that Jewish newspapers and periodicals in China would stop publishing immediately as a punishment for the shooting incident.

The synagogue in Berlin was burnt down on the "Crystal Night"1938165438+1On the evening of October 9, Hitler and Nazi German propaganda minister Goebbels will attend the 5 th anniversary celebration of the coup/KLOC-0 in Munich Beer Hall. After hearing the news of von Ras's death, Hitler leaned his head around Goebbels, discussed it for a while, left a sentence "We should let the stormtroopers (Hitler Youth League) act", and then left. Goebbels urged that "it is estimated that there will be a spontaneous demonstration against Jews tonight, and the party should not interfere", making the upcoming violence seem to be "spontaneous" among the people.

1938165438+1October1kloc-0/20: 00, heydrich, head of the security department of the ss and the secret police, immediately instructed his men by express telegram: "The upcoming demonstration must not be stopped", "The synagogue can be burned, but it must not endanger Germany."

1938165438+10/0 in the early morning, at the instigation and manipulation of the Nazis, Hitler's Youth League, Gestapo and SS from all over Germany took to the streets disguised as civilians, frantically waving sticks, madly smashing and looting Jewish houses, shops and churches. This night caused great disaster to Jews, and about 267 synagogues, more than 7,000 Jewish shops and 29 department stores were set on fire or destroyed. In Austria, 94 synagogues were also destroyed.

Many Jewish windows were broken that night, and the broken glass shone like crystal in the moonlight. Therefore, some Germans ironically call it "Crystal Night". The broken glass that night alone lost 6 million marks. Its value is equivalent to the total value of glass produced in Belgium for half a year.

The number of Jewish deaths in the incident is uncertain, with an estimated death rate of 9 1 person. About 30,000 Jewish men aged 65,438+06 to 60 were arrested in their homes and sent to Dachau, Buchenwald and Saxony Hausen concentration camps. It is estimated that about 2000-2500 people died in concentration camps, most of whom were released within three months, but they had to leave Germany. After the incident, about 10000 children were forced to leave their parents and families, most of them went to Britain, and only 1000 children were able to reunite with their parents.

The "Crystal Night" incident soon spread all over the world. The United States recalled its ambassador to Germany for this incident, and many governments also chose to break diplomatic relations with Germany to protest. The New York Times and other media created a new term "anti-Semitism" for this incident.

On the third day after the "Crystal Night" incident,1938165438+1October 12, many ministers of Nazi Germany made measures to deprive Jews of their dignity and rights under the call of Goering, the second Nazi figure. The specific contents include: forcing Jews to clean up the burned church and build it into a parking lot for Germans to use; Forcing every Jew to wear an insulting sign with the letter "J"; Even forced the persecuted Jews to pay 654.38 billion marks to the Nazis. These measures put the life of the Jews in a desperate situation.

The "Crystal Night" incident marked the beginning of the organized massacre of Jews by the Nazis. 1939 September, Nazi Germany invaded Poland and massacred Jews. 194 1 In the spring of, Nazi leaders planned to attack the Soviet Union and at the same time planned to commit genocide against Jews. This task will be completed by the security department of the SS and the special action team organized by the secret police.

1942 1.2, in a villa near Wan Hu Lake in Berlin, heydrich, the chief of Nazi secret police, summoned senior officials of the 14 department, including Miao Lei, the chief of Gestapo, to study and arrange the plan of mass and systematic massacre of Jews. The meeting adopted a "final solution" plan, that is, sending Jews to work in the East. "Most of them will undoubtedly be eliminated by natural reduction" and "those who resist the strongest in the end must be disposed of in a corresponding way".

After the "Wan Hu Conference", the Nazis began to implement this huge killing plan in an all-round way, and there appeared a hell like Auschwitz concentration camp that used gas chambers and cremators to slaughter Jews in batches. According to Eichmann, a senior Nazi official in charge of searching for and destroying Jews at that time, more than 4 million people died in extermination camps at that time, and 2 million people were killed in other ways. Most of them are Jews.

1989, 5 1 year later, the Berlin wall fell on 1654381October 9. However, because of the "shame" of "Crystal Night", Germany set the anniversary of reunification at 65438+10.3.

Beer hall riot

The riot in the beer hall was Hitler's first attempt to seize power.

Hitler 1889 was born in Austria, and his father was a junior clerk in Austrian customs. He didn't have a regular job in his early years. He was a tramp and often worked as a temporary worker. After living a wandering life in Vienna, he came to live in Munich, Germany on 19 13. When World War I broke out, he served in the German army and became a first-class soldier. After the war, because he made his debut in anti-Semitic activities, supported the German Defence Forces, gained the appreciation of the army, and stayed in the army as a "political instructor", which gave him the opportunity to enter the political arena and began his counter-revolutionary political career. 19 19 In September, he joined an organization called "German Workers' Party" and became the seventh member of the party committee. Hitler was good at rhetoric, and soon, he squeezed out the party leader with cunning skills and monopolized the power. 1February 920 15, Hitler gave the party a good name "national socialism" (abbreviation [Nazi], abbreviation of German words "nation" and "socialism").

Hitler's Nazi Party was conceived and multiplied in the process of Germany facing a serious economic and political crisis after the war. This is an extremely reactionary organization, trying to incite national revanchism and national chauvinism. In order to win over the masses and expand his influence, Hitler carried out deceptive propaganda under the banner of "nationalism" and "socialism".

Hitler, under the banner of nationalism, seized the Treaty of Versailles and made a big fuss about it. He believed that the disaster in Germany originated from the Treaty of Versailles and called on the German people to rise up, tear up the bondage of the Treaty of Versailles and save the nation from peril. In order to adapt to the new revolutionary situation in Germany, conform to the trend and take advantage of the revolutionary mood of the people, Hitler also advertised that the Nazi Party was engaged in "socialism". From the very beginning, the Nazi Party appeared in a different face from other bourgeois parties, openly and fiercely criticizing capitalism.

From 65438 to 0923, the membership of the Nazi Party grew to more than 30,000 people, becoming a new and remarkable political force in Germany. At that time, the German mark plummeted, and the financial sector was in chaos. France and Belgium sent troops to occupy the Ruhr, which aroused the anger and patriotic enthusiasm of the German people for the government. Hitler thought it was time to seize power. He teamed up with ludendorff, the former German chief of staff, in an attempt to emulate Mussolini's March into Rome and overthrow the Weimar Republic by violence. 1923165438+1On October 8th, Hitler and ludendorff led the stormtroopers and used the Bavarian military and political leaders to launch a coup in a Munich beer shop.

165438+1On the evening of October 8, political circles and celebrities from Munich attended. Next to a pillar, Hitler occupied an inconspicuous position with Max Amann, Rosemburg and Uhrich Graff, and no one paid attention to him. Twenty minutes after Carl began to speak, the whole meeting suddenly came to a complete halt. Goering broke into the hall with 25 Nazi party members armed with bullets. In the roar, Hitler jumped into a chair, shot at the ceiling, then jumped down and walked to the podium. "The national revolution has begun." He shouted, "This hall has been occupied by 600 people with heavy weapons, and no one is allowed to leave the hall. The Bavarian government and the German government were overthrown and an interim national government was established. Barracks and police stations have been occupied, and the army and police are advancing towards the city under the Nazi flag. " Many people in the hall were angry at the impudence of this young upstart. He tried to squeeze into the political field through intimidation, but no one could understand the extent of Hitler's sheer bluff. There are 600 commandos outside the hall and a machine gun at the door. In addition, with the help of Bonner, the former police station in Munich, Hitler has persuaded Frick, an official who is still working in the police station, to tell the police officers in the hall not to interfere, and to report if there is anything, so that Goering can maintain order in the hall. Hitler pushed Karl, Losov and Cecil into a side room. At the same time, Heebner Richter drove to Hoy in Ludwig that night to pick up General ludendorff, because Hitler wanted him to be the nominal leader of his revolution.

Hitler was so excited that he began to meet Karl and his partner dramatically. He said to them, "No one can walk out of this room alive without my permission." He announced the formation of a new government with ludendorff (again, this is false, and ludendorff knows nothing about what happened). They have only one choice: cooperate with him. He looked a little insane, waving a pistol. He shouted, "There are four bullets in my pistol. If they refuse to cooperate with me, three will be left to them and the last one will be left to myself. " He pointed a pistol at his head and shouted, "If I don't succeed tomorrow afternoon, I won't die."

The three men were unexpectedly indifferent. They found it difficult to fully consider Hitler's madness, despite the guns and armed guards at the window. Losoff later claimed that when they walked out of the hall, he whispered "cheating" to Carl and Cecil. Carl said bravely, "You can arrest me or shoot me. It doesn't matter whether I die or not. " Cecil accused Hitler of failing to keep his promise not to launch a coup. Hitler said with great chagrin, "Yes, I went back on my word. Please forgive me. But for my motherland, I have to. " But Karl-began to whisper to the silent Losov, and suddenly he became furious and shouted, "Don't talk without my permission." So far, he has made little progress. Then, without saying a word, he left the room and rushed to the hall to announce that the three men had agreed to form a new German government with him and that the Bavarian cabinet had stepped down. I suggest that the Bavarian government consists of a regent and an authoritative prime minister. I suggest that Mr. Von Carr be the Regent and Mr. Bona be the Prime Minister. 1 1 month, the sinner's government and the German president have been announced to be dismissed. The new national government will be appointed in Munich today.

As soon as Hitler returned to them, ludendorff arrived. He was angry that Hitler kept him in the dark and fiddled around. He was angry that Hitler was appointed German dictator instead of ludendorff and allowed him to command a nonexistent army. But he controlled himself, he said, this is a national event, and he can only persuade others to cooperate. Hitler added: "We can't go back, our actions have written a chapter in the history of the world." Losov later denied his answer: "I will take your wish as an order." But ludendorff's intervention played a decisive role. When Karl still disagreed, Hitler used up his magic. He said, "With your permission, I will immediately drive to see your Majesty (Bavarian Crown Prince Lubrecht) and tell him that the German people have risen up and made up for the unfair treatment suffered by your late father." Hearing this, even Carl surrendered and agreed to cooperate and act as the representative of the king. They reached a superficial agreement and then walked back to the hall together. When the audience jumped into their seats and cheered warmly, each of them made a short speech on the platform, swore allegiance and shook hands with each other. Hitler was greatly relieved and excited. He said, "I will fulfill the oath I made when I was temporarily blind in a military hospital five years ago: I will work tirelessly until the evil government was overthrown in 1 1 month, and a strong, free and glorious Germany will be rebuilt on the tragic ruins of today's Germany." As soon as his speech was over, the slogan "Germany is above everything else" broke out in the whole meeting.

1on the morning of October 9/11point-that day happened to be the German National Day established in 19 19-3,000 Hitler partisans gathered outside the beer hall again. This unconstrained team, led by Hitler, Goering and the famous General Enrique ludendorff, headed for the center of Munich. They were stopped by the police on the road, and Goering jumped out of the crowd and threatened to kill the hostages controlled the night before. The police had to step aside and let them move on. But when they were about to gather from the narrow street to the spacious Opera Square in Munich, they were stopped by the police again. "Don't shoot!" One of Hitler's bodyguards shouted, "Your Excellency General ludendorff is here!" Hitler waved his revolver wildly and kept shouting "surrender!" Surrender! " So far, no one knows who fired the first shot. But it was after this gunshot that the bullets of both sides were fired. Goering was shot in the thigh and calf. Hitler clung to the sidewalk. He wasn't hurt. The future prime minister of the Third Reich was the first person to run for his life. When the parade approached the police blockade, he held Hitler's right arm with his left arm in Schbunari, which pulled Hitler to the ground. Maybe Hitler thought he was injured, and he felt a sharp pain, only to find that his shoulder was dislocated later. But the fact remains that according to the testimony of Dr. Walter Schulz, a follower of his own party who also participated in the parade at that time (and confirmed by other witnesses), Hitler was "the first person to jump up and run back", leaving his dead and injured companions in the street behind him. He boarded a car waiting nearby and immediately drove to Hanfu Stangel's country house in Bodfen, where Putz's wife and sister took care of him. He was arrested there two days later. In this conflict, 16 Nazis and 3 policemen were killed.

Hitler tried to turn it into his own political speech during the trial, but he was still sentenced to five years in prison. He spent nine months in prison, during which he dictated the book Mein Kampf, which painted a shocking blueprint for the future Germany under Nazi rule. Although the world-famous coup in the beer hall failed, the Nazis learned an important lesson from it, which will take them to the peak of power. Goering said: "We will never launch a coup again. We just need to make the domestic situation worse, so people will demand to be ruled by national socialists. "

There are too many others, such as the May 15 incident in Japan, the February 26 mutiny, and the Crystal Night in Germany. Take your time.