Brief introduction of sword

The scope of sword in China culture is different from other cultures. For example, in ancient western countries, there were only two edges and a straight knife. For westerners, a knife was also defined as a kind of sword. The following is what I arranged for you: a brief introduction to the sword.

Basic introduction of sword

Naming? Saber? (single-edged saber)? Sickle? (single-edged machete) also belongs to western culture? Sword? One kind. Another example is Japan, where there is no distinction between a knife and a sword. Kendo? Or? Fencing? In fact, it is a two-handed knife technique spread from China to Japan in the Tang Dynasty.

In China culture, sword and knife are two different weapons, and sword is especially used to refer to? Double-edged straight blade? What does the knife mean? Single front curved blade? .

Sword can usually make three kinds of attacks: cutting, cutting and stabbing.

Structure of sword

A sword consists of a body and a handle. The sword body includes a tip, a tip, a blade and a ridge; The hilt includes a lattice and a handle, and most swords also have heads that can be tied to spikes. Wen Jian? Often worn by ancient literati, this sword is mostly used for decoration; What's the name of the ear without a sword? Wu Jian? This kind of sword is used in martial arts) and some swords have hoops. A sword can be called a sword if its body is mounted on the hilt. It is usually equipped with a scabbard, which can be put on the body of the sword to protect it and is convenient to carry.

The history of the sword

There are historical records of casting swords in Shang dynasty in China, which are generally willow leaves or pointed triangles, originally made of copper. At that time, it was usually used as an auxiliary weapon under long weapons. However, in areas with many rivers, such as wuyue, swords were used as the main weapon, so most of the famous swords in the Spring and Autumn Period came from these areas.

Unearthed at Zhukaigou Site in Ejinhoro Banner, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region? Ordos dagger bronze dagger with straight handle? , the earliest known bronze sword in China, about15th century BC, early Shang Dynasty. This sword is 25.4 cm long, its blade is almost willow-shaped, its ridge is thick, its blade is double-sided, its handle is straight, and there are two grooves in the middle. The head of the knife handle is slightly annular, and there are convex teeth on both sides of the joint between the knife handle and the blade. The blade inclines downward to form a peak, and the handle is wrapped with hemp rope.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it was the main weapon of foot warfare, and it was getting longer and longer. The sword of Gou Jian, the King of Yue, unearthed from No.1 Chu Tomb in Wangshan, Jiangling, Hubei, is 55.7 cm long. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, it was more than 3 feet long, with a curved blade and a steep included angle. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, he gradually withdrew from the war stage in order to wear ceremonial or martial arts to strengthen self-defense. After the Han Dynasty, bronze swords were gradually replaced by steel swords, and tended to be stereotyped, that is, the body of the sword had ridges, blades on both sides, a point in front, a head in the middle and a handle at the back. The ring at the end of the stem is called a shovel, and there are accessories such as sheaths and spikes. In Sui and Tang Dynasties, swords prevailed. Sui Shu? Etiquette yearbook:? Yipin, Jade Sword, Peishan Xuan Yu. Second, Jin Jian matches water with jade. Third-class and founding son male, fifth-class scattered (scattered) products are called fourth-class and fifth-class, and they are silver swords, wearing aquamarine, and the servant has gone down, the straight lang has gone up, and the companion is like a sword. Those who carry straight swords enter the ancestral temple and climb the temple. If they are in battle, they will untie their swords. Yipin Gong, San (III) County Gong and Hou Bo, the founder of the country, are highly respected. Second-class, third-class and founding son male, fifth-class scattered (scattered) product for several hours, are only envious of it. The same is true of ribbons. ? It flourished most in the Tang Dynasty and was regarded as an ornament by literati to express their lofty aspirations or show their martial spirit. The back sword is inextricably linked with Taoism and has become one of the instruments in the hands of Taoist priests.

Sword, a sacred product in ancient times, is supreme, noble and admirable. He is the ancestor of the melee weapon short soldier, and entered the mysterious legend with profound Daoism. In fact, because of its portability, admirable and rapid use, princes and emperors, literati and chivalrous people, businessmen and ordinary people are proud of it. Since ancient times, sword and art have often fought in the battlefield, dominated the Wulin, founded the country, and acted in righteousness. So it has spread to this day and is still loved by the world. They are also deeply rooted in people's hearts with their glorious history and can be passed down forever.

Sword originated in Xuanyuan Huangdi era. According to "The Yellow Emperor's Ji Yun", "The emperor used Shoushan bronze to cast swords and engraved astronomical ancient characters"; According to many records in Guanzi, "Tian Ge Luzhi Mountain used to make gold, and Chiyou used it as a sword armor". The above two statements, like Huangdi and Chiyou, are casting swords for soldiers.

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According to the above statement, no matter who the founder of the sword is, it was born in the era of the Yellow Emperor, but there is no doubt. Huangdi built a temple in 46 15 BC (2704 BC), named Xiong, when the fashion department had just entered the bronze age. However, it can be inferred that the birth of sword is extremely ancient and has a long history, so people later called it "the ancestor of short soldiers", which really deserved its reputation.

From the Yellow Emperor to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, most swords were made of copper, with good quality and advanced refining technology. The sword system was established in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and the method of making the sword was expounded. Zhou Li Kao said, "Zhou Guantao's family heirloom is a sword. It is two and a half inches long and wide, so its wax is widely used. The stem ring is twice as long. On the stem, after fighting, the body is very five stems, and it weighs nine Qiang (according to: Li Saturday and a half is a Qiang), which means that it is above the system and above the soil. Four stems are seven Tang weights long, which is called neutralization system, and the sergeant takes it. It is three stems long and weighs five, and the corporal takes it. " Archaeology also records a cloud: "Sword, the name of an antique, has two edges and two ridges, from the back to the blade, which is called wax or blade." The back blade is separated from the handle below, which is called the head (that is, the sword head), the grip below the head is called the handle (that is, the sword handle), and the rotation of the handle end means "grabbing".

Sword-shaped slightly larger: Early daggers were popular in the early Western Zhou Dynasty. Typical styles are: willow-shaped flat handle, willow-shaped as a whole, sharp angle before rounding along the handle, slightly raised wax core, no sword grid, no obvious boundary between wax and handle, flat handle with two holes.

Thin wax-free round handle sword was popular in the early and middle period of Spring and Autumn. The typical style is as follows: fine wax-round stem short style, waxy leaves, ribbed in the middle, extending from the end to the round stem. Although the stem is slender, it is still a dagger style as a whole; Thin wax-pointed round stem type, its wax is flat and thin, the front end is broken, the lower end is inclined and pointed, and the ridge extends into a round stem, but it has no head and no grid.

Non-lattice inclined flat handle sword was popular in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Its basic style is: the two sides are wide and short, the middle ridge rises straight, the two sides are slightly inclined and concave, the lower end is flat without grid, or the grid is not connected with the billet, and the flat stem runs through.

Thick lattice swords were popular in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Typical styles are as follows: the diagonal thick lattice round stem is hoop-shaped, the back is straight and diagonal, and the front is slightly the same. The lattice is inverted, but there are two hoops on the round handle for easy winding.

During the Warring States period, the thin-grid sword prevailed, with two unified directions, long and short wax, thin grid and round handle without hoop.

It is recorded in Historical Records. Bill Han has many swords, one is Tang Xi, the other is Yang Mo, the third is Hebo, the fourth is Deng Shi, the fifth is Feng Wan, the sixth is Longyuan, the seventh is Taia, the eighth is Mo Xie, and the ninth is a general. ? "Wu Yue Chun Qiu" records that Tangxi is located in Xiping, and its water-quenched sword is extremely sharp, which was created by general Mo Xie, also known as Master Chuan. ? According to Fan Wenlan's General History of China, there are smelting furnace city and Tangxi village in Xiping, Henan Province, both of which are famous places for casting swords in Korea. Xiping has longyuan water and a strong sword. ? He told the author that Xiping Tangxi belonged to Chu in the Spring and Autumn Period and Korea in the Warring States Period. It was a holiday military base for smelting iron and casting swords at that time, with a history of 2700 years. Our ancestors created China's steel civilization here and made China's sword culture.

Xiping County belonged to Chu in the Spring and Autumn Period and Korea in the Warring States Period. There is Cooper City in the west of the county seat, which belongs to the well-preserved place of White Yellowstone. There are Jiunv Mountain, Spider Mountain and Happy Valley around. There are Tangxi Lake and Tangxi River under the mountain, and Tangxi Garden scenic spot on the mountain. Tangxi Valley is an important iron smelting base from the Warring States to the Jin Dynasty, and it is the earliest and most well-preserved iron smelting site in China. For thousands of years, from the Qin Dynasty to the Yuanhe period in Tang Xianzong, the central governments of all dynasties set up iron officials in Xiping to supervise the manufacture of weapons. In the winter of the twelfth year of Yuanhe, Tang Xianzong sent troops to quell the rebellion in the Central Plains and razed Tangxi Iron Smelting City to the ground. Since then, Tang Xijian has disappeared from history.

Tangxi Iron Smelting Site is located on both sides of Tangxi Lake, 500 meters south of Hotel Village, Hotel Township, Xiping County, with Longquan River in the south and Tangxi River in the north. There is an iron smelting furnace in the south of the iron smelting field. In 1950s, Mr. Fan Wenlan, a famous historian in China, visited Xiping twice. 1959, Zhang Jingan, a cultural relic expert, visited and found a well-preserved iron smelting furnace. The ironmaking furnace is oval, with a diameter of about 0.8 meters and a depth of more than one meter. The wall of the iron smelting furnace shows scorching fire barbecue marks. This important discovery opens a new page for people to understand the history of ancient iron smelting and sword casting, which is of great significance.

Brief introduction of sword

As can be seen from the above, the sword is a sharp weapon, and its size depends on the human body and the number of people being measured. Hua Zheng explained the sword in detail, saying, "People have different shapes and sizes, so making swords for their clothes is not just to look beautiful, but to make them suitable for use." So it is a third-class system, in order to treat third-class people and suit themselves. The hilt is five inches long. If the length of the blade is five times that of the hilt, the blade will be three feet long. If it's heavy, it's three catties and twelve liang. It is extremely long and heavy, so it is called Shangtong. Only those who are good-looking can win, so the staff sergeant is convinced. The sword has four stems, is two feet five inches long and weighs seven catties and fourteen liang, so it is called neutral. Only the person who gets the best is suitable to take it, so the sergeant took it. The sword is two feet long when it stops at three stems, and two pounds and one second and three minutes when it stops at five Tang Dynasties. It is light and short, so it is called the lower system. People who are short and weak can take it. "

The above-mentioned sword system was widely used in ancient times, and it still changed in past dynasties. This was especially true from the Qin Dynasty to the Song Dynasty. Zheng Huayun said: "If you compare the sword of Qin and Han Dynasties with that of Song Dynasty, the sword of Song Dynasty is 2 1 inch 3 points, while the sword of Han Dynasty is only 17 inch 9 points. The dagger in the Song Dynasty was fifteen inches and two minutes, but only ten inches and five minutes in the Han Dynasty, so the sword in the Song Dynasty was longer and of better quality than that in the Han Dynasty. Then again, when there is evidence, it is not convenient to agree. Although the purpose of covering the sword is not to kill people, it is also an ornament of literati. However, the main purpose is to defend against the enemy. For example, the sword is inconvenient to use when it is long, and it is difficult to last long when it is short. When it is short, it is difficult to strike hard, and the elderly are bulky and slow to swing. Neither is suitable for sword system. There is a saying in ancient books that "Emperor Gaozu won the world with one sword and three feet", so it is wrong to say that the sword of the Han Dynasty is less than two feet. According to the comprehensive history of sword, the length of Gu Jian is generally more than one foot three inches to four feet, and the weight is two to three Jin, which is tailor-made for everyone and should be credible.

Sword is a kind of short soldier, which is born out of spear-shaped stab soldiers and short daggers. Originated before Shang Dynasty, the vessel was very short, with only short flat stems and no tubes. The ancients used this sword to stab into the waist, which can be cut and stabbed to resist bandits and wild animals. By the Zhou Dynasty, especially during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it had become the main short weapon and was necessary for scholars. Even Feng Xuan and Han Xin in the early Han Dynasty, although they were too poor to eat, still took them with them. The famous ones are Ganjiang, Mo Xie, Longquan, Tai 'an, Chunjun, Zhan Lu, Yuchang and Suzaku. One of the Longquan swords in the Spring and Autumn Period is still hidden in the Forbidden City, and it is still very sharp, which proves that China has a long history in the manufacture and use of swords.