Information about the Yangtze River

the Yangtze river originated from the Yanshanian movement in the Jurassic period 14 million years ago, forming the Tanggula Mountains in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau slowly rose, forming many high mountains, deep valleys, depressions and rift valleys. The Dabie Mountains and Wushan Mountains between Sichuan and Hubei in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are uplifted, the Sichuan Basin is depressed, and the ancient Mediterranean further retreats to the west. During the Cretaceous period 1 million years ago. Sichuan basin rises slowly. With the continuous development of leveling, Yunmeng and Dongting basins continue to sink. In the Eocene, 3-4 million years ago, there was a strong Himalayan movement, the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the disappearance of the ancient Mediterranean, and the Yangtze River basin generally rose intermittently. Its rising degree is moderate in the east and sharp in the west. The mountains on both sides of Jinsha River protrude, and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau rise significantly, and some fault basins are formed at the same time. Under the strong downward cutting of rivers, many deep and steep canyons have appeared, and the water systems that originally flowed from north to south merged with each other and flowed eastward. The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River rise slightly, forming middle and low mountains and hills, and the depressed areas sink into plains (such as the two lakes plain, Nanxiang plain, Duyang plain, Jiangsu and Anhui plain, etc.). By 3 million years ago, the Himalayas had risen strongly and the western part of the Yangtze River basin had been further raised. The erosion of the ancient Yangtze River extending from Hubei to the four basins was accelerated, and it cut through Wushan, which made the ancient Yangtze River connect with the east and the west, and the river was vast and filled into the East China Sea. Today, the Yangtze River was formed.

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At present, it is recognized that the Tuotuo River, which originated from the Gladden Snow Mountain, is the source of the Yangtze River; However, the criteria for determining the source of a big river are that the source of the river is far away, the amount of water is large, and it corresponds to the main direction of the river. Some people, including experts in geography and surveying, think that the water flow of Dangqu is 5 to 6 times that of Tuotuo River, and the basin area is 1.8 times that of Tuotuo River. Dangqu should be regarded as the source of the Yangtze River. The dispute between the sources of the Yangtze River will have a substantial impact on the calculation of the length of the Yangtze River. In 21, under the auspices of Liu Shaochuang, an expert from the Institute of Remote Sensing Application of China Academy of Sciences, the results of measuring

the geographic information atlas of the Yangtze River basin (22) were accurate to the decimal point. The new data of the length of the Yangtze River is 6211.3 kilometers. Its research team used nearly 4 satellite images covering the main stream of the Yangtze River, which were taken by the American Earth Resources Satellite with a resolution of 3 meters. The calculation method is that the Yangtze River is measured three times in the forward direction and three times in the reverse direction along the center line of the river channel, and the results are obtained after many computer operations and geometric correction. This study is based on the calculation of Dangqu as the source of the Yangtze River. Specifically, the location of the source of Dangqu is 94 degrees 35 minutes 54 seconds east longitude, 32 degrees 43 minutes 54 seconds north latitude and 542 meters above sea level. Dangqu (from the source to Nangji Balong) is 36.8 kilometers, Tuotuo River is 357.6 kilometers, Tongtian River is 787.7 kilometers, Jinsha River is 2322.2 kilometers, and Yibin is 274.6 kilometers below.

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Tanggula Mountain

The depths of the Yangtze River are different, and the following are the depths of the main channel: Yibin-Lanjiatuo 1.8m-Louxigou 2.5m-Yangjiaotan 2.7m-Baiwei 2.9m-Wuqiao 3.2m. Below the source of the Yangtze River, the Tuotuohe River is Tongtianhe. Below the Jinsha River, the Minjiang River mouth reaches the mouth of the Yangtze River, with a length of 2,884 kilometers (after Jingjiang River is cut and straightened, the voyage is shortened by 8 kilometers, which is more than 2,8 kilometers), which is commonly known as the Yangtze River. Each section of the Yangtze River has its own name. Wuqiao-Wan Hekou 4. meters Wan Hekou-Yanziji 4.5 meters Yanziji-Longzhaoyan 1.5 meters In 1958, when the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge along the Yangtze River was tested, the water depth in the middle of the river was measured to be more than 3 meters, and it was measured to be 4 meters between Xiaguan Pukou. At the junction of Jiangxi and Hubei, a place called Niuguanji was measured to be 13 meters deep, but the depth of the Yangtze River estuary was only about 1 meters.

Editing the historical materials in this paragraph

In the ancient documents of China, "Jiang" is often used to refer to the Yangtze River. Wang Xizhi and Sun Chuo in the Eastern Jin Dynasty used the name "Yangtze River" earlier. Wang Xizhi wrote to Yin Hao, saying, "Today's army is broken from the outside, and its resources are exhausted from the inside. The ambition of protecting Huai River is beyond our reach. Nothing is better than protecting the Yangtze River!" (Biography of the Book of Jin and Wang Xizhi); Sun Chuo said to me, "Heaven has not changed, and the middle Sect is a dragonfly. It's not just a matter of obedience and harmony with heaven and man. It depends on the ears of the Yangtze River." (Biography of Sun Chuo in the Book of Jin)

Edit the map of the Yangtze River Basin in this section

The Yangtze River Basin is about 3,219 kilometers from west to east and 966 kilometers from north to south. The Yangtze River flows through: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau-Qinghai (Qinghai)-Sichuan (Sichuan)-Tibet (Tibet)-Yunnan (Yunnan)-Chongqing (Chongqing)-Hubei (Hubei)-Hunan (Hunan)-Jiangxi (Jiangxi)-Anhui (Anhui)-Jiangsu (Jiangsu)-Shanghai (Shanghai)-East China Sea. Originated in the west of China, it completely or partially flows through 11 provinces including Xizang Autonomous Region. The population distribution in the Yangtze River basin is uneven; The most densely populated areas are in the plains adjacent to the banks of the Yangtze River and its tributaries in Central and East China, and the western plateau of the basin is the least populated. More than 3/4 of the process passes through the mountains. There are Yalong River, Minjiang River, Jialing River, Tuojiang River, Wujiang River, Xiangjiang River, Hanjiang River, Ganjiang River, Qingyi River, Huangpu River and other important tributaries. Among them, the Han River is the longest, and the Yalong River, Minjiang River, Jialing River and Han River are north of the main stream. To the south of the main stream are Wujiang River, Xiangjiang River, Yuanjiang River, Ganjiang River and Huangpu River. Danjiangkou reservoir in the middle and upper reaches of Hanjiang River is the water source of the middle route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project. This valley is a huge granary in China, which produces almost half of the country's grain, of which rice accounts for 7% of the total. In addition, many other crops are planted, including cotton, wheat, barley, corn, beans and so on. Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan, Chongqing, Chengdu and other big cities with a population of more than one million are all in the Yangtze River basin. The main stream of the Yangtze River passes through 11 provincial administrative regions, which are Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang Autonomous Region, Yunnan, Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu and Shanghai from west to east. Finally, it flows into the East China Sea from Chongming County in Shanghai. Its tributary basins also include parts of Gansu, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Guangxi, Henan, Zhejiang and Guangdong provinces.

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The Zhengyuan Tuotuo River of the Yangtze River originates from the main peak of Tanggula Mountain, the Geladan Winter Snow Mountain, also known as Jianggendi, also known as Jianggudi, a glacier on the west side of Gladandong. It is called Tongtian River after meeting with Dangqu in the south of Yangtze River at the junction of Qinghai and Tibet. The Tongtian River meets the Chumar River, the northern source of the Yangtze River, which originated in the hinterland of Hoh Xil, and then flows southeast to the Batang estuary in Yushu County. From now on, the main stream of the Yangtze River between Yibin City, Sichuan Province is called Jinsha River; Yibin is called Yangtze River below, Jingjiang in Jingzhou before, and Yangzi River below Yangzhou. Into the East China Sea in Shanghai.

The tributaries in this section are

Yalong River, Minjiang River, Tuojiang River, Chishui River, Jialing River, Wujiang River, Xiangjiang River, Yuanjiang River, Hanjiang River, Ganjiang River, Qingyijiang River, Huangpu River and other important lakes such as Dianchi Lake, Caohai Lake, Honghu Lake, Dongting Lake, Poyang Lake, Chaohu Lake and Taihu Lake. It intersects with the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal in Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province.

Edit this section of the main stream

The names of the sections of the main stream of the Yangtze River are different: the source to Dangqukou (called the river as "Qu" in Tibetan) is called Tuotuo River, which is the main source of the Yangtze River, with a length of 358 kilometers; Dangqukou to Batang estuary in Yushu County, Qinghai Province, known as Tongtian River, is 813 kilometers long; Batang estuary to Yibin Minjiang estuary in Sichuan Province, known as Jinsha River, is 238 kilometers long; Yibin Minjiang Estuary to the mouth of the Yangtze River, about 28 kilometers, is commonly known as the Yangtze River, among which Yibin to Yichang, Hubei Province is known as "Chuanjiang" (the Three Gorges section between Fengjie and Yichang is also known as "Xiajiang"), and Zhicheng, Hubei Province to Chenglingji, Hunan Province is known as Jingjiang (Jingjiang is known as "nine-bend ileum"). Yangzhou and Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province are also known as Yangtze River below. Plateau and mountainous areas account for 65.6% in the basin; Hills account for 24%; Plain and lowland account for 1.4%. The Yangtze River has developed shipping and is known as the golden waterway.

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From the source of the Yangtze River to Yichang City, Hubei Province, there are many rapids in the upper reaches; Yichang to Hukou City, Jiangxi Province is the middle reaches with developed meanders and many lakes (Poyang Lake is the largest, followed by Dongting Lake); From the mouth of the lake to the mouth of the sea, it is downstream, with a wide river and a Chongming Island formed by the accumulation of water in the estuary. The Yangtze River is rich in water and water resources. During the flood season, a 1,-ton steamer can reach Wuhan, and a small steamer can trace back to Yibin. The Yangtze River Basin is the most densely populated and economically prosperous area in China. Under the general name of "Yangtze River", some river sections have their own names. This is a remarkable difference between the Yangtze River and the Yellow River. From the source of the Yangtze River to the mouth of Dangqu River in the south of the Yangtze River, it is commonly known as the Tuotuo River, which is the source of the Yangtze River, with a length of 358 kilometers. From the mouth of Dangqu River to the mouth of Batang River in Yushu County, Qinghai Province, it is commonly known as Tongtian River, with a length of 813 kilometers. From Batang estuary to Minjiang estuary in Yibin city, Sichuan province, it is commonly known as Jinsha River, with a length of 238 kilometers; From Yibin City to Nanjinguan, Yichang City, Hubei Province, commonly known as Chuanjiang, the length is 133 kilometers. From Zhicheng, Yidu City, Hubei Province to Chenglingji, Yueyang City, Hunan Province, this section of the river flows through the ancient Jingzhou area, commonly known as Jingjiang, with a length of 337 kilometers; "The Yangtze River is thousands of miles long, and the danger lies in Jingjiang River" refers to this section, and it is also the first section of the Yangtze River that flows through mountainous and hilly areas and enters the plain area. The second half of Jingjiang River is known as "plain face". A section of the Yangtze River near Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province, commonly known as shrewd, was named after Jiujiang City, which was called Xunyang in ancient times. The Yangtze River in Zhenjiang and Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, was called the Yangtze River in ancient times, and it was named after the Yangtze ferry crossing leading to Zhenjiang in the south of Yangzhou. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Yangtze River Gateway was forced to open under the imperialist gunboat policy. Foreign ships sailed upstream from Wusongkou and first passed through the Yangtze River. Foreigners took it as a synonym for the Yangtze River and transliterated it as "Yangtse River", which was widely circulated.

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The Yangtze River basin is well irrigated; The average annual rainfall is about 11 mm (43 inches). Rain is mostly brought by monsoon, which mainly falls in summer months. In the mountainous area of the river basin, most of the precipitation appears in the form of snow. Floods caused by monsoon rains in the middle and lower reaches of the basin usually start from March to April and last for about 8 months. The water level decreased somewhat in May, but then increased sharply, and continued to rise until August, reaching the highest water level. After that, the water level gradually fell back to the level before the arrival of the monsoon, and the water level decreased continuously in most of autumn and winter until February, when it reached the lowest level in a year. The annual water level fluctuates considerably-about 2 meters (65 feet) on average-and the dry year is 8-11 meters (26-35 feet). In the canyon, the water level caused by flood reaches a huge scale of 4 ~ 46 meters (13 ~ 15 feet). The influence of downstream water level change is reduced by the regulation of lakes; The tide has a great influence on the water level. Near Wusong, the daily tidal amplitude is 5 meters (15 feet) and the annual tidal amplitude is 6 meters (2 feet). The analysis of the amount of water transported to the Yangtze River estuary shows that the plateau of the basin provides 1% of the flow, while all the rest of the water in the river is provided by the middle and lower reaches of the basin, and Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake provide about 4% of the water. The Yangtze River has a huge amount of water. Even in the upstream area, the average flow rate exceeds 1,982 cubic meters per second (7, cubic feet per second). After the Yalong River, the largest tributary, meets, the flow of the Yangtze River increased sharply, reaching an average of 5,493 cubic meters per second (194, cubic feet per second). Further downstream, the Yangtze River receives many tributaries, and its flow gradually increases, reaching 14,98 m3/s (529, cubic feet/s) near Yichang, 23,984 m3/s (847, cubic feet/s) near Hankou and 31,149 m3/s (1,149 cubic feet/s) near Nanjing. The average flow of the Yangtze River estuary is about 33,98 cubic meters per second (1,2, cubic feet per second), and the total amount of water injected into the sea every year is 1,72 cubic kilometers (244 cubic miles), making the Yangtze River the fourth largest river in the world. In ancient literature, there are a lot of information about the legendary flood that was thought to have occurred in 2297 BC. The flood was caused by an extensive and continuous heavy rain. The Yellow River, Weishui River and Yangtze River flooded almost the whole North China Plain, turning it into Zeguo, Wang Yang. In the lowest place, the flood lasted for many years. There have been many serious floods since that disaster. Historical records show that from 26 BC to 196 BC, China experienced more than 1,3 severe floods. Especially extensive floods, the Yangtze River has occurred more than 5 times, and its tributary Hanjiang River has occurred more than 3 times; On average, there will be a catastrophic flood every 6~65 years in the Yangtze River Basin. Extensive floods can also occur in a short period of time. This has been the case since 187. During this period, the Yangtze River basin was flooded in 187, 1896, 1931, 1949 and 1954. Among them, the floods in 1931 and 1954 were universal and national disasters. The flood in 1931 originated from the violent and continuous monsoon rains, which covered most of the middle and lower reaches of the river basin. From May to June, six huge flood peaks flowed down the river, destroying protective dams in 23 places and flooding 9,65 square kilometers (35, square miles) of land. 4 million people lost their homes or suffered other hardships. Many population centers, including Nanjing, Wuhan and other cities, were flooded. In Wuhan, the flood lasted for April, with a depth of more than 2 meters (6 feet) and in some places more than 6 meters (2 feet). In the summer of 1954, another severe flood occurred due to the continuous monsoon rains. The water level rose sharply, sometimes exceeding the flood level in 1931 by almost 2 meters (5 feet). However, due to effective flood control measures, many potential consequences of that flood were avoided. The central city along the Yangtze River

Editor Ben Chang Changjiang Civilization

The Yangtze River

The Yangtze River basin is one of the areas where human beings have lived for the longest time. Homo erectus fossils were found in Jiangbei, Anhui Province, and several sites containing human remains, especially around Taihu Lake, have also been found. Although China's political history is mostly centered on North China and the Yellow River Basin, the Yangtze River region has always been of great economic significance to successive dynasties because of its agricultural potential. The grand canal is a metropolis built to transport grain from the Yangtze river basin to the north; Perhaps the southernmost section of the canal was used as early as the 4th century BC, and many sections were built in the 7th century AD. In the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, except Chengdu Plain, there are sites found in the Three Gorges area in the east, Ganzi and Aba in the northwest, and Anning River and Yalong River Basin in the southwest. According to preliminary statistics, there are dozens of sites, the most famous of which is Wushan Daxi Cultural Site. After two excavations in 1959 and 1975, 214 tombs were excavated, and the unearthed artifacts include stone axes, stone mirrors and stone chisels. Household utensils such as kettles, pots, cups and bowls, as well as earrings and ornaments, represent three different development stages from the middle to the late Neolithic period. Neolithic sites in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River are almost all over Jianghan area, especially in Jianghan Plain. There are more than 45 Neolithic sites discovered in Hubei alone, and more than 6 sites have been excavated and tried, mostly distributed in Jianghan Plain where the middle and lower reaches of the Han River meet the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Qujialing culture, which has all the cultural characteristics in the early, middle and late stages, is as thin as an eggshell.