Brief introduction of men's gymnastics

The word "gymnastics" comes from ancient Greek, which means "bare-chested exercise". The ancient Greeks called health care exercise gymnastics. Modern gymnastics first rose in Europe from the19th century, and many schools were formed according to different instruments and physiological structures of the human body. Gymnastics has been listed as an official event since the first Olympic Games on 1896. From the first Olympic Games to the 100 Olympic Games in 1932, men's gymnastics included rope climbing, high jump, long jump, pole vault, or shot put, 150 m running and weight lifting. Every event is different except parallel bars, horizontal bar, pommel horse, rings and vault. 1 1 Olympic Games held in Berlin in 1936, it was officially decided that floor exercise, pommel horse, vault, parallel bars, horizontal bar, rings, individual all-around and team were the eight events of men's gymnastics competition, which are still in use today.

1932, the Japanese team participated in the gymnastics competition of 10 Olympic Games for the first time. In the vault optional action competition, Kondo performed very well in the 1 trial jump, and got 25.6 points, ranking second. In the second attempt, Kondo took off powerfully, pushed his hand quickly and soared high, which was better than the first attempt. The audience applauded warmly, and his teammates congratulated him and thought he was a shoo-in. Surprisingly, the three referees only gave 13 points, and the situation on the court changed so much that it was simply unacceptable. Kondo lost his position in Sun Shan, and the Japanese coach protested angrily to the referee. After the explanation, I realized that the two attempts to choose the action could not be the same, while Kondo's two attempts were exactly the same, so the score was only 13. The Japanese team can only eat Coptis Chinensis and complain that they don't know the rules.

/kloc-before the 0/0 Olympic Games, coaches were not allowed to let athletes put on the rings in gymnastics competitions. Short athletes jump around under the rings, and it takes several times to catch two rings, which is very laborious and unsightly.

The 10 Olympic Games was held in the United States. The height of the rings in the gymnastics competition of this Olympic Games is 2.50 meters. Before the game, the Japanese team proposed to the host country, the United States, "It is very difficult for Japanese athletes to jump on the rings because of their short stature. It is recommended to reduce the height of the lifting ring. " After arriving in the United States, the coach of the Japanese team once again put forward this suggestion, and the representative of Italy first opposed it, on the grounds that "the Italian team also has small players, who can all jump on the rings to make movements and achieve excellent results." Representatives of most countries agree with Italy. They think that if the height of the rings is lowered, the characteristics of the rings will be affected, and some actions will be impossible to do. The representative of the United States thought about it and put forward a compromise: without lowering the height of the rings, the coach was allowed to help the athletes jump on the equipment. The plan was adopted by the referee Committee. From then on, athletes don't have to jump on the rings, and the coach holds the rings to avoid the pain of jumping.

Before 1950s, men's gymnastics mainly competed among Germany, France, Switzerland, Sweden and the United States. 1952 15 Olympic Games and 1956 16 Olympic Games, the team champion was won by the former Soviet Union. However, in the following five consecutive Olympic Games, Japan became the overlord of this project. From the 22nd Olympic Games 1980, the former Soviet Union returned to its hegemonic position. Floor exercise originated in Germany in the19th century. At that time, the sport only allowed contestants to complete a set of choreographed unarmed acrobatics within the specified venue and time. Starting from 1958, it is stipulated that women's floor exercises must be accompanied by music. 1903 floor exercise has become an event in the world gymnastics championship. In terms of movements, the men's floor exercise in the 1950s was mainly simple handspring and somersault. However, in the 1960s and 1970s, the floor exercise appeared such difficult movements as two-week somersault, multiple somersault and compound shaft somersault. In the late 1980s, there were three somersaults and straight turns. The whole set of movements consists of skills and various movements such as turning, jumping and dancing. 19 1 1 Men's floor exercise was listed as an international competition, and 1950 Women's floor exercise was listed as the 12th World Gymnastics Championship. In the Olympic Games, men's and women's floor exercises were listed as official Olympic events in 1932 and 1952 respectively.

Pommel horse originated in Europe. At that time, the Romans used pommel horses to train riders. But pommel horse originated from vault. 1804, the famous German gymnast Gutz Mutz replaced the saddle on the wooden horse with a pair of iron rings, forming a modern pommel horse. In the19th century, German gymnasts cut off the head and tail of the Trojan horse and used the rest of the body as gymnastics equipment. Pommel horse was listed as a gymnastics event on 1896, and the competition movements were summarized as various movements and rotations such as swinging with one leg, crossing back and forth, fully rotating with one leg and two legs, and alternately supporting with two arms. In the 1950s, there were all kinds of on-loop twists on pommel horses. In the middle and late 1970s, Hungarian athlete Machol pioneered the techniques of longitudinal forward displacement, reverse rotation along the longitudinal axis of the body and jumping displacement, and American athlete Thomas also created the full spin technique of the split-leg wave. In 1980s, handstand technology and swing types with spacer ring gradually increased. China athletes have made many contributions to the development of pommel horse technology. Pommel horse was listed as an Olympic event in 1896.

The movement of rings originated in France, and its inspiration came from the hanging rope performance in acrobatic performances. In the next few years, the sport spread to Germany and Italy. 1842, Shpis made the first pair of rings in the world. Modern rings are mostly wooden and round, and are hung on a 5.8-meter-high shelf with steel cables. The distance between the two rings is 50 cm. The wood ring and the steel cable are connected by a belt or canvas belt. The early rings only had some swinging and simple hanging movements, which were all auxiliary means for gymnasts' training. It was not until the19th century that the ring movement became a male gymnastics event. With the development of this sport into a formal competition, the movements of rings are gradually increasing. A set of lifting ring movements should be composed of swinging movements and static movements in equal proportion. Rings became an official event in the first Olympic Games in 1896.

Vaulting horse originated from riding training at the end of Roman Empire. In the early training, people used real horses for training, but soldiers were often injured because they could not cooperate with horses well. So the Romans changed the real horse into a saddle horse similar to a wooden horse. In the future development, the Trojan horse has also changed. 17 19 years, the horse's legs were changed into cylinders; 1795, the horse's head was removed;181year, the horse's tail was removed, and the two ends were changed into circles, and the horse's body was made of leather. 1836 German Shpits performed vault for the first time at the school gymnastics festival. In the 1950s, the vault made a breakthrough, from the back swing in the 1960s to the handspring, then to the handspring in the 1970s, and finally to the somersault in the 1980s. Male and female vault were listed as Olympic events in 1896 and 1952 respectively. Since the 1992 Olympic Games, team points are no longer brought into individual events. 2006 54 38+0-2004, the new rules of gymnastics were implemented, and the "horse" used by gymnasts for vault was also changed. The total length of the new horse's horse face is 1.2 meters, and there are arched steel plates in the horse to enhance its elasticity.

/kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, parallel bars became the most popular fitness program in Europe. This sport originated in Germany, and was shaped into gymnastics equipment by German gymnasts in the early days, and it was not listed as an Olympic event until 1896. However, its only competitive movements are swinging and flying. It was not until the 1930s that the static movements of parallel bars were added, and the supporting movements of 180 were also provided. The technical movements on the parallel bars had a new development in the 1950s and 1960s. In competitions, we often see somersaults for two weeks, which was also often used in the mid-1970s. In the 1980s, there were many ways to get off the bar, such as backflip, somersault and twist. At the same time, it is these parallel bars techniques that promote the rapid development of this sport. The parallel bars were listed as an Olympic event in 1896.

The origin of horizontal bar can be traced back to various climbing exercises carried out by human ancestors in the jungle. At that time, this sport was just a practical skill in life. After entering the feudal society, it was gradually combined with sacrificial activities. The modern horizontal bar movement appeared in Germany in 18 12. Inspired by acrobatic performances prevailing in western Europe at that time, the founders of German Gymnastics School, Yang (F.L. Yang) and Gutz (J.C.F. Gutz), used a wooden stick as a beam, set up a horizontal bar and put them in a gymnasium outside Berlin for fitness training. In the early 1950s, the horizontal bar appeared the handstand movement after the legs were supported separately. In the mid-1960s, the high buckling and leaping movement appeared. /kloc-in the 1970s, Japanese athlete Yuanguang created somersaults, and in the middle stage, he appeared to fly. Finally, with the promotion of the palm guard, he appeared difficult movements such as one-arm loop. first

1. The purpose of this scoring rule is to ensure the objectivity and unity of scoring in international men's gymnastics competitions. Improve the professional knowledge and ability of referees, and provide guidance for athletes and their coaches in daily training and competition preparation. 2. This scoring rule is made according to the technical rules of the IFs, the principle resolutions of the technical committees, the analysis results of the seminars and the experience in the development and training practice of modern gymnastics. 3. Referees should strictly abide by the scoring rules, otherwise they may be dismissed by the competition department. This score can also be implemented and applied in domestic competitions.

Article 2 General rights and obligations of the referee group

1. Referees must keep close contact with gymnastics, constantly participate in exercises and constantly improve their professional level. The specific basic conditions he needs are: the coach grasps and applies FISU's scoring rules; The conditions for mastering and applying FISU technical rules to participate in official FISU competitions are: holding a valid FISU referee certificate, which proves good performance in judging national, international and domestic competitions. Show good educational level and sports ethics in the competition. 2. Obligations of judges: Attend all referee guidance meetings and meetings during the competition and conduct on-stage training. Arrive at the competition hall one hour before the competition. Carefully prepare for the game. Dress neatly, wear a dark blue shirt, preferably gray pants, a light-colored shirt and a tie. 3. During the match, the referee should: never leave his seat and not contact with others.

Article 3 Rights and obligations of members of the Technical Committee

1. In the competitions of international sports federations, the members of the technical committee are the chairmen of each event. Their task is to pay attention to and check the work and behavior of all referees in A and B referee groups, including technical assistance, and they judge all the actions of their own projects. 2. Only when there is an abnormal situation mentioned in Article 1 1.6, they have the right to call the referee for consultation, so as to determine a correct score. If the initial score is different, they have the right to set the final initial score, and then they can only give full marks, not 0.05. If there are repeated deviations, they will inform the referee of the competition, that is, the chairman of the technical Committee. If necessary, the referee will prepare and impose sanctions on the relevant referees according to the technical rules. Members of the technical committee play a connecting role in the competition. On the one hand, they have the right to ask the referee of this project to solve the problem and interference. On the other hand, they have the obligation to reflect the work and problems of this referee group to the competition organization. Their duties also include: introducing the technical procedures and steps of displaying and transmitting scores to all referees. Check or calculate the final score. When the light is green, it means that the spring can start, and when the light is red, it means that the game is not allowed. Deduct points related to time, crossing the line, bad sports ethics and disciplinary action from the final score. 5. In order to perform his duties better, the chairman of the project judging committee should sit in a position where he can see all the judges' scores and game records immediately.

Article 4 Rights and obligations of technical assistants

1. In all competitions organized by international sports federations, there will be technical assistants in each event. The technical assistant will assist the chairman of the competition judging Committee. He is both a coordinator and a member of the judging panel. Technical assistants and group A judges will be selected from those who have rich practical experience and achieved excellent test results. 2. Their task is to calculate the content and value of the whole set of actions, and notify the chairman of the project review committee if there is any violation. They mainly check the difficulty, special requirements and extra points in the complete set of movements completed by athletes. In order to strictly perform their duties, they should completely record the contents of the whole set of actions. Their records are the written summary and basis used by the chairman of the project referee Committee to solve the group A referee problems. 4. After the competition, the technical assistant should submit a short written report to the chairman of the project review committee. The report should list the problems, violations and ambiguities, and attach the names of the athletes concerned. 5. According to the request of the Chairman of the Technical Committee, the technical assistant should submit a written report on all the complete sets of actions of the project to the Chairman of the Technical Committee and the Chairman of the Evaluation Committee of the project in an official language recognized by FISU within two months after the competition.

Article 5 Rights and obligations of referees

L, under the guidance of the men's gymnastics technical committee, all referees need to draw lots to decide the events of the competition. This is in line with the technical specifications 8.8.2 and 8.9.l The referee should score accurately and quickly in the A referee group or the B referee group according to the scoring rules and the situation on the court. The judges in Group A will draw lots from those with excellent test scores and rich practical experience. 2. Judge A is responsible for recording and judging: difficulty, special requirements and extra points. 3. Referee B's duty is to evaluate the completion of the action from the aspects of technology, posture and demeanor. 4. They also have the obligation to fill in the scoring form correctly according to the format, follow the guidance of the chairman of the project review committee, help avoid delaying the competition, and check whether the auxiliary personnel pass the scoring quickly and whether their own scoring is correct. If they find that the score displayed on the scoreboard is inconsistent with their own score, they should immediately notify the chairman of the project review Committee. After the signal to start bidding is issued, it should immediately enter the working state. 5. The referee has the right to make a written complaint to the person in charge of the competition about the unfair behavior of the chairman of the project review committee.

Article 6 Rules for Inspection by Referees

According to the regulations on referee inspection, if the referee violates the scoring rules or the instructions of the technical Committee, the chairman of the technical Committee or the person in charge of the arbitration Committee may punish him. 2. The referee's mistakes and irregularities include: deliberately flouting the scoring rules, favoring or belittling one or more teams and one or more athletes, not following the instructions of the chairman of the technical committee or the project review committee, not observing the requirements and disciplines of the competition, not attending the referee's guidance meeting or participating in platform training without permission, and not meeting the requirements in dress. 3. Penalties that can be given: If you don't attend the referee's guidance meeting or watch the training on the stage, the chairman of the technical committee may disqualify you from being the referee of this competition. The chairman of the project review Committee issued a verbal warning. According to other penalties in the technical rules.

Article 7 Composition of the project review team

1. In all official competitions of IFs, each event consists of two referee groups A and B, as follows: technical assistant of referee group A+1 referee group B, with 6 referees. The above two referees work under the guidance of the Chairman of the Project Referee Committee. See Article 3 for details. 2. It is suggested that intercontinental competitions or other large-scale competitions adopt the same composition and organizational structure, and the chairman of the project review committee shall be a representative of the Intercontinental Association or a senior referee appointed by it. 3. In all other international competitions, deduction: competition. Invitational tournament, etc. After consultation with the participating countries' associations, the organizational form of the referee group can be changed. For each event, Judge A and Judge B shall have at least two referees, plus one referee. 4. The organizer of the competition will provide one or two well-trained assistants for the chairman of each project evaluation committee, and one assistant for each referee in large-scale competitions organized by international sports federations, so that they can finish the grading work quickly and accurately. These assistants will assume the functions of secretaries and technicians, and submit scores to the chairman of the project review Committee or the record office. All competitions require the use of computers.

Article 8 The seating arrangement and working procedures of the referee group

1. The chairman of the project review committee and the judges in Group A sit in a row in front of the competition equipment, with a certain distance between them. B2 B3 B4 B5 ABITA project review committee chairman B6 2 and group B judges sit around the equipment clockwise from left to right. During the vault competition, the above-mentioned personnel sit near the landing area. 2. After the initial score is agreed, the technical assistant will hand over the score sheet to the chairman of the project review committee, and the score sheet of the group B referee will be collected by his assistant. In world championships, Olympic Games or necessary competitions, assistants can pass on the scores of the referee group. Even if the electronic scoring system is used in the competition, the referee must fill in the scoring table for each event. Once the score recorded by the computer does not match the score on the scoring table, the score on the computer shall prevail.

Article 9 Rights and obligations of athletes

1. Athletes should know the contents of the scoring rules and understand and abide by all the detailed rules formulated to ensure the smooth progress of the competition. Participants must wear standard gymnastics clothes, and those with teams should wear uniforms. In pommel horse, rings, parallel bars and horizontal bar competitions, all participants must wear trousers, gymnastics shoes or socks. In floor exercises and vault competitions, athletes can wear shorts or barefoot, and vests must be worn in all competitions. Individuals who violate the dress code will be punished according to Article 9, paragraph 18. For group members who violate the dress code, 0.2 points will be deducted from the total score for each item involved. 3. In the horizontal bar, rings, parallel bars and vault competitions, in order to avoid injury accidents and give psychological support to athletes, an assistant is allowed to stand beside or near the equipment. If an athlete is given help, the action completed with help will not be recognized, and 0.4 points will be deducted. If there are two coaches standing near the equipment at the same time, deduct 0.2 points. 4. In the horizontal bar and rings competition, athletes can be assisted by coaches or other players and score points from the moment their feet leave the ground. 5. Athletes are allowed to use bandages and hand pads, but they must be intact and firm. 6. Athletes have the right to warm up for 30 seconds in each event (team 150 seconds), and athletes in the same team or group should ensure that the last athlete can also warm up for 30 seconds. 7. Before each competition, that is, when the green light or the referee signals, the athletes should stand at attention, raise their arms and signal to the chairman of the project review committee. At the end of a group of movements, they should first stand at attention, then turn to the chairman of the project review Committee for a sign, and then leave the stage. 8. Athletes, coaches and referees are not allowed to speak during the competition. 9. Without permission, athletes have no right to leave the venue, otherwise they will be disqualified. 10, failure to observe discipline and discipline or sportsmanship will be regarded as violation, and the chairman of the project review committee will deduct 0.2 points each time. Examples are as follows: after the green light is on or the signal is given, the game is delayed (up to 30 seconds), the warm-up time of oneself is delayed or extended, the number is wrong or not, one set of movements is finished, and another or unauthorized coach appears next to the equipment, which violates the relevant regulations of clothing 1 1. In principle, in all competitions, a set of actions is not allowed to be repeated unless the athletes are not through their own fault. 12. Athletes can ask the Chairman of the Technical Committee to raise the horizontal bar or the rings to a height suitable for their bodies, and similar requests will not be unreasonably rejected. This requirement must be submitted to the Chairman of the Technical Committee 24 hours before the official venue training begins, and athletes are not allowed to adjust their height by themselves.

Article 10 The rights and obligations of coaches

1. Every coach must understand the scoring rules and act according to them. 2. Every coach should take the responsibility to ensure that the game goes on quickly and orderly. In addition to taking care of the athletes performing on the equipment, we should also give them sports guidance, including their performances on the equipment, queuing for changing events, leaving or attending the award ceremony. 3. During the competition, the coach shall not talk to the athletes (0.2 points deducted) or the referees. 4. The Arbitration Commission may disqualify a coach who fails to observe discipline and discipline or violates relevant rules.