The Dualism of Tibetan and Naxi Nationality Religion and Its Relationship with Manichaeism?

Dualism in Tibet and Naxi Nationality Religion and Its Relationship with Manichaeism

Abstract: There are two ethnic groups in the southwest of China, and their "primitive religion" has a unique duality, namely, Bonism of Tibetans and Dongba of Naxi nationality. According to some scholars' research, Dongba religion and Bonism in Naxi nationality are a kind of mutual inheritance, and Dongba religion is influenced by Tibetan Buddhism, so the dualism of Bonism in these two religions should be more representative. The dualism in Bernie's doctrine is mainly reflected in some classic works written about 13, such as The Origin of the Blackheaded Dwarf, Sparrow, The Golden Key and so on. When describing the origin of the universe, these works adopt the dualistic view, explaining the original motive force of the universe as white light and black light, which are opposite and work together to produce everything in the universe. Moreover, black is the breeding force of all ugliness such as ignorance, confusion, dullness and madness. White light and black light sometimes appear in the form of white eggs and black eggs when the universe is created, resulting in the inheritance system of gods and demons respectively. The myth of the origin of the universe in Dongba religion of Naxi nationality has similar thoughts. From the perspective of comparative religion, the dualistic religions are mainly Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism in Persia, and the dualistic thoughts in Tibet and Naxi Nationality Religion. We think that they are mainly influenced by Persian religions, among which Manichaean dualism is more important.

[Keywords:] Bonism; Dongba religion; Dualism; Manichaeism

[China Book Classification Number] B9 1 [Document Identification Number] A [Document Number]1000-0003 (2004)-04-038-08.

Among the ethnic minorities in southwest China, there are two ethnic groups whose "primitive religions" have unique duality, namely, Bonism of Tibetans and Dongba of Naxi nationality. According to some scholars' research, Dongba religion and Bonism in Naxi nationality have a kind of inheritance relationship with each other, and Dongba religion is also influenced by Tibetan Buddhism, so the dualism of Bonism should be more representative of these two religions. Among his many classic works, Bonism emphasizes that its core teaching method comes from Darius (Persia). According to historical documents and oral legends, Catholics in Tibet have been making pilgrimages to Dashi since ancient times, and this pilgrimage did not stop until Tibet was peacefully liberated. Calme Sammudan, a Tibetan scholar who lives in France and specializes in Bonism, once said in an article that before 1959, people often went to the so-called big food pilgrimage. Although the pilgrims didn't come back, it didn't stop the believers from believing in the holy land.

As far as the development of Bonism is concerned, the history of Bonism is divided into two stages, namely the primitive Bonism stage and the systematic Bonism stage. Primitive Bonism is an ancient "primitive religion", which has been popular in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau for a long time. It is a natural folk belief with shamanism characteristics believed by Tibetan ancestors. It has many superstitions of ghosts and gods, which are basically based on witchcraft and pay attention to the operation of witchcraft and the implementation of general rituals. After the formation of the Tubo dynasty, Bonism wizards once participated in the political decision-making of the dynasty by divination, occupying a certain political position. After Buddhism was introduced into Tibet, because Buddhism had a very systematic theory and works, and Bonism was politically rejected by Buddhism, in the process of fighting against Buddhists, Bonism was gradually transformed, and in order to compete with Buddhism, new myths were compiled and many foreign religious factors were absorbed. After centuries of efforts, Bonism has finally been transformed into a "new religion" with a certain theoretical system and classics.

The theory of neo-Bernism mainly includes its cosmogenic theory, founder and theory origin theory, basic teaching methods and religious inheritance. The thoughts of dualism and monotheism mainly focus on the cosmic origin of Bonism. Bonini's worldview mainly absorbs the relevant religious thoughts of Persia and India. Taking its core classic "Sparchopu" as an example, it is claimed that the origin of the universe is related to the cosmic god, who is also the ancestor of the gods, Nankadon Danksong and the dharma master Chijie Quba:

A long time ago, the god of the universe, Danque pine in South Kadong, had five primitive substances: earth, water, fire, wind and air. Once, the mage Chijie Quba collected them, put them into his own body, and then read "ha", which was driven by the sound and produced a kind of breath, thus forming the wind, which blew and spun, and produced a fire under the action of light. Fire and wind together produced condensed dew. Chi Jiequba thus created the world. Later, two black and white eggs were produced in five substances. White eggs (light-colored eggs) are cubes, as big as yaks, and black eggs are conical, as big as bulls. The mage hits the light egg with a light wheel, and the upward shot Mars becomes a scattering god, and the downward shot Mars becomes a competition god (arrow god). Spasambo emerged from the egg. He was white and green. He is the king of world reality. Gebamei Benabo (the opponent of the mage Chijiequba) let the black egg explode in the black kingdom, and the black light rose, leading to ignorance and confusion; Black light shines, leading to dullness and madness. From the center of the black egg, a dark door was born, which is the king of the illusory world. These gods are representatives of gods and demons respectively. Since then, both good and evil gods have created creation with reproductive power, giving birth to nine brothers and nine sisters of the good god and eight brothers and eight sisters of the evil god. These gods are the ancestors of various other gods and creatures.

In another classic of Bonism, The Origin of Blackhead Dwarfs, the birth of the universe is related to the opposition between sacred white light and black and white in the universe. According to its mythical logic, this document claims that the initial state of the universe is void, and then there is a light, so there are light, darkness, cold and warm, yin and yang. This state alternately produces airflow, so there is wind, which pushes the invisible fog to flow. Under the action of cold and warm temperatures and wind, the fog turns into dew, and the dew condenses into a big pond. The above factors alternate constantly, making the surface of the pond form a magical egg from foam. The combination of two eagles laid three eggs, white, black and white. Later, these three eggs burst, from which a god of different descent and a chaotic meat ball with thinking ability were born. They were named the king of human prayer, and he created everything with thinking ability. Here, light is not only the motive force of the universe, but also the display of God's nature, which has a good side. Although darkness comes from the action of light, it is still the opposite of light. In Tibet, white and kindness are always equal to righteousness, honesty, selflessness, knowledge and intelligence, while black is evil, belonging to the categories of prejudice, fraud, selfishness, ignorance and confusion. Undoubtedly, this is a typical dual thinking mode. The influence of this model in Tibet can be seen from the myth of the metamorphosis of ancient Tibetan macaques recorded in Buddhist documents. In this myth, the Tibetan ancestor macaque combined with hooligans to form six tribes in Tibet. Because macaques represent good and hooligans represent evil, their descendants have these two attributes. Some people are good in nature, while others are evil in nature. Obviously, although this myth has a little Buddhist color, it follows Bonini's thinking mode in its bones, that is, the thinking mode of Persian religion.

The founder of Bonism and the doctrine of origin clearly put the origin of Bonism in the so-called big food place. According to Bonism, Dashi is located in the west of Tubo, separated by Gilgit (Lv Bo) and Yawana (Yawana, Badeck). ② From Dashi to Tibet, there is an "arrow path" in the middle. Legend has it that Shenrab Mivo, the founder of Bonism, used the light on his ring to open the tunnel. It takes nine days to cross this tunnel. (3) Big food has its extraordinary religious shrine, called Omura Dragon Man (also translated as Womolong Man, spelled in Tibetan). In the classic of Bonism, as the center of the world, Omura Ren is described as having a magical structure. Let's first take a look at the description of its religious holy land in the classic works of Bonism. In 1 1 century's Yao Ji, the Confucian Classics Department of Bonism, and19th century's History of Bonism-Treasure House of Yan Jia, this sacred place of Bonism was described as centered on a holy mountain-grade 9 Yong Zhongshan. Taking this mountain as the center, four rivers flow out in four directions, namely, the Ganges River in the east, the Indus River in the south, the Bocha River in the west and the Dos River in the north. These four rivers divide the Amur Longren into four areas, so there are four areas extending in four directions from the ninth grade Yongshan Mountain: four palaces are close to the holy mountain, namely shambora Zhigong Palace in the east, Babsoje Palace in the south, Chiman Jiexie Palace in the west and Kongmonaiwu Palace in the north. Adjacent to these four palaces, there are four tower-shaped buildings, which are located in the southeast and northeast respectively, forming an internal central area. In addition, there is an area named (continent or island) by 12, also known as "12 zhongzhou", which has an extraordinary name and various special things such as peaks and rivers. In addition, every continent has a city. Among them, in the southeast, there is a place where Zhulin Prefecture in Han Dynasty was the place where Confucius became king. The outermost region also has the 12 region, which is called "12 border continent". Outside this marginal continent is an annular marginal mountain range, which completely surrounds the holy land. Beyond the crater, there is also a sea around the holy land. Yao Ji, the classics department, also drew a map of the geographical structure of Xiaoren, a big village, which had a great influence on the later Bonism works. From the shape of this map, it is similar to the wheel map of ancient West Asia and Mesopotamia. According to the research of Joseph Needham, an expert in the history of science in Britain, Babylon's wheel map and Babylon's circular cosmology once had an impact on Asia and Europe, which he called Eurasian religious view.

It is worth noting that the above-mentioned wheel-shaped cosmic structure was once popular in ancient Persia. According to archaeological data, this concept was once popular in the Persian dynasty of Gussasan. During the period of Aldaz I, a city was specially built to imitate the wheel-shaped universe. This is the famous ancient city-Gul. The structure of this city can be said to be almost exactly the same as the people in the big village that benzene believers yearn for. According to the author's research, the ancient Persian city of Gul is located in Fars province, near Shiraz. This was once an important area of the ancient Sassanian Persian dynasty. The original name of this circular city is Aldaz Hill-kavanagh, which means the glory of Aldaz. Locals call it Gul according to its shape. Later, after the Arabs occupied this place, Gul was regarded as an ominous place because it means "grave" in Persian, and was renamed firruzabad by Azododdowleh Dailamite. The present site of Gul City is located in Sasang Town near Bader, firuza, and its overall appearance is still well preserved. As the pioneer of Sassanian Persian dynasty, Ardashir I ordered and organized the construction of a special city. In the process of construction, Ardashir I asked architects to design the city into a circle according to the mythical center of the universe, and its structure was also very special. According to modern aerial archaeological photos ④ and related research, the structure of Gul City is divided into four levels with its central area as the boundary. The terrain in the central area is the highest in the city, including a man-made mountain peak in the middle and four palaces distributed in the southeast and northwest. Today, only two of these four palaces have relatively complete walls, the most complete one of which is called the Fire Hall and the other is called the Notre Dame Hall. There are also some small buildings between the four palaces. The buildings in the second, third and fourth districts outside the central area have been destroyed, leaving only terraces at different levels, which makes people know that the interior of this circular city is divided according to certain laws. Another feature of Gul City is that there are four trenches in the city, which are radially distributed from the peak of the city center and face the four directions of the universe respectively. According to our analysis, these four straight trenches should symbolize the four great rivers in the universe, which are connected with the outer ring wall of Gul City and the wider outer ring trench. ⑤

The structure of Gul City is consistent with the myths and legends circulated in ancient Persia, with Halla Mountain (meaning "Montenegro") as the center of the universe. Hala Mountain is the central peak of the universe in Persian mythology, facing the Polaris, and under this mountain is connected with the underground castle Kuqi. This underground city is described as a "gate of death" by the myths of ancient Persia and the two river basins. Later, the city's popular name gour came from related sources. The myths and legends surrounding Mount Hala should have a very long history. It is described in detail in the Zoroastrianism (Zoroastrianism) classic Avesta in Persia and later in Bandahisen. According to these two classic records, as the center of the world, the top of Mount Hala is "Galo-Nemana". In Zoroastrianism's cosmology, the whole universe is divided into four celestial realms and twelve intervals centered on Moh-Iga. The four-day area is divided into four constellations, with Tistrya (Sirius) as the head in the east, Sadwes (Scorpio) as the head in the south, Warander (Warnander) as the head in the west and Haftoreng as the head in the north. The twelve intervals refer to the twelve regions of Tianyu, which are equivalent to the zodiac. Directly below Polaris is Mount Hala. The place where this mountain is located corresponds to the sky, and it is also divided into four areas and twelve intervals. At the same time, there are springs in the name of lions, tigers, birds and horses on Hala Mountain, which flow from four big rivers to the world and divide the earth into four equal parts.

Er city was very influential in ancient West Asia and Central Asia, because Shiraz near this city was a famous commercial city on the ancient Silk Road. In the past, the knowledge and experience of eastern and western businessmen about Gul city should be widely spread, and its unique structure will inevitably have an impact on the religions and myths of some ethnic groups. For example, the pronunciation and meaning of Halla Mountain, the center of the universe in Persian mythology, have an influence on China, and the name of Karakorum Mountain today also contains foreign words. Perhaps this mysterious ancient city is Longren, a big village where Tibetan Catholics eat in search. Legend has it that in this city, Shenrab Mivo, the founder of Bonism, created Bonism on earth.

Shenrab Mivo (also known as Dunba Xinrao) is regarded as the founder of Boni. Although his name has appeared in Dunhuang Tibetan literature, 6. Many scholars tend to think that he is a fictional leader, mainly to compete with or oppose Buddhism's Sakyamuni. Because this leader has established twelve great undertakings as important as Sakyamuni in his life. In the name of the leader, it means "outstanding person of Xin" and it means "founder" In Bonism terminology, Xin not only refers to the Xin family, but also refers to a special sacrificial priest. Some people think that Boni wizards are generally called Xin. Some scholars in China believe that sheen is related to Persian sanavee because it means "dualist", and sheen is also related to Persian words such as shed and shin, which mean light, brightness, brilliance and sun. Shin means bright and sunny. 7 Persian dualism is mainly Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism. Of course, from the lexical point of view, sanavee belongs to Zoroastrianism at the earliest, and its priests are called "coats" in China. However, Manichaeism is also dualistic, so it is difficult for outsiders to separate these two religions in the process of ancient communication, so it is possible for other religions to mix and absorb these two religions when they pay attention to Persian dualism.

In addition, we should also note that Manichaeism, the founder of Manichaeism, was the most influential period in Persia during the reign of Sabl I, the son of Ardashir I, the second generation ruler of Sassanian Persia. With the full support of Sabl, Manichaeism was established in Persia for more than 30 years from 243 to 274. Manichaeism was later persecuted by Persian rulers, but it had great influence in West Asia, Central Asia, South Asia and East Asia. Manichaeism is similar to Zoroastrianism in ancient Persia and is a dualism of good and evil. However, Manichaeism also has its own characteristics, such as its two teachings of San Ji, the theory of five elements of light, the theory that the human body contains bright elements, and the custom of advocating white, which Zoroastrianism does not have. Judging from the relationship between Bonism in Tibet and the two major religions in Persia, these two religions should have an influence on it. For example, the simultaneous emergence of the double god system of good and evil in Zoroastrianism's cosmology has an influence on the Bonini cosmology listed above, but in terms of doctrine, I personally think that Manichaeism has a greater influence than Zoroastrianism. Because in Manichaeism's theory of the origin of the universe, the opposition between good and evil continues from the beginning of creation to the future, and Bonism also emphasizes the staged characteristics of San Ji in the past, present and future, such as the void state before the birth of the universe, with only white light and black light. These two situations are not related at first. Then it acts, producing hot and cold characteristics and becoming the driving force of the universe. At the beginning of the birth of the universe, there was a confrontation between good and evil gods, which continued until now and in the future. Related to this world view, some customs of Tibetan Catholics are similar to Persian Manichaeism. For example, because white is related to light, Catholicism also worships white very much (its worship of white is consistent with the worship of white stones in ancient Tibet). White symbolizes light. In the myth of Bonism, Shenrab Mivo, the founder of Bonism, and some people of noble birth all have mysterious white light to illuminate their mother and make her pregnant before birth. White light is sometimes interpreted as pure cosmic energy, which is different from human white semen, but there is a mysterious relationship between them. Both Manichaeism and Bonism believe that human semen contains bright factors, but it is also mixed with dark factors, such as desire, degeneration, ignorance and so on. For this kind of thing containing dirt, it needs to be eliminated by purification ceremony. ⑧

Manichaeism's "eschatology" may also have an influence on Bonism. The eschatology of Manichaeism has its own characteristics in theory, that is, unlike the "circular theory" of Indian religion, the universe will be rebuilt in destruction, and unlike the "eschatology" of Zoroastrianism, the establishment of the future world will go through "doomsday judgment". Manichaeism's "eschatology" is mainly based on its strong criticism of this world, which holds that everyone has a bright component, but in this world he is blinded by darkness, so only through the destruction of the future world and the universe can the human soul be saved. This kind of eschatology, which criticizes reality and hopes for the future, is mainly found in several manuscripts of Dunhuang Tubo documents in Tibet during the Tubo period studied by British scholar F.W. Thomas. According to our analysis, the eschatology in Dunhuang Tubo literature has a strong taste of Manichaeism. In the Dunhuang documents collected in London (Thomas, Chapters 3 and 4), we can see the strong critical attitude of religion towards reality at that time:

"In an era of poor religion and short life span, monsters create disasters and people with ulterior motives harm others; The wicked get rich, climb high and look far, and are arrogant. Good people and harmless people are timid, and in the end there is only poverty and misfortune. Later, in an era of deteriorating religion and shorter life span, when an era of debt and taxation is coming, the king has only 8,000 years of power within his jurisdiction, and a king will become many kings. Kings will be self-righteous and ignore the good religions and classics of the past. Because everyone is overconfident, all countries have their own religions and classics. After that, everyone's heart changed No matter what you do, you can't do it ... when you see this sign, someone will say,' Show it to everyone! In the short evil world, even people who love classics can't express their dissatisfaction with evil. Write this down and pass it on from one person to another. Smart people will notice. As for the bad guys, these words naturally go in one ear and out the other, but a few smart people will accept them. For teaching methods and morality, they all follow the ancient canon of sacred religion; Even if death comes, they will reach the land of … in the underworld and live happily and carefree. When the era of debt and tax is over, God's good times will come, and everyone will live to 100 as before. " ⑨

"After that, let's respect all the great gods and door gods in this place on time! Even if you can't be respectful on time, you should worship at least three gods a month. Please use this sentence:' a bad era has come, a short era has come, and all people are powerless. Bowing down to God is not for individuals, but for the worldly interests of all living beings in the world. We pray that the bad times will pass quickly; Pray for God's good time to come soon; Even pray that those who have passed away will be resurrected at an early date in a beautiful era, which is why we offer sacrifices to God. Don't forget to say these words to the deceased ancestors. " ⑩

"The devil helps cunning people, and cunning people become more and more powerful. If people have money, bad people will also be praised as smart people; Because of poverty, the wise will also be demoted to bad people ... in the future, no one will act as upright as in the era when God and man were indifferent. Due to the arrival of the declining era, people are gradually shameless and unscrupulous. They don't know what shame is. They don't keep their vows, they are bent on getting rich, regardless of life and death. In order to seek wealth, they do bad things to others. Since then, people have shamelessly broken their words. " [ 1 1]

We can pay attention to some key sentences and terms in the above statement. For example, short-lived evil times, bad times, bad religious times and so on. At the same time, the future is predicted by the coming time of God. These statements undoubtedly express the author's critical attitude towards reality. Among the religions popular in the Middle Ages, Manichaeism seems to be a typical example of strong criticism of reality. Manichaeism has shown its disgust and even hatred for reality since its establishment, believing that everything in reality is the product of evil and is covered by depravity and darkness, so the real world will eventually perish. The afterlife (afterlife) is the end of the world, and people's souls (bright elements) will return to the bright heaven.

Dongba religion of Naxi nationality, like Bonism, also holds dualism in the world view. In the famous Dongba Sutra Chong Ban Tong (human migration) of Naxi nationality, there is such a description about the origin of the universe:

In ancient times; Before the heavens and the earth were opened up, three kinds of sky shadows and three kinds of shadows first appeared. The sun and the moon are not created. There are three kinds of shadows of the sun and the moon, as well as the shadows of valleys and canals. So there is "three births and nine extinctions, nine out of the mother: truth and falsehood, reality and emptiness." At first, truth and reality changed, resulting in the bright sun and jade during the day, and jade produced Bai Jingjing's solid egg. The change of solid egg produced the summoner of good voice, and the good voice changed, resulting in the good god Iguager. False and empty change, resulting in dark moon inkstone at night. The change of inkstone produces black virtual egg, which becomes the summoner of evil sound, and the change of evil sound produces the evil god-Gudina. The good god gave birth to another white egg, and the white egg acted on the white egg and gave birth to a white chicken. Baiji claimed to be the Ewu Ema of the Dong people (the home of good gods), and gave birth to nine white eggs, namely, Pan God (the god of Tibetans) and Zen God (the god of Bai people), Gao God and I God, He God and Heng God (the god of Naxi people), Yang God and Yin God, omnipotence and wisdom, surveyor and builder, and chief. An evil god, Gudina, turned into a black egg and gave birth to a black chicken, which is called the negative Jaina of the art family (the evil god family). The black chicken finally laid nine pairs of black eggs, resulting in ghosts and monsters, poisonous ghosts and fighting ghosts, water ghosts and water monsters, evil ghosts and headless ghosts, dirty ghosts and dirty ghosts, and so on. Since then, the Nine Brothers have started to create the world, creating the universe square, the space between heaven and earth, the sacred mountain of the universe, the Shenluo Mountain and so on. Then after some changes: "The first fine weather, the noise above, the breathing below, the sound and the air changed with each other, giving birth to three drops of white dew, and the change of white dew gave birth to three seas; The sea has changed, giving birth to human ancestors: the history of the sea, the ancient sea, the ancient beauty, the early stage of the ancient beauty, the early stage of Yu Zi, the early residence of Yu Zi, the first benevolent residence, the traces of benevolence and respect for benevolence. Chongren Lian (five brothers and six sisters, human ancestors). " Finally, human beings have migrated from heaven to ancient England after various hardships and changes, and their reproduction has continued to this day. [ 12]

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