Find some technical terms when making a movie.

One of the techniques used in focal plane.

Its performance is that the moving image displayed on the screen suddenly stops and becomes a still picture (still photo).

Freeze-frame is the instantaneous "condensation" of action, showing the static beauty like sculpture, which is used to highlight or render a scene, an expression, a detail and so on.

The specific production method is to select a certain frame in the lens and print the film repeatedly by the printer to extend the stopped frame to the required length.

According to the needs of lens editing, the freeze-frame processing can be changed from moving (animation surface) to static (freeze-frame picture), and can also be changed from static (freeze-frame picture) to animated surface. At the end of the film, some people use a freeze frame to indicate the end of the story, or use this as a point to leave a aftertaste for the audience.

Feature Articles

A lens that takes a portrait of the face and a part of the subject.

Created by early American film director David Walker Griffith (1875- 1948).

A close-up shot is the shot with the closest sight distance in the movie screen. Because of its small viewing range and single picture content, the performance object can stand out from the surrounding environment, resulting in a clear visual image and emphasized effect.

Close-ups can show the subtle emotional changes of characters and reveal them.

Picture display

A skill of dealing with lens structure in film art.

The central figure or moving object in the lens picture leaves the picture, which is called painting; When people or moving objects enter the picture, it is called painting.

When an action runs through more than two shots, in order to make the action flow continuous and not confuse the audience, the drawing direction of people or moving objects between the connected shots should be basically the same, otherwise a neutral shot must be inserted as a transition.

form a circle

Changes of "strokes"

In the form of a circle, gradually expand (circle out) from the center of the picture, or gradually shrink the whole picture into a point (circle in) with a circle and be replaced by the next picture.

Sometimes enclosing is also used to emphasize or highlight a certain detail of the picture.

cut into

Refers to the direct connection between the upper and lower lenses.

The first shot is called "cut out" and the last shot is called "cut in".

This method of lens assembly without any additional skills can enhance the consistency of action without interrupting the flow of time, and it is clean, compact, concise and vivid.

It is often used to describe the environment and connect people's conversations and actions.

In the shooting of feature films, this connection method is generally used for the shots of the same scene.

As the lens cuts in, the audience gradually understands the performance object in the constant change of viewpoint, and does not feel the trace of picture combination.

fade-in fade-out

Also known as "fade in and out".

One of the skills to express the transformation of time and space in movies.

The picture behind gradually appeared, and finally it was completely clear. The beginning of this shot is called "fade in", which means the beginning of a paragraph; The previous picture fades away until it disappears completely, which means the end of a paragraph.

Fading in and out is slow and lyrical, which can give the audience a visual pause and produce a complete sense of paragraph.

With the acceleration of movie rhythm, it is rarely used now.

Draw a picture

Short for Pai.

One of the skills to express the transformation of time and space in movies.

Cross out the previous picture (draw it) with lines of different shapes and replace it with the next picture (draw it in).

Generally suitable for fast-paced and short-time scene changes; Especially when describing events in different places or developing in parallel at the same time, combined brushwork plays an irreplaceable role.

Its disadvantage is that if it is not handled properly, it will easily make the audience aware of the existence of the four-sided border on the screen and weaken the realism of the image.

In and out

Also known as "dissolution and dissolution" and "dissolution", or simply "transformation" and "dissolution".

One of the ways to express the transformation of time and space in movies.

Refers to the gradual disappearance (melting) of the previous movie picture and the gradual appearance (melting) of the latter picture.

Both of them are hidden and displayed at the same time, overlapping on the screen for a short time, that is, alternately passing through the state of "dissolution".

It is also often used to express the connection between reality and dreams, memory and associative scenes.

The method of "transformation" is subtle and euphemistic, and often has a certain meaning.

According to the needs of content and rhythm, the time of "transformation" can be long or short, generally between 1-3 seconds.

Full-length lens

Symmetry of "Short Shot"

Refers to a shot that takes up a long film in a period of time.

It can contain more needed content, or it can be a montage sentence (different from a montage sentence composed of several short shots).

There is no clear and uniform regulation on its length.

Generally, it can be divided into four types: fixed long lens, zoom long lens, depth of field long lens and moving long lens.

Among them, moving the long lens includes pushing, pulling, swinging, lifting and other actions of the camera.

Because the long lens can unify all kinds of movements inside the lens, it is natural, smooth and varied, causing various angles and scenes for the picture. It can not only show the environment and highlight the characters, but also bring full freedom to the actors' performance, which is helpful to the coherence of the characters' emotions and make the important dramatic actions fully and hierarchically displayed.

The shooting of long shots has a strong sense of time and space realism because it will not destroy the temporal and spatial continuity of the occurrence and development of events.

Tracking lens

Also known as "follow the trend".

A photograph taken by a camera following a moving object.

Follow-up lens can continuously and carefully show the movements and expressions of characters in action, which can not only highlight the main body in motion, but also explain the direction, speed, posture of the moving body and its relationship with the environment, so as to keep the movement of the moving body coherent and help to show the mental outlook of the characters in the dynamic.

scenic photo

Also known as "scenery shooting".

A scene in which no characters (mainly those related to the plot) describe natural scenery or scenes.

It is often used to introduce the environmental background, explain the time and space, express the feelings of characters, promote the development of stories and express the author's attitude. It has the functions of explanation, suggestion, symbol and metaphor. In the film, it can produce artistic effects such as lyricism, scene blending, artistic conception rendering, atmosphere contrast and association. , but also has a unique role in the time-space transformation of the picture and the adjustment of the film rhythm.

There are two kinds of aerial photography: scenery photography and physical photography. The former is generally called landscape shooting, and it is mostly represented by panorama or perspective. The latter, also known as "detail description", generally adopts close-up or close-up.

The use of empty lens is not only a simple description of scenery, but also an important means for film creators to combine lyric techniques with narrative techniques to strengthen the artistic expression of films.

Pull the lens

Put the camera on the moving car and pull it back to the person or scene to get the picture.

As the lens gradually moves away from the main body, the picture gradually unfolds from a part, allowing the audience to move back and see the connection between the part and the whole.

Genre film is the general name of a film production method that dominated Hollywood in 1930s and 1940s.

In the course of its development, film art has gradually formed different types of films unique to movies.

The so-called genre refers to the category, category or style of films formed due to different themes, techniques and styles.

For example, westerns, one of the most important types of Hollywood movies, have unique subject areas, natural backgrounds, regional characteristics and even modeling elements such as scenes, costumes and props, which leads to unique artistic techniques such as narrative style, image structure and scene scheduling.

Other genres, such as comedy, musical, crime, detective, horror, war, society, fantasy, psychology, history, biography, romance, children's films, sports films and disaster films, all have their own traditional characteristics.

Genre film is a commercialized and standardized expression of artistic products, which firmly grasps the audience with the stereotyped roles played by favorite stars, stylized plots of interest to the audience and graphic pictures full of * * *. However, because it has kept the artists' fruitful creations for many years, formed its own tradition, and constantly changed with the passage of time, which meets the requirements of popular art, it has won a broad international market for Hollywood films and been imitated by commercial films in other countries.

After the Second World War, due to the disintegration of the Hollywood studio system, the emphasis on the director's personal style, the rise of new film schools in various countries, and the variation of audience's aesthetic taste, film categories and their connotations, techniques, forms and boundaries have undergone great changes.

Push the lens

A shooting method in which the camera is placed on a moving car and pushed forward towards the object and the picture.

When the lens moves forward, the subject gradually becomes larger in the picture, guiding the audience's attention to the part to be shown.

Its function is to highlight the theme, describe the details, make the emphasized person or thing stand out in the whole environment, and strengthen its expressive force.

Pushing the lens can constantly show the changing process of characters' movements, from body movements to facial expressions or action details, which is helpful to reveal the inner activities of characters.

background

A person or thing behind or near the subject in a shot.

In the lens picture, the background corresponds to the foreground, sometimes as the main body or companion of the performance, but most of them are part of the drama environment.

After-shot can enrich the image of the picture, produce the modeling effect of multi-layer scenery and increase the spatial depth of the lens, thus forming the typical environment and living atmosphere of the scene.

When the camera shoots at a depression angle, the performance of the background in the picture is the most obvious.

In some scene processing, the background is the background.

According to the needs of scene scheduling, with the movement of the camera in the scene and the change of position, the background may also be transformed into the foreground accordingly.

Nearby scenery

Shoot a movie picture above the character's chest.

The line of sight is a little farther than the close-up.

In close range, the upper body activities of the characters occupy a prominent position in the picture and become the main performance object, which can let the audience clearly see the facial expressions or some kind of body movements of the characters.

The function of close-up is similar to that of close-up, that is, the visual effect is more distinct, which is conducive to the detailed description of the appearance, expression, clothing and instrument of the characters.

Close shot has its unique artistic function in expressing the emotional communication of characters and revealing the specific relationship between characters.

Close-ups are sometimes used to capture a part of a scene.

Some shots of people above the waist are generally called "close-ups".

prospect

A person or thing in front of or near the front of the subject in a lens.

In the lens picture, it is used to set off the main body or form a part of the dramatic environment.

It has the function of setting off the main body and decorating the environment, which is helpful to enhance the spatial depth of the picture, balance the composition and beautify the picture.

In some mobile phone photography, the sense of movement and rhythm of the lens can be enhanced through the change and alternation of the foreground.

The foreground should be organically combined with the content of the picture. One-sided pursuit of the decorative beauty of the foreground will destroy the unity of the picture, and even weaken or confuse the subject represented.

According to the needs of scene scheduling, with the movement of the camera in the scene and the change of position, the foreground may also be transformed into the background accordingly.

indoor climate

Also known as "inside the shed".

Refers to the scenes set in the studio (including indoor scenes or outdoor scenes).

The favorable factor of indoor is that it is not limited and influenced by natural conditions such as weather and season, and it is easier to create the required environmental atmosphere and visual effect; The disadvantage is that it is expensive and time-consuming to make, and some scenes are easy to show artificial traces and lack realism.

Therefore, in order to pursue the authenticity of the scene, directors have adopted live shooting in recent years.

site

An artificial scene.

In order to pursue the realistic effect of the environment in film shooting, the natural environment or social environment is directly selected.

Generally, different levels of processing and layout are needed to meet the needs of the plot.

Real scenes make the scenes in the film full of life and sense of the times, which can not only save the production cost, but also help to speed up the production progress.

The whole scene

Capture the movie picture of the whole body or the whole scene of the character.

Panorama has a relatively broad space, which can fully show the whole movements of the characters and their relationship.

In the panorama, people and the environment are often integrated, which can create a vivid picture of people and scenery.

Compared with close-up, panoramic view has a great difference in sight distance.

If the two are directly combined, it will cause a great leap in vision and emotion, and often receive unique artistic effects.

Outdoor scene

The scene outside the studio.

Including real scenes such as natural environment and living environment, as well as indoor scenery built outside the studio.

Its advantages are truthfulness, naturalness and strong flavor of life, which is conducive to expressing local colors or national characteristics.

The location is selected by the artist in advance according to the needs of the film plot, and the real scene can be processed according to the director's creative intention, so that it has typical characteristics and flavor of the times.

distant view

Take movie photos of people and scenery in the distance.

This kind of picture allows the audience to see a broad and far-reaching scene on the picture to show the spatial background or environmental atmosphere of the characters' activities.

Foresight can be used to express large-scale crowd activities and render magnificent scenes.

At the same time, vision is often used to express feelings and create artistic conception, that is, to contrast or highlight the inner waves of characters through the description of natural scenery.

log

A job in the shooting stage also refers to a full-time person who undertakes this job.

The main task is to record the details and data of each shot in detail and accurately, such as lens number, shooting method, lens length, actor's action and dialogue, sound effects, scenery, props, clothing, makeup and so on.

Because a movie is made of several scenes and hundreds of shots, it can't be shot in the order of shots. Therefore, the records made by the field notes are helpful to the connection between the film shots and provide accurate data and information for the director to continue shooting, makeup, editing, dubbing and development.

After the film is finished, these records can also be used to make finished copies.

be in charge of/supervisor

The organizer and leader of film art creation, and the general manager of film literary scripts put on the screen.

As a synthesizer of various artistic elements in film creation, the director organizes and unites all the creative staff and technicians of the film crew, gives full play to their talents and integrates the creative work of the film crew.

The director's re-creation is based on the script of film literature, using montage thinking to carry out artistic conception, compiling storyboard and The Director's Elaboration, including grasping the theme, character description, scene scheduling, determining time and space structure, sound and painting modeling and artistic style of future films.

Then find and determine the actors, and put forward requirements for creative departments such as photography, actors, artists, recording and composition according to the overall thinking. Organize the main creative staff to study relevant materials, analyze scripts, centralize and unify creative intentions, and determine the overall creative plan of the film.

The director will also lead the on-site shooting and post-production work according to the shooting plan arranged by the production department until the filming is completed.

The quality of a film depends largely on the quality and accomplishment of the director; The style of a film often reflects the artistic style of the director.

Stage management

One of the important creators of this film.

Makeup artists have certain artistic attainments, aesthetic attainments, knowledge of painting history and the ability to observe and analyze life. He can master and skillfully use makeup artist and skills, and lead and guide his assistants to complete the makeup tasks specified in the film.

According to the requirements of the overall design of the film and the characteristics of the actor's appearance, the makeup artist designs the makeup model of the role, guides the production of spare parts needed for various makeup models, and completes the fitting and finalization of the whole film.

In the process of shooting, the makeup artist is responsible for keeping the consistency of the characters' modeling, and making corresponding modifications with the changes of the characters' personality, mood, age, circumstances and other factors, so as to maintain the realism of the characters' external images.

artist

Formerly known as "scenery designer" and "artist".

The main creative personnel of film modeling design.

The artist's work begins with studying the script, analyzing the characters, and designing the shape of the film according to the plot and theme of the script, combined with his own life experience and data accumulation.

That is, by means of make-up, costumes, scenery and props, the external image of the characters in the play and the spatial environment of the film are created-an artistic space that conforms to the designated situation of the characters, has a sense of the times and regional characteristics, provides more action fulcrums for the activities of the characters, and is conducive to scene scheduling and shooting.

Artists should have high literary accomplishment and painting modeling ability, and be proficient in the unique laws of film visual expression; We should be good at organizing and guiding the work of relevant art modeling departments to reflect the overall design intention.

Stunt photographer

One of the main creators of film stunt shots.

Cooperate with stunt artists, study and determine the design scheme, use the corresponding stunt technology, and complete the shooting of stunt shots with ordinary or special photographic equipment to reflect the director's creative intention.

Stunt artist

Also known as "stunt design".

The designers and organizers of film stunt shots cooperate with stunt photographers to complete the shooting of stunt shots.

The stunt artist not only has the artistic accomplishment of film modeling, but also has the ability to master the film stunt technology. He can draw the picture atmosphere map of stunt shots and is competent for painting and model processing required by various perspective synthetic shots.

After studying with the stunt photographer to determine the specific shooting scheme, the corresponding stunt technology is used to complete the shooting task of the stunt lens.

The stunt lens design scheme put forward by stunt artists must reflect the director's creative intention, integrate with the overall modeling of the film, and fully consider the requirements of realism, safety, economy and time saving.

film producer

Generally speaking, it refers to the boss or management agent of a film company.

Responsible for coordinating and directing the preparation and production of the film, and have the right to change the plot of the script and decide the director and main actors.

Most producers know about film art creation, audience psychology and market information, are good at raising funds and are familiar with management.

producer

The executive leader and organizer of the film crew.

According to the storyboard and the director's creative intention, prepare and implement the shooting plan and cost accounting, participate in the selection of actors, determine the location and review the set design.

Mainly responsible for the political and ideological content and shooting process of the film, and also responsible for the artistic and technical quality of the film.

Circular film

Also known as "screen movie".

The circular wall around the cinema, 360? A film shown on a circular screen.

Multiple cameras shoot at the same time, and multiple projectors project at the same time, including three, five, nine and eleven.

The projector of the circular cinema is installed in the projection room above the circular screen, and the audience can stand in the center of the audience hall and watch at will.

Because of the wide field of vision, it has a multi-channel three-dimensional effect, which can make the audience feel immersive.

However, due to the complex equipment, the screening time should not be too long, generally only about half an hour.

The circular cinema cannot show ordinary films at the same time, so it is limited and difficult to popularize.

More screen movies

Use a special projector to show movies with different pictures on multiple screens at the same time.

While watching the main screen, the audience can also see the relevant details on other screens.

Multi-screen movies can enrich the content of movies and deepen the audience's feelings and understanding of movies.

cinerama

Also known as "dome movie" or "dome movie".

A big-screen movie that appeared in the 1970s.

Super wide-angle fisheye lens is used for shooting and projection. The audience hall is dome-shaped and the screen is hemispherical. The audience is surrounded by it, and the screen is like the sky.

Because the screen image is large and clear, extending from the front to the back of the audience, accompanied by stereo surround sound, the audience feels very immersive.

Mask widescreen movie

Also known as "fake widescreen movies".

A wide-screen movie without distortion.

Using 35mm film, when shooting and showing, a frame is added in front of the camera and projector to cover the upper and lower sides of the frame. Without changing the width of the frame, the height of the frame is reduced, and the aspect ratio of the frame is changed from the original 1: 1.33 to 1.66.

This kind of wide-screen movie is relatively simple and has been widely used.

copy

The transliteration of English copy means "copy" and "copy".

Used as a cinematic term to refer to a film in which a positive film is copied from a negative film for screening.

Post-production stage

The production stage of mixed recording double film and the production stage of finished film are collectively referred to.

After the film crew completed the dialogue double film and passed the examination, they entered the post-production stage, in which the mixed recording double film production included recording effect, music and mixed recording; The film production stage includes film splicing (commonly known as "backing"), light distribution and optical mixed sound master development, and printing the corrected copy and standard copy of the original master.

Paired white

One of the important processes of post-recording

Refers to dialogues and monologues recorded by actors. Used for movies recorded or translated after editing.

When doing this job, actors must watch the scenes displayed on the screen repeatedly, memorize the performances in the scenes, and match their voices, emotions and mouths with the performances of the characters on the screen.

synchronize

Also known as "live recording".

A recording method when shooting a movie.

Generally speaking, tapes are used for recording.

Synchronous recording requires the recording studio to be equipped with good sound insulation equipment, and the camera and tape recorder should be equipped with sound avoidance devices.

The location shooting scene also adopts synchronous recording, and the recorded sound can be used as a reference for the actor's dubbing, thus improving the quality of the film dialogue.

presco

Also known as "pre-recording".

A shooting method in film production, which records first and then shoots the picture.

It is mostly used in opera movies and musicals with a lot of lyrics and music, that is, before filming, the lyrics and music in the movie are recorded as vocal cords, and then the actors play back the vocal cords when shooting the corresponding pictures.

Synchronization of sound and image

The dialogue and sound in the film are consistent with the action of the picture.

That is to say, the vocal cords of the film are in strict harmony with the picture, so that the sound (including dubbing) maintains a natural relationship with the picture image, and the video in the picture and the sound it emits appear and disappear at the same time, which is consistent.

On the contrary, sound and picture are not synchronized.

The function of sound and picture synchronization mainly lies in strengthening the realism of the picture and improving the appeal of the visual image.

Audio-visual counterpoint

A relationship between sound and picture in movies.

Including two artistic treatments: (1) audio-visual contrast.

The content and artistic conception of music and pictures are consistent, only the difference of quantity exists.

For example, in China's feature film Red women soldiers, there is a set of life pictures, which show that the soldiers are full of youthful vitality and brisk pace, and the music is the long red flag on Wuzhishan.

This contrast has the function of strengthening the picture structure.

(2) The opposition between sound and painting.

The image and artistic conception of music are completely opposite.

For example, in the feature film Blessing, the kind-hearted sister-in-law Xianglin hit her head when she was forced to get married and wanted to die.

The exciting and cheerful wedding music is in sharp contrast with the picture of Xianglinsao's broken head and pain, which profoundly shows the tragedy of the old times.

The counterpoint between sound and picture can sometimes predict the development of the plot.

For example, in the feature film The Legend of Tianyunshan, when Wei Song and Wu Yao got married, the music that showed Wei Song's heavy and painful feelings was contrary to the festive scene, which showed her misfortune after marriage.

Parallel sound and image

Also known as "audio-visual parallelism".

A relationship between sound and picture in movies.

It means that the thoughts and feelings, characters, artistic styles and dramatic conflicts expressed by music and pictures in the film are very close, but the rhythm and rhythm are not synchronized.

Its basic feature is that music repeats or strengthens the artistic conception, tendency or meaning of the picture.

Descriptive music and rendering music belong to the parallel music of sound and picture.

Audio-visual synchronization

A relationship between sound and picture in movies.

Refers to the consistency of artistic conception and rhythm between music and pictures.

Often used in animated films.

Walter Disney (190 1- 1966), an American art film director, made full use of the artistic technique of sound and picture synchronization in Mickey Mouse films.

Therefore, music with synchronized sound and picture is also called "Mickey Mouse Music".

It is also often used in operas, stage plays, opera films or comedy-style and adventure-style feature films.

Sometimes it will form a three-step synchronization of picture, music and sound effects.

For example, in China's movie Sun Yat-sen, the Northern Expeditionary Army went out for a run. At first, the picture and footsteps appeared simultaneously, and then the music appeared simultaneously. The combination of footsteps and the bass of music strengthens the bass of music, making it more majestic and tense.