Common diseases of infants and their nursing care

The baby is sick, don't panic! Common diseases of infants and their nursing care

Babies under one year old can't talk yet. If you are uncomfortable, you will only cry to express it, which often worries parents who don't understand the meaning. In this paper, Ye, director of Pediatrics Department of Yadong Hospital, is invited to list common diseases of babies, so that parents can better understand the symptoms of their babies' illness, as well as the guidance of disease treatment and life care. Novice parents can't miss it!

Ye, director of pediatrics at Yadong Hospital, said that most diseases have obvious symptoms. Parents must know the relevant knowledge and have certain judgment ability, so as not to delay the treatment opportunity, but also to help doctors diagnose and let the baby recover as soon as possible. Director Ye listed the common symptoms, causes, treatment and nursing methods of infants and young children as follows:

Acute enteritis * Symptoms Introduction Rotavirus and Salmonella infection are the most common acute enteritis in infants. Enteritis caused by rotavirus is easy to spread in cold climate. So every winter, many babies will have diarrhea. Rotavirus infection is more common in children from 6 months to 2 years old. Small patients will have severe vomiting first, and severe diarrhea will occur after 1 ~ 2 days. Usually, the stool is watery, with occasional mucus adhesion but little blood, and may also be complicated with upper respiratory symptoms such as fever, cough and runny nose.

Enteritis caused by salmonella infection is particularly easy to break out in summer, but it can be seen all year round. The stool discharged from this enteritis is green and sticky, with a foul smell, often mucus and nosebleeds. Clinical high fever persists, but it is not complicated with cold symptoms.

The cause of rotavirus, as the name implies, is that the virus looks like a wheel under the microscope. Enteritis caused by rotavirus is spread through unclean food or air. Enteritis caused by salmonella is often infected by eating unclean food. For example, some people like to drink mountain spring water or eat contaminated seafood or eggs.

Director Ye said that salmonella enteritis is terrible because it occasionally has serious complications. When the baby is infected, Salmonella may enter the baby's blood circulation through the intestinal wall and spread to the whole body, leading to sepsis and life-threatening. If bacteria invade the brain and bones from the blood again, it will deteriorate into meningitis and osteomyelitis, which will be life-threatening or leave a lifelong regret. One or two cases of intestinal perforation and peritonitis caused by Salmonella can be seen every year. Dad shouldn't be ignored than mom.

* Treatment and nursing In terms of treatment, attention should be paid to whether small patients are dehydrated and whether electrolytes are balanced. Small patients generally return to normal after treatment 1 ~ 2 weeks. However, in the follow-up care, we should still pay attention to the baby's situation. Director Ye reminded parents that after the baby comes home, they should continue to pay attention to the following situations: 1. Whether there are dehydration symptoms (such as dry oral mucosa and lips, decreased urine or darker color, sunken eyes, etc.). ) .2. Whether there is mucus or bloodshot in the stool. 3. Pay attention to whether the baby's spirit and activities are getting worse. If the above phenomenon occurs, you should take your baby back to the clinic as soon as possible. "When you see a doctor, it is best to take pictures of your baby's stool, or bring fresh feces to the clinic for the doctor to facilitate diagnosis and examination. Acute bacterial enteritis is caused by occasional serious complications, such as sepsis and meningitis. It is best to see a doctor as soon as possible.

In addition, Director Ye also pointed out that there are lactose-decomposing enzymes on the surface of small intestinal mucosa. When the baby's intestinal mucosa has severe enteritis, the intestinal mucosa is damaged, which will make it difficult for lactose in milk to be decomposed and absorbed, thus leading to diarrhea, which is called lactose intolerance. At this time, lactose-free formula is needed to feed, otherwise the baby will have chronic diarrhea due to incomplete recovery of intestinal mucosa. In the worst case, this situation will last for several weeks.

When the baby has loose bowels, parents should adopt the following feeding methods: 1. If the baby is breast-fed, it should continue to breast-feed. 2. It is advisable to give your baby light food, such as porridge, white toast, white steamed bread, etc., and avoid greasy food and sweets. 3. If the baby has mild diarrhea, you can dilute the concentration of milk, such as halving the amount of milk powder. But don't dilute it for a long time to avoid malnutrition. If diarrhea is severe or lasts for a long time, it is best to stop using general milk powder and switch to antidiarrheal milk powder according to the doctor's advice. 4. Give your baby more electrolyte solution for diarrhea.

In terms of prevention, Director Ye suggested that food and drinking water should be clean and hygienic, and it is best not to drink or eat raw food. Bottles and nipples must be disinfected before use. Nurses should always wash their hands, especially after changing diapers for babies with diarrhea, to avoid the spread of germs.

Symptoms of febrile cramps * The description of cramps caused by fever alone is called febrile cramps. This spasm usually occurs within 24 hours after the baby has a fever. Children's brain cells are immature, which is easy to cause abnormal discharge due to rising body temperature, leading to loss of consciousness, involuntary movements, drooping eyes, limb twitching, black lips and other symptoms.

Director Ye should remind parents that fever with spasm can be caused by various infectious diseases. Meningitis and encephalitis can also cause fever and convulsions. But the mechanism of this spasm is different from that of heat spasm. Spasm caused by meningitis and encephalitis is an abnormal discharge directly caused by infection and inflammation of spinal cord or brain cells, which will destroy brain cells and lead to serious sequelae. Therefore, when a child has fever or convulsions, it is necessary to carefully distinguish whether it belongs to febrile convulsions or convulsions caused by meningitis and encephalitis.

When some children have a high fever, their hands and feet will be cold and their whole body or limbs will tremble. It's called chills. Sometimes it is mistaken for spasm by parents. The method of identification is that if it is caused by high fever, the patient's consciousness is awake; When febrile spasm occurs, the patient's consciousness is in a coma.

If children have the following conditions, they must consider having brain or metabolic diseases: 1. Spasm duration exceeds 15 minutes. 2. Local spasm of the eyeball turning to one side, such as a limb twitch. 3. It occurs in infants less than 6 months old or children over 6 years old. 4. I will continue to fall asleep after the attack, and my consciousness and activities are also very poor. 5. You will have spasms after having a fever for more than 24 hours.

* Etiology: Director Ye said that febrile spasm often has a family genetic tendency. Its incidence rate is about 3%. It usually happens to children from 3 months to 6 years old, especially children from 6 months to 3 years old.

* Treating and caring for parents, febrile spasm is a terrible experience. I have a chance to do it again before I am 6 years old. Therefore, Director Ye believes that parents should learn the following treatment methods in advance when facing babies with family history:

When spasm occurs, fever should be reduced as soon as possible to avoid recurrence of spasm. When a spasm occurs, you must keep calm. Spasms usually stop after a few minutes. Let the child lie flat and face sideways to prevent vomit from blocking the respiratory tract. At the same time, parents should pay attention to the types of seizures: whether the limbs twitch unilaterally or bilaterally, and whether the eyeball droops or turns to one side. This information is very important for the doctor's diagnosis. Send the baby to see a doctor as soon as possible, find out the cause of fever and treat the symptoms. Usually, after the febrile spasm stops, the baby's activities can return to normal in a short time. If the baby's activity continues to be poor, be sure to doubt whether you have meningitis or encephalitis. Spinal cord puncture should be performed when necessary, and the spinal cord should be extracted and examined with liquid. If it is a simple febrile spasm, children's brain waves generally return to normal within 10 days after the fever subsides. Therefore, doctors usually arrange EEG examination after the baby's fever has gone down 10 day. The main purpose is to see if there is any possibility of organic diseases or epilepsy in the brain. Urethritis * Etiology * Symptoms Introduction When acute urethritis occurs in adults and older children, it often causes micturition pain and frequent urination, so it is easier to diagnose. However, in infancy, due to the lack of language skills, babies usually have fever symptoms, so it is difficult to diagnose. Sometimes it will show nonspecific symptoms, such as poor appetite, fidgeting, crying, vomiting, diarrhea, jaundice, etc., which will increase the difficulty of diagnosis. Therefore, doctors must have a high degree of vigilance in order to pass the urine test for diagnosis.

Director Ye pointed out that in infancy, the probability of male babies suffering from urethritis is higher than that of female babies. This is related to more congenital malformations of urinary tract in boys. But after infancy, the incidence of girls will exceed that of boys. This is because girls have short urethra, which is easy for bacteria to enter from society and lead to infection.

* Treatment and nursing care of the diagnosis of urethritis is important because besides the acute stage of infantile urethritis, it may also cause fatal septicemia, and some patients may have potential urinary tract congenital malformation. More than 80% of them are vesicoureteral reflux. Director Ye said that in treatment, for patients with severe reflux, preventive antibiotic treatment or surgical correction should be carried out, otherwise it may cause repeated renal inflammation in the baby and lead to irreversible severe renal lesions. Therefore, when a child suffers from urethritis, the doctor will arrange ultrasound, cystourethrography or other examinations to determine the possibility of congenital malformation.

In the follow-up medical treatment, small patients must be given antibiotics for 7 ~ 10 days. Patients with minor illnesses must drink more water and urinate frequently. More importantly, the baby should be examined for congenital malformation of urinary tract. If there are congenital malformations, appropriate treatment should be given. Director Ye stressed that if the baby has fever of unknown cause, urine examination should be done to improve the diagnosis rate of urethritis. After the diagnosis, further examination should be made to confirm whether there is congenital urinary tract malformation, effectively prevent the recurrence of infection and further ensure the baby's renal function.

"Most diseases have external symptoms, so parents must understand relevant knowledge and have certain judgment ability, which will not delay the treatment opportunity, but also help doctors diagnose diseases and let the baby recover as soon as possible. 」

Ye Education: Ph.D. course experience: intensive care training instructor of the Republic of China, part-time attending physician of pediatrics of National Taiwan University Hospital, and director of pediatrics of Enzhuming Hospital. He is currently the director of pediatrics at Yadong Memorial Hospital, part-time lecturer at Yadong Institute of Technology, and deputy secretary-general of Pediatric Medical Association.

Interview/Zhang Ling Consulting/Ye Photography, Director of Pediatrics, Yadong Hospital/Pandora Professional Children Photography Mengwa/Lin Yanqi