The Olympic flag and athlete representative oath were introduced?

The modern Olympic Games are the inevitable product of the development of modern capitalism, and the inevitable result of the widespread implementation of modern sports ideas in Europe and the United States after the formation of modern sports ideas.

In 1894, with the efforts of Coubertin and the promotion of various factors, the "Congress for the Restoration of the Olympic Games" was held in Paris. The International Olympic Committee was established at the meeting and decided to revive the Olympic Games.

The modern Olympic Games are deeply influenced by the ancient Olympic Games, but it is no longer a competition to worship the gods, but a truly international sports competition. The emergence of the modern Olympic Games is an important milestone in the history of sports competitions. It marks that sports have entered a new era.

1. International Olympic Committee

The International Olympic Committee, established in 1894, is an international, non-governmental, non-profit organization that leads the Olympic movement and decides everything. The highest authority on the matter. It is headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland.

The International Olympic Committee has one president and four vice-presidents. The chairman is elected from among the members and serves a general term of eight years, with the option of being re-elected for a further four-year term.

2. Relevant regulations of the Olympic Games

1. Olympic Flag

The Olympic flag is rectangular, white and borderless, with five sets of colorful rings in the middle. It symbolizes the unity of the five continents and the meeting of athletes from all over the world at the Olympic Games with fair, frank competition and a friendly spirit.

2． Olympic Oath Ceremony

At the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games, the most famous athlete of the host country read out the oath: "On the honor of all athletes, I promise that for the glory of sports and the honor of our sports teams, I will use my true Participate in this Olympic Games with the spirit of sportsmanship and respect and abide by the regulations governing the games." After that, the referees will also hold an oath ceremony.

3. Olympic medals

The medals are divided into three colors: gold, silver and copper. They are round, at least 60 mm in diameter and 3 mm thick, with a goddess statue on them.

4. The duration of the Olympic Games

Since 1932, the International Olympic Committee has stipulated that the Summer Olympics shall not exceed 16 days and the Winter Olympics shall not exceed 12 days.

3. The setting of modern Olympic sports competitions

When the first modern Olympics was held, there were few international individual sports organizations, and there were no strict regulations on the Olympic projects, which were basically decided by the host country. . Therefore, in the first few Olympic Games, not only did individual events in some events change greatly, but major events were also unstable. Some events that were not widely developed around the world were also listed, such as polo, lacrosse, steamboat, and squash. wait. With the establishment of various international individual sports organizations, Olympic projects have gradually become more stable.

In order to make the Olympic Games' event setting consistent with the development of world sports, the International Olympic Committee stipulates that each Summer Olympics should include at least 15 of the following major events before it can be held. In 1963, the International Olympic Committee determined the order of competition for these major Summer Olympic events: track and field, swimming, wrestling, gymnastics, weightlifting, hockey, equestrian, fencing, rowing, boxing, shooting, modern pentathlon, sailing, basketball, 21 events including kayaking, cycling, football, volleyball, archery, handball, and judo.

From 1972 to 1984, the number of major events in the Olympic Games has been fixed at 21. The 24th Olympic Games made a historic breakthrough, adding two major events: table tennis and tennis, bringing the number of major events in the Summer Olympics to 23 and the number of individual events to 237, including 151 for men and 72 for women, with a mix of men and women. There are 14 projects.

The approval conditions for being included in the official Olympic events are: the men's event of the Summer Olympics must be widely carried out in at least 75 countries on 4 continents, and the women's event must be widely carried out in at least 40 countries on 3 continents.

Since the birth of the modern Olympic Games, after more than 100 years of tortuous development, it has become an important event in current international life. Today, the Olympic movement has spread almost all over the world. The Olympic Games have become a high-level comprehensive sports meeting that attracts worldwide attention. The Olympic motto of "Faster, Higher, Stronger" has become a loud slogan in the world sports world.

Answer: lhsxhxh - Tanhua 10th Level 3-7 09:06

In the spring of 1893, under the active suggestion of Coubertin, the French Federation of Athletics Associations came forward to invite some countries Celebrities held an international sports conference in Paris, focusing on the issue of reviving the Olympic Games. At this meeting, Coubertin's idea of ??reviving the Olympic Games received clear support from some countries. However, due to the indifference of many countries, the meeting did not achieve the expected purpose. But it's off to a good start. In January of the following year, Coubertin drafted specific steps for reviving the Olympic Games and 10 issues that needed to be discussed, and wrote to sports organizations and groups in various countries to solicit opinions. Meanwhile, Coubertin was running around looking for support. With strong support from celebrities in many countries, he once again wrote to various countries, proposing to hold another international sports conference, and sent a plea to sports organizations in various countries to participate in international consultations and jointly rebuild the Olympic Games. However, some national sports organizations still responded coldly to Coubertin's suggestions, and some even expressed opposition.

Where there is a will, there is a way. In order to seek support, Coubertin turned his attention to the political world. He and his supporters had frequent contacts with politicians and social activists from various countries through letters and embassies in Paris, and finally won the support of many leading figures in Greece, Belgium, Sweden, Norway and Russia. Some countries were stationed in France. Envoys and celebrities from the educational and scientific circles have expressed their willingness to participate in international negotiations, and the support of political and social celebrities has influenced the attitudes of many national sports organizations. Thirty-nine sports organizations from the United States, Britain, Russia, Switzerland, Spain, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Greece have stated that they will send representatives to attend the conference.

June 16, 1894, is a memorable day in the history of the modern Olympic movement. On this day, the "International Sports Congress" grandly opened at the Sorbonne Theological School in Paris (the predecessor of the University of Paris). There were 79 representatives present, representing 49 sports organizations in 12 countries. French Ambassador to Belgium de Courchet was elected as the chairman of the conference. Coubertin presided over the opening ceremony of the conference. At the opening ceremony, which was attended by 2,000 people , the famous French expert on ancient Greek culture, Cheodore Leilach, delivered a speech, and the Paris National Opera Chorus sang the Apollo Ode for the conference, arousing the participants' fascination with the ancient Olympic Games.

The conference first discussed the amateur and professional issues of participating athletes. After debate, it was decided to follow the principle of "amateur sport" and a resolution was adopted on amateur and professional athletes. Then, the meeting discussed the issue of reviving the Olympic Games and passed an important document - the resolution "Revival of the Olympic Games". On June 23, the General Assembly passed a resolution to establish the "International Olympic Committee" and decided that IOC members from the host countries of the Olympic Games would take turns serving as president of the International Olympic Committee. June 23, this day, has epoch-making significance for the development of the Olympic movement and world sports. Many countries regard this day as a sports holiday, and our country also designated this day as Olympic Day in 1986. The Paris International Sports Conference also approved the first "Olympic Charter" formulated by Coubertin. The charter emphasizes the amateur nature of Olympic sports and stipulates that only honorary awards will be awarded to winners at the Olympic Games, and no monetary or other material rewards may be given to athletes in any form. The General Assembly elected the Greek poet Vikelas as the first president of the International Olympic Committee and Coubertin as the secretary-general. The conference also elected 14 members of the International Olympic Committee. They are: Carlo (France), General Butovsky (Russia), General Balik (Sweden), Professor Sloan (United States), Compute Lord Hill (Britain), Herbert (Britain), Ferenc Kevany (Hungary), Gut-Jalkovsky (Bohemia), Subial (Argentina) , Kraft (New Zealand), Count Luczi Parli (Italy), Count Fang Buzi (Belgium), Archduke Dandeziya Caraffa (Italy), Black Yanhart (Germany). The meeting stipulated that French (currently English and French) is the legal language of the International Olympic Committee. The conference also decided to follow the tradition of the ancient Olympic Games and hold a sports meeting every four years. It also stipulated that the competition events of the Olympic Games should be track and field, water sports (including sailing, rowing, swimming), fencing, wrestling, boxing, equestrian, shooting, gymnastics, and ball sports. wait. The first Olympic Games was originally scheduled to be held in Paris in 1900. Later, it was considered that Greece was the birthplace of the ancient Olympic Games. It was more significant to hold it in Greece than in Paris. Coubertin respected everyone's opinions. The General Assembly decided to reschedule the first session in 1896. In view of the fact that Olympia, the site of the ancient Olympic Games, was in ruins, the venue was changed to Athens, the capital of Greece.

In July 1894, the International Olympic Committee made detailed regulations on the amateur qualifications of Olympic athletes. "Amateur athletes" cannot participate in competitions with monetary rewards and competitions involving professional athletes. Teachers or coaches do not count as amateur athletes.

With the active efforts of the International Olympic Committee, the first Olympic Games in the history of the modern Olympic movement was successfully held in Athens on April 6, 1896. 295 athletes from 13 countries participated in competitions in track and field, swimming (including diving), weightlifting, wrestling, gymnastics, cycling, shooting, fencing and other events. Although the first Olympic Games was still very irregular, the Olympic movement finally entered the stage of history. The establishment of the International Olympic Committee and the convening of the first Olympic Games marked the birth of the Olympic movement.

The development of the modern Olympic movement

The Olympic movement has been a century since the establishment of the International Olympic Committee in 1894. Its development can be divided into four stages.

(1) The initial period of the Olympic Movement (1894-World War I) From 1894 to 1914 before the First World War, it was a period of rapid changes in global political and economic relations. All kinds of nationalism and xenophobia hinder normal international exchanges. Modern sports are only carried out in a few European countries, and world-wide sports competitions are rarely held. The Olympic movement is still in an exploratory stage. The Olympic Games has not yet formed a certain hosting model, such as poor stability in event settings, poor venue facilities, financial difficulties, irregular conference dates, unfair enforcement by referees, and lack of clear regulations on participation qualifications.

The 1908 Olympic Games implemented standardization and standardized management, which established a basic framework for the holding of future Olympic Games.

The 1912 Olympic Games was the most successful Olympic Games in this period. There were great improvements in the participating countries, the number of athletes, venue facilities and organizational work. For the first time, what Coubertin expected was achieved: no accidents, no protests, no nationalities The Olympics of jingoistic hatred.

The main problem during this period is that the International Olympic Committee, international individual sports organizations and national Olympic committees are still only loose institutions. The International Olympic Committee has not yet realized that the Olympic Games was entrusted to a certain city by the International Olympic Committee, and has given up its leadership and supervision rights. As a result, all matters of the Olympic Games are arranged at will by the host country. Because women are not allowed to officially participate in the Olympic Games, not only does it cause major flaws in the universality of the Olympic Games, but it also hinders the development of women's sports.

(2) The formation period of the Olympic Movement (1914-World War II) The Olympic Games, which were interrupted by the First World War, were resumed in 1920. The International Olympic Committee realized the importance of standardization of the Olympic Games from practice. The basic framework, operating mechanism and fundamentals of the entire Olympic Games were basically formed during this period. This is reflected in the following: the setting of competition events gradually became more reasonable; the competition facilities were further improved; The duration of the conference is basically fixed; the application and hosting procedures are basically established, and the issue of athletes’ qualifications has been basically resolved. Advanced technologies began to be applied to competitions, such as electronic timers, finish cameras, automatic printers, closed-circuit television broadcasts, etc. Since 1928, women's track and field events have been included in official competitions. This important change has played a role in promoting the popularity and appeal of the Olympic movement. Another important development is the Winter Olympics, which has greatly increased the coverage of the Olympic movement.

During this period, the organizational structure of the Olympic movement also developed. The number of National Olympic Committees increased from 29 before World War I to 60, making an important contribution to the spread of Olympic ideas around the world. contribute. At the same time, various international individual sports organizations have also been established one after another. Through the coordination between the International Olympic Committee and various international individual sports organizations and national Olympic committees, the International Olympic Committee has been freed from the specific technical matters that exist in every Olympic Games. And they play more roles at higher levels such as leadership, coordination, and decision-making.

An important problem at this stage is the increasing influence of politics on the Olympic movement. For example, the 1936 Berlin Olympics, although superior to previous games in many aspects, was used by Hitler to show off to the world. The strength is contrary to the Olympic purpose of peace, friendship and progress.

(3) The Development Period of the Olympic Movement (1946-1980) After the end of World War II, the world political landscape formed a confrontation between the two major political groups of the East and the West, which had a great impact on the development of the Olympic Movement. had a significant impact. On the other hand, the economic revitalization and scientific and technological development of various countries after the war promoted the development of the Olympic movement.

Due to the participation of the Soviet Union and newly independent countries, the number of participating countries and competition items in each Olympic Games increased during this period; at the same time, Coubertin's idea of ??holding the Olympic Games in turn on each continent was realized Realization; sports games and Paralympic Games on various continents have also emerged one after another. With the popularity of foundation sports, the level of competitive sports has also increased rapidly, and African sports have begun to rise. This created a situation where the United States and the Soviet Union were competing for power at the Olympics. The Olympic competition venues and various supporting facilities have developed greatly compared with before, and the Olympic Games are developing in a large-scale and artistic direction. The integrity of the competition is enhanced by advanced electronic equipment, as well as gender and banned drug checks. Previous Olympic Games have greatly improved various municipal constructions in the host city and laid the foundation for its continued role after the games. Funding for the Olympic Games has also changed from pure government allocations and private donations to a combination of government allocations, social donations, the sale of television broadcast rights, and the issuance of lottery tickets.

In this period, the Olympic organization was no longer simply a sports organization. Its relationship with the country and various departments of society became increasingly close. The influence of politics on the Olympic Games has become more obvious, complex, and sharp, and various power groups want to use this stage to achieve their own goals. In addition, issues such as doping issues and excessive financial burden on the host country of the Olympic Games are all on the important agenda. Cracks appeared between the three pillars, and economic crises arose. This good behavior changed only after Kilanin became chairman in 1972.

(4) The Reform Period of the Olympic Movement (1980-) Entering the 1980s, under the leadership of Samaranch, large-scale changes were carried out to address various problems faced by the Olympic Movement. The past "independence" principle, that is, the practice of not seeking economic benefits and having political ties with different governments, no longer meets the needs of the new era. People's demands for the Olympic Movement are not limited to the Olympic Games held every four years. The Olympic Movement has participated in a broader field. The International Olympic Committee attaches great importance to the dissemination of Olympic ideas in terms of culture, education, science and technology. Through a series of activities, such as holding the Olympic Art Festival, establishing museums, holding "Olympic Day" commemorative activities, and holding regular Olympic science and technology conferences, etc., they have played a very good publicity role. The number of participating countries and regions in the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games has increased to 172, with 257 competition events.

The self-updating and improvement of the organizational structure has brought the International Olympic Committee into increasingly close contact with other institutions. Since the 1980s, the International Olympic Committee has established an organization that includes the president and various professionals. The permanent resident institution - Lausanne headquarters, ensures the leadership of the headquarters institution in all aspects. Since 1981, the International Olympic Committee has had a formal legal status for the first time, allowing it to participate in various major affairs as a legal person, boldly carry out commercial development economically, use various activities to create wealth, and contribute to the development of the Olympic movement. Create a good economic foundation. Starting from the 23rd Olympic Games, the host country of successive Olympic Games has not experienced a deficit. Economic profits have greatly mobilized the enthusiasm of the host country to do a good job in the Olympic Games.

The important changes that occurred during this period were that while affirming the role of politics in sports, it emphasized that sports should not obey the command of any one country; while affirming commercialization, it also took certain measures against commercialization. restrictions and the abolition of the principle of amateur status for participants, making the Games open to all elite athletes. This pragmatic attitude has promoted the development of the Olympic movement in a healthy direction.

From early exploration to the basic formation of its own model, from development to stagnation after the Second World War, and then through reforms since the 1980s, the Olympic movement has finally entered a vibrant stage of development. .