What is the origin of railway engineering public security? And the nature and work content of railway engineering public security.

As one of the modern police in China, the railway police has a history of 110 years. For more than a hundred years, the railway police came into being from the rise of the railway, and developed with the development of the railway, and went through a long road. According to the Railway Yearbook, the Archives of the Enemy and the Puppet and related accounts, its historical evolution, organizational overview and main management methods are described as follows:

The development of history

1888 (in the 14th year of Guangxu), the Tang (Shan)-Xu (Gezhuang) railway, which was under the responsibility of the navy yamen, the prime minister of Qing Dynasty, was built in Tianjin. After opening to traffic, the roadside will send a team member to do inspection work on the train; At the same time, three to five people are employed in important stations, dressed in military uniforms, and are responsible for the platform duty, which is called "patrol husband". This is the embryonic form of railway police. In the following year 12, the railway was built outside the customs, and this setting was followed. By A.D. 190 1 year (the 27th year of Guangxu), due to frequent carjacking incidents along the railway, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in charge of railway affairs, with the approval of the Qing court, selected some Huai troops to be stationed along the railway, and changed them into railway inspectors to maintain public order along the railway, which belonged to the Works Department of the General Administration of Mining and Railways at that time. The following year, Yuan Shikai, the minister in charge of the railways inside and outside the customs, set up the first and second inspection departments in Tianjin and Shanhaiguan respectively, with more than 500 people under his jurisdiction, including the inspectors of the General Administration of Railways and the Dragon Police. 1905 (thirty-first year of Guangxu) After the car explosion at Beijing Railway Station in August, the authorities deeply felt the great responsibility of railway inspection, and supervised Yuan Shikai, the minister of railways outside the customs and the governor of Zhili, to carry out strict rectification and formulated Article 12 of the Regulations on the Duty of Railway Inspection. At the same time, Tang, the minister of Jinghan and Shanghai-Nanjing railways, was supervised by the Ministry of Commerce, the competent railway department at that time, and patrolmen were set up in imitation of the railways inside and outside Shanhaiguan. From then on, to 1908 (the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu), roads (sections) such as Jingfeng, Han Jing, Jingsui, Shanghai-Hangzhou-Ningbo, Ji Jiao, Zheng Tai, Guangsan, Nanxun, etc., which were built one after another, were equipped with railway patrol or similar patrol functions, and to1900.

After the founding of the Republic of China, in order to solve the shortage of railway police personnel, the Ministry of Communications, the competent railway authority, set up the "Railway Inspection Coach Station" on 19 13. In September of the same year, the Ministry of the Interior submitted a the State Council resolution to promulgate the system of railway police clothing and armbands by presidential decree. Since then, police stations, police departments, road protection teams and other organizations have been set up in some railway bureaus and important stations and sections. 1920, the Ministry of Communications promulgated the Rules for the Establishment of Police Stations in Jingfeng, Han Jing and Jingsui, and police stations were established in various railway bureaus. 1923 In May, after a robbery occurred between Lincheng and Shagou on Jinpu Road, which robbed more than 300 Chinese and foreign tourists, the authorities, under the pressure of foreign missions, decided by the State Council that the Ministry of Communications set up the Railway Security Office in September of the same year, with Sun Duo, the second minister of the Ministry of Communications, as the director. In June 165438+ 10 of the same year, the State Council established a department to supervise railway safety matters, and the army transferred two brigades to its command; In February 65438, the Railway Safety Office of the Ministry of Communications was changed to the General Administration of Road Police. 1925 65438+ 10 In October, the Ministry of Communications ordered all police stations to be changed into police stations. Since then, some systems have been established in succession, trying to rectify them. However, due to the war between the North and the South at that time, the disorderly state of railway policing has not been changed.

After the establishment of the National Government, in June 1928, the Ministry of Communications ordered the railway security department to be changed into the security department, which was subordinate to the General Affairs Department of the Railway Bureau. In the same year, the Ministry of Railways was established in June165438+1October. 1932 in may, with the approval of the executive yuan, the Ministry of railways set up the railway police department, which was in charge of the national railway police affairs and under the jurisdiction of various police organs. In July of the same year, the police departments of various bureaus and police departments were reorganized into police departments. 1936 65438+ 10, the military commission of the national government attached great importance to the relationship between railway police and national defense and military transportation. In order to ensure the safety of railway traffic, the armored motorcade was placed under the jurisdiction of the railway police, and the railway police administration was changed to the railway police headquarters of the Ministry of Railways, still under the command of the Ministry of Railways and the Military Commission. 1938 5438+0 In June, the Ministry of Railways was merged into the Ministry of Communications, and the railway police headquarters was changed to the traffic police headquarters, which was in charge of railway, traffic and air route police and was also the traffic police headquarters of the Central Military Commission. At this time, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression has already started, and the railway police system is as fragmented as the railway under the Japanese aggressors' hands. From 1940, only the police and defense headquarters of the railway was replaced by the unified land and water traffic inspection office of the Military Commission led by Dai Li.

1937 After the Japanese invaders invaded North China, Manchuria Railway Co., Ltd. first sent personnel to take over the railway, and then in April of 1939, North China Communications Co., Ltd. was established "jointly" with the interim government of North China. Subsequently, under the pretext of being entrusted by the provisional government to implement railway police power, the Japanese invaders set up a police department in North China Communication Co., Ltd. to comprehensively manage railway police affairs.

After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, the Ministry of Communications re-established the General Traffic Police Bureau in April 1946, which was in charge of the police organization and policing of railways, highways, waterways and aviation. The following year, as the Kuomintang resumed its rule over the three northeastern provinces, the Second Traffic Police Headquarters was established to manage the northeast railway police organization and police affairs.

The railway police in New China was established in the northeast. 1947 After the liberation of Heilongjiang, Northeast Railway Public Security Bureau was established in Harbin. 1948, the three northeastern provinces were liberated, and the Northeast Railway Public Security Bureau was established to be responsible for the security of the Northeast Railway Police. 1949 With the establishment of the Central Ministry of Railways, the Public Security Bureau of the Ministry of Railways was established as an agency of the Ministry of Public Security, responsible for leading the national security work in railway police. At the beginning of 1953, the Ministry of Public Security established the 10 Bureau, namely the Traffic Protection Bureau, to lead the public security work of the national railway, highway, shipping and post and telecommunications systems in a unified way. 1In the autumn of 954, the Public Security Bureau of the Ministry of Railways was merged into the Tenth Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security until 1966, when it was destroyed and paralyzed during the Cultural Revolution. June 65438+July 0970 The Ministry of Railways and the Ministry of Communications merged. 197 1 The Ministry of Communications and the Ministry of Public Security reported to the State Council for approval due to the disorder of railway security. On August 17 of that year, the Public Security Bureau of the Ministry of Communications was established and resumed its work in railway police. 1975, the State Council decided to restore the Ministry of Railways, and immediately established the Ministry of Railways Public Security Bureau. At the same time, the Ministry of Public Security has been reorganized into the business bureau sequence, which is still ten bureaus, and is responsible for the work of railway police in China under the leadership of the Ministry of Railways and the Ministry of Public Security.

General situation of organization

During the ten years of railway patrol pilot, the police system had not been established in China at that time, and only the Jintang section of the railway was completed and opened to traffic. Whether it is a brave guard, a patrolman, a spring pressure or a patrolman, they are all in a state of setting as needed, and whoever sets them is in charge. There is neither a certain organizational form nor a special institution. Among the dozens of railways (sections) that were gradually built later, some set up patrol sections modeled on the railways inside and outside Shanhaiguan, some organized patrol officers to enter several "sheds" (each shed 14 people) to perform patrol tasks, and some set up patrol bureaus, patrol offices or police commissioners, which were varied.

After the founding of the Republic of China, although the Ministry of Communications was established, there was no police department in the Ministry. Railway inspectors are still sponsored by the old Qing system along the way. Even after 1923, the Ministry of Communications established the General Administration of Road Police, it failed to unify various police policies.

1928110 After the establishment of the Ministry of Railways in October, railway policing was regarded as one of the important railway policies, and police meetings were held for effective planning and rectification. It was not until 1932 that the national railway police were unified and a complete railway police system was formed. The organizational situation at that time was:

(1) The Ministry of Railways has established the Railway Police Administration, which is in charge of the administrative affairs of the national railway police and governs all police organs. There are three departments in the bureau, namely secretarial office, general affairs office, security office and supervision office. There are six departments, namely, clerical department, affairs department, accounting department, training department, personnel department and national defense department, and two groups, namely, internal affairs department and field department. The total staffing is 95 people.

(2) The Railway Police Department of the Ministry of Railways set up a police department at the location of the Railway Bureau, which is responsible for handling all aspects of police affairs, and named it "the Railway Police Department of the Ministry of Railways in XX Road Police Department". The police station has four units: general affairs, administration, justice and supervision. The division of responsibilities is:

The general affairs unit is responsible for editing, modifying documents, statistical statements, keeping seals and accounting general affairs;

The administrative unit is responsible for police deployment, road defense planning, passenger and cargo security, disaster fire protection, health and epidemic prevention, and road police education; The judicial unit is responsible for investigating and handling cases of assaulting police officers, investigating and transferring criminal cases, relieving and disposing of casualties in incidents, and supervising detention centers;

The Inspectorate Unit is responsible for service inspectors, military transport care, maintenance and banning of disputes, assemblies and associations, as well as monitoring and banning the business of suppliers.

The establishment of the police headquarters is generally about 90 to 150 people, and there are police training centers, detention centers, fire brigades, road protection brigades or squadrons as directly affiliated institutions. Each road protection brigade has three squadrons, and each squadron has three detachments. There are 500 people in the brigade, 25 people in the squadron 150 people in/kloc-0, and 47 people in the detachment. In addition to the task of car protection, the road protection team mainly takes turns to guard the road sections.

The Railway Police Department of the Ministry of Railways has set up a police station in the Railway Engineering Bureau, which is called the XX Engineering Bureau Police Station. The police set up a sub-bureau at the road construction site to maintain public order.

(3) Each police station has a police section online, and the online section has a police section, and the online short section only has a police section; Set up police stations in the railway bureau and important factory sections, which are called "police station for protecting the bureau" and "police station for protecting the factory" respectively. Police headquarters 1 person, including inspector, clerk, inspector and secretary 1 person, responsible for the affairs of the department respectively; In addition to the section chief of 1, there are several clerks and inspectors in charge of this section respectively. Under the Police Section, several sub-bureaus and police stations are set up according to the complexity of the affairs. Sub-bureaus and police stations are under the responsibility of 1 inspectors, and there are 3 to 5 or more than a dozen police chiefs.

3 history of iron police

At this time, the Ministry of Railways is in charge of the trunk line and branch line of Guanzhong *** 10733 km railway business, with employees 103486, railway bureau 1 1, police department1,and 94 police sections and squadrons. 1938 65438+ 10, with the merger of the Ministry of Railways and the Ministry of Communications, the police headquarters of the railway corps was changed to the police headquarters of the traffic forces. Except for the addition of five guard detachments (***9 regiments), the establishment did not change much until the Japanese invasion of China collapsed.

1946 after the re-establishment of the traffic police headquarters in April, the railway police system was quickly restored with the help of the pre-war establishment, and the organization was more substantial than before.

(1) The traffic police headquarters consists of 1 director, 2 deputy directors and 4 commissioners, with three rooms and five offices, 16 departments and 273 staff. In addition, 18 traffic police corps, as mobile units, are stationed at railway, highway and water traffic points to perform patrol tasks, which are directly commanded by the General Traffic Police Bureau. The internal organs of the Bureau are:

Secretary room, responsible for confidential information, document preparation plan and legal affairs;

Personnel department, responsible for personnel statistics and appointment and dismissal;

Accounting room, to undertake financial matters such as budget estimate, final accounts, audit and expense audit;

First, responsible for the deployment of the police force and all administrative affairs;

Second, responsible for police supervision and training;

The third is to investigate and deal with illegal cases;

Fourth, in charge of funds, food and socks, clothes, firearms, accessories and equipment;

Fifth, it was in charge of general affairs, health care and medicine, which did not belong to the affairs of various departments (note: the police at that time were in charge of health and epidemic prevention affairs).

(2) The general traffic police bureau has a police station at the location of the railway bureau, which is called the "XX Railway Bureau Police Station of the Ministry of Communications". The police force has three classes and one room, namely management class, police class, judicial class and supervision room. There are also police coaches, detention centers, public security brigades, fire brigades and other institutions directly under the police force.

(3) Each police office shall set up a police section according to the section of the line under its jurisdiction. The Police Division consists of four units: management, policing, judicature and supervision, with the same responsibilities as the three shifts and one room of the police force. There is also a detention center, which is managed by the Judicial Unit. Under each police unit, there are three police units to assist the police in handling management affairs. The Police Division is within the Management Division, and there is a police substation every two, three, four or five stations. The number of substations varies from 30 to 90. The station under the jurisdiction of the substation has a police station (belonging to the service unit, equivalent to the current station group). Judging from the actual situation, almost all stations have police agencies. Take the Ping Jin Police Department as an example. Jurisdiction line1.470km, police section 12, substation 6 1, and 93 police stations. In addition, six squadrons of two police brigades undertake patrol tasks along the line, with a police force of 5,245.

By the eve of liberation, the First Traffic Police General Administration had set up 12 police stations in Ping Jin, Jinpu, Longhai, Pinghan, Shanxi-Hebei, Yuehan, Beijing-Shanghai-Hangzhou, Zhejiang-Jiangxi, Sichuan-Yunnan-Vietnam, kunming railway administration, Hunan-Guizhou and chengdu-chongqing railway Engineering Bureau. The Second Traffic Police General Administration has four railway stations in Jinzhou, Shenyang, Jilin and Qiqihar in the northeast, and a railway police station in Changchun.

1949 When the Ministry of Railways established the Public Security Bureau, there were eight majors in the bureau, including secretary, personnel, investigation, security, public order, guard, police administration and directly affiliated work, and two teams, reconnaissance, guard and detention center, 130 people. 1953 The organization was changed to one room, five places and one department, and the staffing was 150. 1954 was merged into the tenth bureau of the Ministry of Public Security and changed into eight rooms and three halls, with more than 290 staff. After that, it decreased year by year to 1965, and the actual number was 1 13.

1975, traffic and railways were opened. After the re-establishment of the Public Security Bureau of the Ministry of Railways, it was gradually strengthened, and by the end of 1970s, the establishment was increased to 109. After 1982, the number of staff gradually decreased, and by 1993, the organization was adjusted to ten departments and one room, namely, reconnaissance and security section, legal supervision section, public security fire department, security section, criminal reconnaissance section, comprehensive technology section, organ security section, organization department, propaganda department, education department, office and political department, with fixed staff.

Below the Public Security Bureau of the Ministry of Railways, it is a three-level public security organization affiliated to the railway management organization. That is, the operating system sets up railway public security bureaus and railway public security offices at the locations of railway bureaus and railway sub-bureaus, and sets up police stations at stations above Grade III; In the engineering system, the engineering public security bureau and the building public security bureau are located in the two head offices of engineering and construction, each engineering bureau has a public security office, and the construction site has a public security police station. Some engineering bureaus with many policemen and heavy tasks set up public security sub-bureaus or public security departments on the first floor of the engineering bureau to assist the public security departments in managing their teams and promoting their work. At present, the national railway operating mileage is 66,000 kilometers, and the mileage under construction is about 4,700 kilometers. There are Harbin, Shenyang, Beijing, Jinan, Shanghai, Zhengzhou, Nanchang, Guangzhou, Liuzhou, Kunming, Chengdu, Lanzhou, Hohhot and Urumqi, as well as 16 public security bureau and 95 public security offices (. In addition, the Ministry of Railways has 1 Public Security Management Cadre College, 2 technical secondary schools and 9 secondary public security schools in various railway bureaus.

Finally, the railway police are neither local civil servants nor railway workers. Their business is under the unified management of the Ministry of Public Security, and the evaluation of police ranks (according to different levels) is reviewed by the Ministry of Public Security (or the public security departments of provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions), but the wages are the responsibility of the local railway bureau. Like public security departments such as forests, airports and customs, they belong to professional police agencies. Due to the problems left over from the history of railways, they, the procuratorate and the court belong to the sequence of professional railway public inspection law. According to the direction of the current railway system reform, the original railway schools, railway hospitals and China Railcom have stripped off railways and returned to local management in the previous railway system reform, and the railway public inspection law should also be stripped off with the railway reform and the reform of the Ministry of Communications in the near future and be subordinate to the local government.