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When the court scholars still regard poetry as an elegant plaything embellishing peace, a group of new poets who are determined to change gradually emerge in the field of poetry. They share the same interests and exchange needed goods, which makes poetry shoulder the mission of singing life again, showing a new era style, and Tang poetry has achieved a real turning point. They are (after about 630-680, there was a worry about subsets) and Luo (after about 638-? There are), Wang Bo (650-676,) and Yang Jiong (after 650-693, Yingchuan Collection).

These four masters were active in the period of Emperor Gaozong and Wuhou. In terms of qualifications, Lu, Robbie Wang and Yang Da are about twenty years old. Before them, there were also figures in the poetry circle who were not integrated with the style of palace poetry, such as Wang Ji during the Zhenguan period of Emperor Taizong. He felt that the chaos in Sui and Tang Dynasties changed frequently, and he had no intention to compete for official posts, so he pursued the satisfaction of the ideal of Peach Blossom Garden in his seclusion. Some of his poems describing rural life are plain and unpretentious, showing completely different characteristics from court poems. For example, Yewang: "I hope that at dusk in Gaodong, I want to rely on it. Trees are all autumn colors, and mountains are only sparkling. The shepherd brought the calf back, hunted horses and brought birds back. I don't know each other, Long song is pregnant with Wei. " This paper depicts the tranquility of rural life in a realistic way and reveals the hidden worries about world chaos. However, Wang Ji's poetry was only an isolated existence at that time, and its style was mainly Wu Tao's roundness, lacking the inner strength of four great families to create a new generation.

The four outstanding men in the early Tang Dynasty were heroic and easy-going young geniuses. Born at the age of seven, Wang Bin is known as a "child prodigy". At the age of ten, Yang Jiong was supposed to be a boy, and the Hong Wen Pavilion was built the following year. When Wang Bo was sixteen years old, he was called a prodigy by Liu Xiangdao, a great scholar, and recommended to the world. The highest countermeasures, worship him as a scattered lang. At the age of twenty, it was Deng's official signature. "Secretary Wang Fu, I'll appoint him. Wang Youshu has twelve cars, which he looked at according to his neighbors, so he can remember a little "(Zhang Kun's In and Out). But in their official careers, they are all bumpy.

Of the four people, only Yang Jiong is the official magistrate. Young people are ambitious, but talented people are humble. This kind of life experience, combined with the characteristics of the times described in our overview, has profoundly influenced their ideological character and literary creation.

When they first entered the poetry world, they showed their arrogance and courage. Lu said: "The trip of the sage alchemist is also appropriate in different periods; Why is the book of eulogizing jade consistent with the same article? " (Preface to Nanyang Public Collection) "It has played a new role. Before flying solo for a hundred generations, he dug up the ancients and stepped on nine streams, killing himself. Guangdong is coming! "

(Preface to Yuefu Miscellaneous Poems) Wang Bo said: "Why did Confucius delete poetry books frequently? I don't know if the new guy is not here today; Why should Zheng Kangcheng pay attention to his history? I don't think it is as good as ancient times. "

(Preface to Wang Shaofu) This strong self-confidence is certainly inspired by the times. They met Bo Yu, Li, Cen, Xu and went in with articles. Wang, Wei, Lai and Chu are all talented people. Saltiness can start with cloth and become a delicate phase "(Nanyang Preface), which aroused their enthusiasm for being proactive. "Mo Yan's poverty is not important, but Mo Yan's wealth is important" (Luo's Answer to Lu on behalf of Guo's family) and "The wealth of life has no beginning, and it is difficult to rely on it for a long time" (Lu's Difficult to Go). These poems are all written by them, which show the self-awareness and self-expectation of the middle and lower classes in society who have been suppressed for a long time. This is where they started their literary career.

The four outstanding poets are not only famous for their poems and poems, but also echo each other, transforming the literary atmosphere with their conscious consciousness, claiming to "open up a garden and sweep the literary world" (Wang Bo's Preface to Friends in the Mountain Pavilion). Their target of attack focused on contemporary court literature. From Yang Jiong's preface to Wang Bo, we can see their basic attitude:

In the early days of tasting Longshuo, the literary field changed, striving for slim structure and competing for carving. ……

The back is tired and the vitality is not heard. Think about it and hide it, and use it to achieve something.

The so-called "literary field variation" in the early years of Longshuo refers to the style of court poetry (also known as "official style") represented by Shangguan Yi in Gaoshuo period, which is characterized by "strangeness" (the original biography of Old Tang Book) and is devoted to the beauty of rhetoric and decoration, but lacks the passion and vitality that poetry should have. This is actually a common problem in court poetry. On the one hand, these four outstanding poets draw on the strengths of their predecessors, on the other hand, they challenge the old and conservative poetic heritage. In this process, they began to change the face of Tang poetry with strong and strong aesthetic pursuit.

In the early Tang Dynasty, the four outstanding poets expanded the theme and theme of poetry, so that poetry got rid of the false set of praising dragons and adding fun, faced the broad life of the times, and restored its sober and serious self with realistic life feelings.

They criticized the upper aristocratic society with the injustice of the poor and denied the eternal value of the aristocratic social order. Lu and Luo, the earlier of the "Four Masters", wrote long masterpieces such as The Ancient Meaning of Chang 'an and The Imperial Capital. These poems are extremely extravagant to the scenery of the imperial capital and the extravagant lifestyle of the nobles, and absorb the characteristics of songs since the Qi and Liang Dynasties, but their thoughts and sentiments are quite different. Lu's "Chang 'an Ancient Meaning" is about riding a luxurious car, a palace, a demon queen, singing and dancing, and then the pen suddenly turned:

For thousands of years, he has been singing and dancing, boasting of arrogance and extravagance. Save trouble and scenery, treat them differently. In the past, Bai Yutang was to be no.1. Today, only Song Qing is here. Lonely and lonely, Yangziju, a book a year. The unique Nanshan osmanthus hair flies around attacking people.

In the flowing universe, prosperity is just a passing sight and will eventually be disillusioned;

This luxurious life is based on the poverty of many frustrated people, especially desolation and hatred. Luo's "Landscape" also has the same brushwork:

Once it is extravagant, it will be extravagant for a thousand years. Suddenly, the wind gave birth to wings, and the waves disappeared in an instant. ..... Ji 'an's salary exceeded the product, but Sun Hongge didn't open it. Who cherish Changsha Fu, only negative Luoyang.

It is also from showing off to ridicule, replacing envy and admiration with frustrated resentment. As Chen Xijin said when he wrote an inscription for Luo's poem, "Love is the essence, not the system." (Notes on Luo Linhai's Collected Works) The turn of poetic style in the early Tang Dynasty actually originated from this.

With the ideal and enthusiasm of saving the world and establishing a career, they injected high emotions and lofty sentiments into their poems. Among the four poems, Lu is more passionate about Lu Bu, who is "solitary and upright" and "loyal to glory", Guo Tai, who is "a vassal should not be a friend and a son of heaven should not be a minister", and "willing to chop off his sword, chop off his minister's head first". He has praised himself for his heroic achievements many times, such as "thinking more than the Constitution, and secretly deceiving Chen in decision-making", not making frost and snow, but throwing jade in the spring "("Yong Huai Gu Shang Yi Spellang "); After he started his army in Xu Jingye, he still wrote the poem "Yong Huai", which contains the sentence "Ruan Ji is whistling in the air, Liu Kun is not alone", which shows his outstanding spirit. In the desolate military atmosphere, Yang Jiong's "Joining the Army" expressed his ambition of not being willing to make a living;

The flames of bonfires in Kyoto, Chang 'an City, crude gas oil. Leaving the palace, the general will assume the command; Surrounding the enemy and attacking the city, the elite cavalry are extremely brave. The heavy snow darkened the color; The wind roared and the drums rang. I'd rather be a junior officer to fight for my country than a white-faced scholar who only engraved his chapter.

This comprehensive and colorful style is quite similar to Jian 'an's poems, but its time connotation is different.

They broadened the horizons of poetry, making it move from the palace to the mountains and deserts, thus accommodating much richer emotional content. Yang Jiong returned to Luoyang after serving his judicial service in Zizhou. On the way, I wrote poems such as Wuxia Gorge, Xiling Gorge and Guangxi Gorge. These poems show magnificent landscapes and reveal the poet's heroic mind, such as the last cloud in Xiling Gorge:

Since ancient times, water has flowed into the gorge. Travel and talk, the wind and waves are endless. And in the land of Yujian, the magnificent letter is beautiful. If mountains and rivers have spirits, a thousand years will reach out to friends.

This kind of vision and mind with the beauty of wind and waves is not found in court poems that are used to chanting the grass on the moon. Wang once joined the army in the western regions, then traveled to the north and roamed the Yan state, and concentrated on creating many articles describing the frontier fortress theme, such as Early Autumn, Sunset in Border Town, Ci Poetry and Evening Flowers in Zhentianshan Mountain. For example, "the wild is faint, and the wind and smoke pass." Some poems, such as Sunset Red in Border Town, are full of real feelings of life, which is incomparable to the imitation of ancient Yuefu. It can be said that they are the first batch of frontier poems in Tang Dynasty.

In the subjects that predecessors tend to joke and entertain, they also inject enthusiasm into life and express their own personality. For example, for a long time, poetry chanting was mainly a word game for literati to show off their talents; Even if there is something left behind, most of it is just to add poetry, not enthusiasm, so it is still inseparable from the essence of the game. For these four outstanding artists, they often give gifts, which brings the poet's distinct personality projection. In the poem "Wild Goose", Rulu used the metaphor of a lonely goose that "sorrow is endless, and self-pity is useless" to lament and lament his unfortunate fate of "lying on an empty rock", which is quite tragic. Luo's Political Prisoners Listen to Cicada is famous:

Cicadas sing in the west, and guests think of the south. However, it needs those songs with black wings to break the heart of a white-haired prisoner. His flight passed through the thick fog, and his pure voice was drowned in the world of wind. Who knows if he is still singing? Who will listen to me? ?

Since the Sui Dynasty, scholars have been very fond of chanting cicadas, and they usually add some lofty meanings when writing, such as Yu Shinan's Cicada is a typical example. Luo's poem, named "Yong Huai", is actually deeply in line with his own life experience. Even in prison, there is still an unspeakable sense of arrogance. Another example is farewell poems, and the four great masters use words as entertainingly as possible, often combining them with the sadness of the unsuccessful official tour and the deep homesickness of the guests. Most of these works are made, especially "Farewell to Du DuDu's appointment":

Across the wall of Sanqin, across a layer of fog, across a river. We said goodbye sadly, and our two officials went in opposite directions. After all, the world is just a small place. Why are you wandering at the fork in the road? The child is holding a towel.

Another kind of separation is sad, but it is expressed in the poem with open-minded and hearty feelings, which reminds people of Cao Zhi's poem: "Wan Li is still close to her neighbors." Wang Biao, a White Horse) Hu Yinglin commented on this poem in Poetry, saying: "There is no scenery at the end of the poem, but the image is full of vitality." The "image" and "charm" mentioned here are the most important contributions of the four outstanding poets to Tang poetry.

The efforts of the four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty in poetry creation are not only manifested in the expansion and enrichment of content, but also in the innovation and perfection of form. They want to express new feelings with new rules and rhythms, and they also make efforts to get close to life with poetic language. Generally speaking, Lu and Luo wrote five or seven long poems, especially in the fusion of seven-character songs; Wang and Yang won by the five-character rule, which was absolutely successful.

Seven-character songs are the product of the interaction and mutual penetration of seven ancient poems and parallel prose since Liang Chen. Because it absorbed the successive sentence patterns in Yuefu in the Six Dynasties and the duality and temperament of modern poetry, it gradually formed a refined and elegant style. Lu and Luo creatively developed the advantages of this poetic style, greatly strengthened its lyricism and enriched its expressive force, making it a new system of "extreme thinking" (the language of "poetry"). Rulu's "Ancient Meaning of Chang 'an" begins with the luxury of things and ends with lyrical comments. Syntactically, it is mainly juxtaposition, with scattered juxtaposition; There are four more sentences and one turn in rhyme, which is flat and not cheerful at all, forming a lively rhythm of intense ups and downs. Where rhyme is transferred, hyphenation is used; In language, not only a large number of reduplicated words are used, but also colloquial function words are often used to strengthen intonation to convey expression. Luo's songs are also written in the style of Da Fu in Han Dynasty, so both the scale and the capacity are spectacular. His Dijing Pian and Ugly Xi Pian are more than 200 sentences long. The former belongs to the system of Kyoto Da Fu, while the latter belongs to the synthesis of Ji Xing and Shu Zhi in Fu. But not only for imposing manner, but also for stirring up emotions and opening up the spirit. For example, The Past vividly describes the poet's dramatic experience and chivalrous demeanor. Looking back on the youthful vigor, the grand meeting of the poetry garden and the scenery of Wu Chu, there will always be festive sadness, sighing of disorientation and hatred of injustice. This poem can be said to be a copy of Li Bai's works, such as Reminiscence of Time Past Sending Yuan into the Army, Wu Wangshan Sending Wei Wan to the Palace, Song of Liangyuan and so on. Through the hands of Lu and Luo, the seven-character song line has become smart. "ups and downs, know the palace business;" Opening and closing, salty and relevant ("poetry") has become a favorite form of poets such as Li Bai, Li Jie, Gao Shi and Cen Can, and its pioneering work cannot be ignored.

The poems of Wang Bo and Yang Jiong are mainly composed of five-character poems and quatrains, and only Wang Bo has seven-character poems. This is similar to the contemporary article Four Friends, but different from the later Shen and Song Dynasties, which proves that the seven laws mature later than the five laws. It is worth noting that compared with Lu and Luo, Wang and Yang's poetic language is more concise and clear, and tends to decline from dense to dense. Since the Six Dynasties, the melody of colorful algae has been further washed away. In particular, Wang Bo's Five Musts, which are full of words and feelings, carry forward the unpretentious language style, such as "Starting the Night": "Looking close, the mountains and rivers are on credit. There is no place to go home. " "In the Mountains": "The sorrow of the Yangtze River has stagnated, and Wan Li's thoughts will return. The situation is high and the mountains are flying. " In the short essay system, the spirit has been consolidated, which shows that the language of Tang poetry has matured.

The four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty played a role in liberating poetry with their creative practice of emphasizing charm. "Changfeng, sprout from the suppression. ..... The years are broken, and the outline was once clear. ..... The laggards are fascinated by the scenery, tired of the cage for a long time, and think about it. " (Yang Jiong's Preface to the Collection of Wang Bo) They constitute an important link in the development of Tang poetry.