An Interpretation of Nouns in New Youth

New Youth is an influential revolutionary magazine in China in the 1920s, which played an important role in the May 4th Movement. Open on the first day of every month 16, and roll every six days. From the first issue19 15 September15 to the last issue1922 July 54, it was published in 9 volumes. Founded by Chen Duxiu in Shanghai and published by Qunyi Bookstore. Edited by Chen Duxiu, Qian, Gao, Hu Shi, Li Dazhao, Shen and Lu Xun in turn. Since 19 18, this journal has changed to a peer publication and does not accept contributions. The magazine advocates the new culture movement, science, democracy and new literature.

Log history

After the failure of the Second Revolution, Chen Duxiu, the founder of the journal, thought about the current situation in China and thought that the political revolution had no effect, but "if you want to save China and build peace, you must first carry out an ideological revolution". In the fourth year of the Republic of China (19 15), after Chen Duxiu returned to Shanghai from Japan in the summer, he began to prepare Youth magazine. First, I discussed with Wang Mengzou of Yadong Library. After learning that Yadong Library could not cooperate, I was introduced to Chen Zipei and Chen Zishou, brothers of Qunyi Bookstore. After several people discussed it, Qunyi Bookstore published Youth magazine once a month, and 200 yuan was paid for each issue. The initial circulation was 1000 copies. On the inaugural issue, Chen Duxiu published the inaugural word of "Tell the Youth" and put forward six requirements for the youth:

Freedom, not slavery

Progressive rather than conservative

Enterprising rather than retiring.

The world, not the country.

Practical rather than empty.

Science rather than imagination

And pointed out: "China people want to get rid of the era of ignorance and are ashamed of being shallow, so they should catch up and pay equal attention to science and human rights." That is, the concept of democracy and science was put forward.

19 16, Qunyi Bookstore received a letter from Shanghai YMCA, which claimed that the magazine had the same name as YMCA magazines Youth and Shanghai Youth, and requested that Youth magazine be renamed. So from the second roll up "Youth Magazine" to "New Youth". The original authors are Chen Duxiu, Gao, Liu, Liu Bannong and Yi Baisha, among whom Chen Duxiu is the editor-in-chief. 1965438+It was closed for 7 months in February 2006 due to the war to defend the country. 19 17 1 Because Chen Duxiu is a senior liberal arts student at Peking University, his headquarters moved to Beijing, and his office was in Jiang 'an Hutong outside Donghua Gate, but the printing place was still in Shanghai. 1965438+4 months after August 2007. 1 918 65438+1October 15 Volume 4No.1reissued. At this time, the editorial board was reorganized, with Li Dazhao, Qian, Liu Bannong, Hu Shi, Shen, Gao and Zhou Zuoren (Lu Xun's second brother) as editors in turn, and soon Lu Xun joined the editorial team. The third issue of Volume 4 published a notice from the editorial department of this journal: "Since theNo. 1 of Volume 4, the articles contributed by this journal have been cancelled, and all the translations are written by editors, and no additional manuscripts are purchased. If the previous manuscript is not recorded, can you give this diary? Shang submitted a letter to all the princes, so I won't ask them one by one. From then on, anyone who has seen great works will not be paid. " That is, "New Youth" has been rolled up since the fourth, numbered 1, edited by the same person, and does not accept contributions.

Due to the arrest of Chen Duxiu in June of 19 19, New Youth was closed for another five months. 65438+/kloc-moved back to Shanghai in October, but still left the editorial department in Beijing. The seventh volume 19 19 12 was edited by Chen Duxiu. 1 919121New Youth published Notes on the Use of Punctuations and Lines in this Journal, pointing out that "now, starting from Volume 7No.1,draw a punctuation mark and line". At the end of 1920, Hu Shi put forward that "New Youth" declared that it would not talk about politics, which was opposed by Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Lu Xun and others. Volume VIII,No. 1 (1920 September 1), became the official publication of Shanghai * * * production team, and Beijing editorial department was cancelled. Published by New Youth Club instead. After the establishment of China * * * Production Party, New Youth became the theoretical publication of China * * * Production Party. 192 1 year, Chen Duxiu returned to Shanghai and served as editor-in-chief until July 1922.

[Edit this paragraph] Inaugural address

Written by Chen Duxiu, with a programmatic political theory. In view of the shackles of feudal ideology and culture, he put forward six requirements: ① autonomy rather than slavery; ② Progressive rather than conservative; (3) making progress rather than retreating; (4) The world is not a locked country; (5) Practical rather than empty; 6. Scientific rather than imaginary. The scientific content advocated by Chen Duxiu includes science and democracy. As can be seen from this article, Chen Duxiu's ardent expectations for the youth at that time still have its positive significance. Reading it now, I still have a sense of epiphany and shock. In just over 2,000 words, it fully expresses the unshirkable responsibility of China youth to China society. The original text is as follows:

Learning from thieves, China called people's language; A sense of security for the elderly, English and beauty are the same, which is one of the reasons for the different national concepts and phenomena between the East and the West. Youth is like early spring, like the sunshine in the morning, like the germination of flowers, like the rebirth of a sharp sword, which is the most precious period of life. Youth is to society what fresh and lively cells are to the human body. Metabolism, decadence and defeat are always on the way of natural elimination, living vividly in time and space. Following the path of metabolism, people are healthy, full of rotten cells, and people die; Following the path of metabolism, the society will prosper, and the decadent elements will flood the society and the society will perish.

What is the prosperity of our society? Choke to death? Those who don't say what they say. Once the decadent scum is eliminated by nature, Ya doesn't want to talk about their short life, hoping that they will be thoroughly remoulded. Those who want to make a speech just want to be fresh and lively, and young people who have ears to struggle consciously!

Who is conscious? Aware of their own fresh values and responsibilities, self-esteem can not be humble. What is a struggler? Stimulate its intelligence, crowd out the decadent and defeated, treat it as an enemy and a scourge, not a neighbor, and not be infected by its bacteria.

Oh! The youth of our country, the fruit can be said here! In my opinion, young people are old and old people are in poor health.

Nine times out of ten, young people have age or figure, while old people have brains. China's hair is smooth, straight waist and wide diaphragm, unlike young people; And all he thinks and holds in his mind is tarred with bad people and losers. At the beginning, it was not fresh and lively, but it was assimilated by Chen decadent scum; Others are afraid of the great influence of decadent scum, flinch and dare not openly fight hard. It is also impossible to let the social air be full of decadence and decadence, and to seek some fresh and lively people to comfort our suffocating despair.

The phenomenon of obeying the rules will lead to the death of people and society. There is no way to save the disease. It is young people who are sensitive to self-awareness and brave in struggle that can give full play to the inherent wisdom of the world and determine various concepts in the world. -which fresh and lively is suitable for the struggle of this world, and which decadent can't keep your heart? -Sharpen the knife without cutting the wood by mistake, cut the gordian knot quickly, and never make a decision against it, so as to judge people and society. Young! Does anyone take this as their responsibility? If my husband knows his right and wrong so that he can make a decision, I want to thank Chen, and fortunately, I will review it calmly.

Autonomy, not slavery

Waiting for a person has independent rights, no right to enslave others, and no obligation to be a slave. Slave cloud, weakened by rape in ancient times, lost the right to freedom. Since the theory of human rights and equality came into being, the name slave is unbearable for people with flesh and blood. The modern history of Europe is called "the history of liberation" by the world-eliminating the monarchy and seeking political liberation; Denying religious rights and seeking religious liberation; Both production and prosperity, seeking economic liberation; Women's participation in politics seeks the liberation of male power.

People who emancipate the cloud are freed from the bondage of their husbands and slaves, and are also called to complete their independent and free personality. I have brothers and sisters, and I support myself. I have a tongue, I like myself and I don't like myself; I have brains and believe in myself; Never admit the sins of others, and never dominate me or enslave others; Guy believes that above independent personality, all conduct, all rights and all beliefs are subject to their own inherent intelligence, and there is no reason to blindly obey others. If you are not loyal to filial piety, you will be a slave. It will be the same ([Nietzsche, the great German philosopher, divides morality into two categories: the independent and brave are called aristocratic morality, and the humble and obedient are called slave morality); Light punishment and thin tax make slaves happy; Praise merit, slave's article also; Thank you, Lord, for the glory of slaves; Monuments and graves are monuments to slaves; Taking honor and disgrace as right and wrong, obeying others and not taking oneself as the standard, the independent and equal personality of individuals will be obliterated, and all their good and evil behaviors will not resort to their own will and learn lessons; Who said it was inappropriate to be a slave? Lide's meritorious service must first be distinguished.

Progressive rather than conservative

Life is like sailing against the current. If you don't advance, you will retreat, as China said. From the fundamental law of the universe, there are many things in the world, and there is no reason to keep the status quo; It is said that there are two realms. The "L' evolutionary creationism" of the contemporary French philosopher H. Bergson is so popular all over the world. In the evolution of personnel, people who stick to the past will decline in one day; People who make progress every day are in the ascendant; The number of survivors is reversible. In our country, if you don't have big dreams, you will rest on your laurels. Exquisite political and religious articles and coarse satin are ugly and clumsy, but you can compete with the present world.

For all the myths that harm the people, the rate can be a warning, not a fake, and the fallacy spreads, and it is gone from now on! Inherent ethics, laws, academics and customs are all remnants of the feudal system. They hold the action of a relatively simple species and take the people of the world as their peers, but their thoughts are thousands of years late; Respecting the history of 24 dynasties without making improvement plans will drive our people out of the world of the 20th century and into the dark ditch of slaves, cattle and horses. There is nothing to say! In this respect, it is conservative, and I really don't know why this system of cultural relics can be applied to survive in this world. I would rather endure the extinction of the quintessence of the past than the extinction of the present and future nationalities, which are not suitable for the survival of the world.

Oh! Babylonians are gone, but what's the use of their civilization? "If the skin doesn't exist, what about the hair?" The world has changed. People who can't be fickle and keep pace with the times will see that they are not suitable for the environment and will retreat to nature to eliminate their ears. It is a conservative cloud!

Enterprising rather than retiring.

When this evil flow rushes in, it is not a good thing for the world to let one or two people who are good at themselves retire. However, if you want to turn people into customs, please go further. The husband's survival competition is inevitable, and there is still a sigh of relief, that is, there is no retreat. Despite the difficulties, it is the bounden duty of life to go forward bravely. Sincerely solve it and retreat to the world; Retire as a weak person who is not suitable for competition with malicious solutions. Perseverance is the virtue in European customs, while leisure and tranquility are the beauty in Asia, which is one of the reasons why the eastern and western peoples are strong. The fundamental drawback of this retreat is also.

If it violates the custom of our country, it is a discouraging habit: those who take profits are not listed; Self-respecting people want to hide their voices and eat corn clothes and silks, which is not beneficial to the world. The world looks at elegant people and celebrities and has no choice but to be lazy. People's hearts are filthy and turbid, which cannot be remedied by this generation. However, people's resistance to the past and the habit of growing crops are hard to give up. People should also overcome evil society in their life, but don't be conquered by evil society; We should go beyond the evil society and join those soldiers who are desperate and struggling hard, instead of fleeing from the evil society, thinking about retreating and feeling at ease. Oh! Europa soldiers, enter your room, where will you lie high in the white clouds? I prefer young people to be Confucius and Mo, not Wo He Li; I hope the youth are Tolstoy and Tagore (Indian reclusive poets), not Columbus and An Zhonggen!

The world, not the country.

Those who live with our country on the earth, big or small, are in more than 40 countries, and more than half of them have trade friendship with us. Coupled with land and water transportation, it will take thousands of miles sooner or later. The so-called "unique country" in ancient times is now a family. Whenever a country's economic and political status changes, its influence rate will spread all over the world, which will affect the whole body. The founding of this world depends on the internal affairs of the country, and it is also half-hearted. The recent events in our country have proved this point: Japan is developing vigorously to promote our revolutionary reform; Since the beginning of the European War, Japan has made demands on me; Isn't that obvious? Throw a country into the world trend, the old-fashioned will be in danger, and the fickle will fight for it.

Since China was connected with the ocean, pessimists have said that the compensation for the loss of land is required by national strength; From the optimist's point of view, if Wu Jia didn't have two Gospels of Gengzi, he would still be in the stereotyped writing era. Today's closed-door policy is beyond the reach of bandits alone, which is also unfavorable. All ethnic groups stand side by side and are always connected. No matter how rich and powerful their country is, they can't ignore the external situation and behave themselves. Although the forms of institutional cultural relics in different countries are not necessarily the same, they do not want to drive their own countries away from danger. They follow the spirit of * * * and gradually agree, which is beyond the trend. Holding the theory of special historical national conditions to resist this trend here is still the spirit of locking up the country and being ignorant. People without world knowledge, how will their country exist in the world? As the saying goes, "It may not be appropriate to go out behind closed doors." Nowadays, car makers are not only closed to the outside world, but also want to travel in Europe and the United States with the system of "courtesy" and "examination". Their suffering will not only be incompatible!

Practical rather than empty.

Since J.S. Mill's Materialism was sung in England and Comte's Experimental Philosophy was sung in France, the system of European society and people's minds have changed. Recently, science in Germany has developed vigorously, and material civilization has made it extremely popular and changed. All political camps, educational periods, literary and technological trends, and galloping horses are all in a good way. All empty words and fantasies are useless to real life and are completely abandoned. Contemporary philosophers, such as German R. Ou Ken and French Bergson, have put forward a view of Life (Life in English, Leben in German, La vie in French), although they did not take the present material civilization as a beautiful preparation. Life is sacred, and it is this war that has dyed its bright flag with blood. What Europeans dream of is empty talk, and they will certainly realize it.

It is the custom of our ancestors to make good use of the body, and to respect the truth and neglect the deficiency. Today's social system, people's minds and thoughts are all passed down from Zhou Han. -Zhou Li advocated empty writing, while Han ousted a hundred schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone. -A place where all religions are known and people pray runs counter to the real life of society. If we don't change course and open wider to the outside world, there will never be peace in our national strength and society. Sacrificing to God to save floods and droughts, chanting "filial piety" and returning the yellow turban insurrectionary, people are not confused by their children, and they know their folly. Things are not practical, although gold and jade are expensive, it is better to sprinkle millet dung. If things are not conducive to personal or social real life, they are all empty talk and will spoil people's affairs. Although the things of the fallen are left by ancestors, taught by sages, advocated by the government and advocated by society, they are all worthless!

Science rather than imagination

Who is the scientist? We regard the concept of things as a combination of objective phenomena and subjective rationality, but they are not contradictory. What is imagination? It not only transcends the objective phenomenon, but also abandons subjective rationality, constructs out of thin air, has assumptions but no evidence, and it is impossible for people to understand its reasons and laws. In the ignorant world of the past, shallow people today have imagination but no science. Religious beauty is the product of the era of imagination. The reason why modern Europe is superior and prosperous in science is not because of the theory of human rights, if there are two ships and cars. Nowadays, it is a scientific law to raise the prosperity of all things and the essence of all things to determine their gains and losses; Its function will make people's thinking foggy, one is rational, the other is superstitious, the other is ignorant and the other is reckless.

If China people want to get rid of ignorance and be ashamed of shallowness, they must catch up and pay equal attention to science and human rights. Scholars don't understand science, so they attack Fu Rui's theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements, confuse the world and falsely accuse the people, talk about Feng Shui and seek spiritual strength. Farmers don't understand science, so they don't choose pest control technology. Workers don't understand science, so the goods are abandoned to the ground, and the demand for fighting and making trouble is given to foreign countries one by one. Businessmen don't know science, they only use knowledge, and they have little chance of winning in the future. Doctors don't understand science, human body structure, the nature of drugs, being infected by bacteria and viruses, and even more ignorant. I only know that the theory that the five elements can generate cold, heat, yin and yang, and attack the ancient prescription to give bait, is similar to the vector; The most magical person in his imagination is one of the "Qi", which was applied to the art of Lux plume and tried the universe all over. I really don't know what fruit this "Qi" is!

Any thought without common sense and rational belief will become science if you want to eradicate it. The husband explains the truth with science and verifies everything. Compared with the arbitrary way he imagined, his steps are sincere and slow, but his steps are down-to-earth, not that the sudden flying man he imagined eventually made no progress. There are endless things in the universe, and the things in the scientific territory are vast. Young people are reluctant! (Chen Duxiu)

Important articles

1 917 65438+1October1Volume 2, No.5, Hu Shi published My Humble Opinion on Literary Improvement, which popularized the vernacular, aiming at breaking old ideas (such as Confucianism) and promoting literary reform.

1918 May 15 Lu Xun published his first vernacular novel, Diary of a Madman.

19 18 10 Volume 5 No.5 Li Dazhao published articles such as "The Victory of the People" and "The Victory of the Bolsheviks" to spread Marxist thoughts.

19 19, Volume 6,No. 1 Chen Duxiu published "Reply to the crimes committed by local chronicles", stating that "Comrade local chronicles were not guilty originally, and they only committed these heinous crimes by supporting Mr. Nademo Krasay (a democrat) and Mr. sainz (a scientist). We now believe that only these two gentlemen can cure the political, moral, academic and ideological darkness in China. If you support these two gentlemen, all government oppression and social attacks will be laughed at, even beheading and bloodshed, and you will not refuse. " Science and democracy were called "Mr. Sai" and "Mr. De" for the first time.

The influence of the times

New Youth magazine is a symbol of the rise of the New Culture Movement. Advocate democracy and science, advocate new literature against old literature, and advocate vernacular against classical Chinese. 19 17 influenced by the October Revolution in Russia, New Youth began to publicize Marxism and Marxist philosophy in the later period.

Many advanced party member (such as Mao Zedong) have been influenced by New Youth.