The location of China Emperor Baling was confirmed, but it was discovered in this way.

The location of China Emperor Baling was confirmed, but it was discovered in this way.

On the morning of February 14, at 65438, National Cultural Heritage Administration announced the important archaeological discoveries and research achievements in Gansu, Henan and Shaanxi, and the location of Baling, the emperor of China, was determined, so it was discovered.

The location of China Emperor Baling was confirmed, but it was discovered in this way. 1 12 14 in the morning, National Cultural Heritage Administration held an online meeting in Beijing, and announced an important archaeological achievement: the owner of Jiangcun Tomb was Liu Heng, the emperor of China.

This achievement overturns the general cognition of historians for 700 years since the Yuan Dynasty and confirms the true status of Emperor Wendi's mausoleum. Unfortunately, however, this is a group that has been despised for thousands of years: grave robbers.

In recent years, the location of Baling (Jiangcun Tomb) and its surroundings have been repeatedly harassed by "Tufuzi" (that is, grave robbers). In view of the grim situation of continuous theft of cultural relics in Baling District in recent years, with the approval of National Cultural Heritage Administration, Shaanxi Institute of Archaeology began to conduct rescue excavation of hidden pits outside Jiangcun Tomb and Nanling Tomb on 20 17. 65438+February 14 announced the archaeological achievements made in the past four years.

Tomb site outside Nanling of Queen Mother Bo (165438+20201October)

The determination of the true location of China Emperor Baling is closely related to the theft of the tomb of Mrs. Gou Jian, the wife of Liu Che, Emperor of the Han Dynasty. "Mrs Gou Jian" is Zhao Jieyu, the wife of Emperor Liu Che and the mother of Emperor Liu Fuling. Her tomb is called Han Yunling, which is the seventh batch of national key cultural relics protection units. It is located in the west of Daguta Village, Wang Tie Town, Chunhua County, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province.

In July 20 16, Han Yunling was robbed. The Chunhua County Public Security Bureau attached great importance to this and immediately set up a task force to conduct an investigation. In view of the seriousness of the case, the Ministry of Public Security listed the case as a listed supervision case and directly organized and directed the public security organs of Shaanxi Province to carry out investigation work.

The police followed suit, dug up other robbery gangs from one robbery gang, and then expanded the line and people. After more than a year, eight criminal gangs that robbed ancient tombs were destroyed, 9 1 person was arrested, 96 cases of theft, excavation and reselling of cultural relics were detected, the vehicles involved 10 were detained, and10 pieces of cultural relics were recovered.

According to the relevant judgment documents, the cultural protection units involved in these grave robbers are: Tomb No.66 in Ling Du (Tomb of Emperor Xuan Di Liu Xun of Han Zhaodi), Han Yunling, Jiangcun Tomb Cluster Burial Pit, Yinjia Urban and Rural Tombs in zhenyuan county, Gansu, Wangjiamen Village in Wushan County, and Danzhou Town in Yichuan County, Yan 'an City.

This series of grave robbery cases, involving Zhaizhai (where Jiangcun Tomb is located) in Baqiao District of Xi City, can be traced back to 200 1 at the earliest, but mainly concentrated after 20 10. According to the judgment documents of Xianyang Intermediate People's Court, No.46 (20 18) and No.292 (20 19) of Shaanxi High Court, the above series of grave robbery cases have been basically tried by Xianyang Intermediate People's Court and Shaanxi High Court from 20 18 to 2020.

Stolen cultural relics from Jiangcun Tomb (pictured from Shaanxi Institute of Archaeology)

These grave robbers have a clear division of labor, including fund providers, organized executors, grave robbers, grave robbers and cashiers selling stolen goods. Different gang members have both cross-cooperation and intrigue. The cultural relics involved are pottery figurines, pottery animal figurines, pottery chimes, stone jars, bronze chimes, jade articles and so on.

Among them, Meng Jingjian, nicknamed "Meng Boss", appeared frequently in many cases. He not only organized grave robbery, but also was responsible for buying and selling stolen goods.

Xianyang Intermediate People's Court found in the first instance that Meng Jingjian had robbed ancient tombs four times, two of which belonged to the national key cultural relics protection units, and he played an organizational role in the crime of * * * and was the principal offender; He also participated in the cover-up and concealment of crimes for four times, with a total amount of 10 million yuan, which is a serious case and should be punished according to law.

On July 7, 2009, Xianyang Intermediate People's Court sentenced the defendant Meng Jingjian to fixed-term imprisonment of 12 years and fined him 6,543,800 yuan. He was sentenced to four years in prison and fined 400,000 yuan. He decided to execute 14 years in prison and fined 6.5438+0.4 million yuan. And its illegal income of 2.83 million yuan (paid 1989500 yuan) will be recovered. Meng Jingjian refused to accept the judgment of the first instance and appealed, but was rejected by the Shaanxi High Court.

Among these grave robbers, small swallow was the most severely punished. The court found that he had stolen ancient tombs eight times, two of which belonged to ancient tombs of national key cultural relics protection units, and once committed a crime and robbed precious cultural relics. He is the principal of a robbery gang and a recidivist (he was sentenced to five years in prison for theft) and should be severely punished.

In the end, small swallow was found guilty of excavating ancient tombs, sentenced to life imprisonment, confiscated 2 million yuan of personal property, and recovered 4.823 million yuan of his illegal income (6.5438+0.983 million yuan has been paid).

In addition, the cemetery of Empress Dowager Bo, the mother of Emperor Zhao of Han Dynasty, was also stolen. However, the case has nothing to do with the above series of grave robbery cases.

From September 4th, 2065438 to September 6th, 2006, Xiao Qiang, Liu Kaiming, Vencent Yang, Tim zhao and Duan Xiaoli took Luoyang shovel, probes, steel drills, shovels and other grave-robbing tools, took a white Jinbei van driven by Xue Guoqiang and went to Baotai Touling, a national key cultural relics protection unit, for many times. Xiao Qiang, Liu Kaiming and Vencent Yang are responsible for the excavation work, and Zhao Penghe.

Hou Xiaoqiang and others hid the stolen cultural relics in Liu Qi's rental house in a village in Yanta District. At about 2 1 on September 6, Liu Qi counted the stolen cultural relics in the house, and agreed with Xiao Qiang and others to buy them at a price ranging from 3,000 to 4,000 yuan each, and took some cultural relics away by vehicle. The next day, Liu Qi was caught by the public security organs when he transported the cultural relics to his home in Gaoling District for storage. In fact, at 3 o'clock in the morning of September 6, the police received an anonymous phone call from the masses, saying that someone was hiding cultural relics in a village in Yanta District. After receiving the police, the police launched an investigation and cracked the case.

Cultural relics unearthed from the burial pit outside Jiangcun tomb (picture from Shaanxi Institute of Archaeology)

Confirmed by the Municipal Bureau of Cultural Relics, the stolen cave in this case is located in the burial pit of the Queen Mother Bao, a national key cultural relics protection unit, which has historical, artistic and scientific value. Appraised by Shaanxi Cultural Relics Appraisal Research Center, painted male figurines, painted female figurines and other Han Dynasty cultural relics 108 were stolen, including 5 second-class cultural relics and 3 third-class cultural relics 103; There are 49 Han Dynasty cultural relics such as painted pottery figurines, painted pottery figurines and painted sitting figurines. , are general cultural relics.

According to the news released by Qin Feng. Com, June19+February 10, the Supervision Committee of Shaanxi Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection reported four typical cases of dereliction of duty in the protection of historical and cultural heritage. The first case is that the Xi 'an Anxi Han Emperor Mausoleum Protection and Management Center failed to manage and protect the thin mausoleum of the Empress Dowager of the Western Han Dynasty, which led to the theft of the site.

According to the circular, after 20 14, the protection and management center of the Western Han Mausoleum did not seriously organize the protection of the Empress Dowager Bo Xilai's Mausoleum, and the management and protection system was lacking, and the daily inspections were sloppy and the group defense force was weak. 2065438+September 2006, the burial pit of Botaihou mausoleum was robbed by a grave robbery gang. Although the case was detected by the public security organs and most of the cultural relics were recovered, some cultural relics were still damaged and lost. On October 20 18, 1 1 year 10, Feng Wei, director of Baling Management Office under the management center, was severely warned by the party and punished by the government. 2065438+July 2009, Wang Jingping, director of the management center, was merged due to other violations of discipline and law, and was expelled from the Party and demoted.

On the morning of February 265438+February 65438+April 4, National Cultural Heritage Administration announced the important archaeological discoveries and research achievements in Gansu, Henan and Shaanxi, especially the Jiangcun Tomb in xi 'an Bailuyuan, Shaanxi Province, which attracted much attention and was finally confirmed as the Baling of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (the grandfather of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty).

Jiangcun Tomb is located in Baqiao District, Xi City, Shaanxi Province. 20 16 the hidden pit outside the cemetery was stolen and disturbed. Later, with the approval of National Cultural Heritage Administration, archaeologists conducted a systematic archaeological investigation and exploration of Jiangcun Tomb and its nearby Dou Taihou Mausoleum, the Nanling Mausoleum of Empress Bo and the "Fengzui" which is said to be the Mausoleum of Emperor Wen, and conducted archaeological excavations of the hidden pits outside the cemetery. At present, Jiangcun Tomb is basically confirmed.

According to reports, Jiangcun Cemetery is located at the western end of Bailuyuan in the eastern suburb, about 800 meters northeast of which is Dou Taihou's tomb, about 2,000 meters southwest of which is the Nanling of Queen Mother Bo, and 2 100 meters north of which is the location of the "Fengzui" where Baling, the former national protection unit, is located.

Archaeological exploration has confirmed that there are no remains of Han tombs in Fengkou, so Baling can be ruled out.

The plane of Jiangcun Tomb is in the shape of "Ya", and the surface is not sealed. The side of the tomb is about 72 meters long and more than 30 meters deep. There are more than 1 10 hidden pits around the tomb. There are graveyards paved with pebbles around the hidden pit (tentatively named "Shiwei"), with a side length of about 390 meters. It is speculated that there is a house address outside the middle of the stone enclosure.

The remains of the cemetery wall were found on the periphery of Jiangcun Tomb and Dou Empress Tomb. It is speculated that the cemetery is about1200m long from east to west and 863m wide from north to south, and it is in the same cemetery.

Archaeologists excavated 7 large burial pits and 8 hidden pits, and unearthed 1500 pieces of pottery figurines, bronze seals, bronze chariots and horses, ironware and pottery.

Among them, the bronze seals include "Che Fu", "Blessing", "Chinese Qian Qi People", "Yin Fu", "Tibetan Seal" and "Chinese Sikong Seal", indicating that the hidden pits around Jiangcun Tomb should be built by imitating the real government and treasury.

In the pit about 40 meters long, the dense pottery figurines are particularly eye-catching. A large number of pottery figurines are painted nude pottery figurines, which are called dressed pottery figurines in archaeology.

According to the preliminary cleaning by archaeologists, there are thousands of these naked pottery figurines.

The shape and scale of Jiangcun tomb conform to the specifications of the highest-grade tombs in the Western Han Dynasty. In addition, the surrounding tombs include Dou Taihou Mausoleum and Queen Mother Bo Mausoleum. Experts confirmed that Jiangcun Tomb is the tomb of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty.

This archaeological work determined the exact location of Emperor Wen's mausoleum and solved the name problem of the Eleventh Mausoleum in the Western Han Dynasty.

The location of China Emperor Baling was confirmed, but it was discovered in this way. According to CCTV news client, today (202114) morning, National Cultural Heritage Administration held an online meeting in Beijing, at which he announced that the tomb of Bailuyuan Village in Xi, Shaanxi Province was the Baling Emperor of China.

At this point, this thousand-year misunderstanding has come to an end.

As early as the Yuan Dynasty, it was recorded in the Annals of Chang 'an that the mausoleum of Emperor China was located in Fengzui, and Fengzui was located on the Bailuyuan River in the south of Maoyaoyuan Village, Wang Xi Street, Baqiao District. It is a hill protruding from the original side, its south side is connected with Bailuyuan by a beam, and its north slope is a regular triangle, and the whole mountain shape is very similar to the Mausoleum. Under the multiple influences of terrain blessing and the history book "Because the mountain is the tomb", the front of "Fengkou" is covered with stone tablets, among which the more important ones are "Imperial tablet in the 27th year of Kangxi", "Sacrificial tablet in the 1st year of Yongzheng" and "Imperial tablet in the 24th year of Jiaqing". The tallest and largest piece in the middle is the "China Emperor Baling" tablet inscribed by Bi Yuan, then governor of Shaanxi Province in the 41st year of Qing Qianlong.

Fenghuangzui

Today, the archaeological work jointly carried out by the provincial and municipal archaeological research institutes in the Jiangcun Tomb in Bailuyuan and Botaihou Nanling Mausoleum has achieved important results. With the help of the project leader, researcher Ma Yongga of Shaanxi Institute of Archaeology and members of the archaeological team, the following is an exclusive interpretation of why Bailuyuan and Fenghuangkou are considered by many people as the location of the mausoleum, and that Jiangcun Mausoleum is the decisive evidence of the mausoleum.

Bai Luyuan's Phoenix Mouth: Misunderstanding of Baling for thousands of years

In BC 180, Wendi, the son of Emperor Gaozu, ascended the throne. At that time, Emperor Gaozu and Huidudi had been buried in Xianyang Yuan, forming the Zuling District, but Wendi gave up here and chose Bailuyuan to build Baling. What is the reason for this choice? There is no clear record in historical materials, but after the research of later scholars, two views are given:

First, the Mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty was arranged according to Zhao Mu, and Wendi was the emperor of his stepbrother, not the eldest son in the past. His mausoleum and Huidi Anling are both Mu positions, so it is impossible to arrange them, so we can only find another place.

Second, there is no Zhao Mu system in the Mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty, and Wendi's position in Bailuyuan is only a personal reason.

Baling is so hidden, unlike other Western Han Mausoleums, which have clear land closures. It originated from Liu Heng's testamentary edict advocating "thin burial", and clearly stated that "a grave cannot be built because of a mountain". According to "Hanshu Moon Hee", it is clearly recorded: "In the summer of seven years, the emperor died in Weiyang Palace in June. The testament said: Baling mountains and rivers do not change because of it ... Bury Baling. "

There is no soil seal, which means that they are different from other Han tombs and have huge "soil bags" visible to the naked eye. Therefore, academic circles have always had two views on the tomb structure of China Emperor Baling. One is the "cliff tomb theory", which holds that Baling is really "hidden because of mountains" and the high cliff of "Fengzui" is the site of Baling, which just confirms the form of "cliff tomb".

Another view is that although there is a record of "no tomb" in the literature, it can also be understood that the tomb is built in the mountains and there is no need to build another earth seal, which is related to the terrain. Theoretically, the tomb shape of Baling should be the same as that of other emperors' tombs in Han Dynasty, and it should be a "vertical hole earth tomb".

There are many documents about Baling in history. According to Ma Yongga, Baling's "Untreated Tomb" has been recorded in Historical Records, Hanshu, Water Mirror Notes and other historical books, but the specific shape of the "Untreated Tomb" has not been further explained, and the records in the literature are prone to deviation in the process of copying due to the changes of the times.

In addition, most of the tombs of ancient emperors were kept secret. For the sake of safety, the detailed location is generally not marked. For example, regarding the location of the Mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty, "Sanfu Huang Tu" only mentioned that "Wendi Mausoleum is located 70 miles east of Chang 'an, and it is no longer buried because of the hidden mountain. "

"seventy miles east of Chang' an" summarizes the geographical location of the mausoleum. The above words and so on make most scholars only rely on literature and experience to analyze the location of the mausoleum before archaeological excavation and physical confirmation.

The statement that Baling is located in the Phoenix Mouth was first seen in Yuan Luotian's Lei Zhi: "The Tonghua Gate in Jingzhao is 40 miles east, and the pottery of Baling is governed by Hanshu, which is not decorated with gold, silver, copper and tin, because it can't afford a grave."

It is not difficult for people who have been to Phoenix Mouth to find that this place is located on the bank of Bailuyuan, south of Maoyaoyuan Village, Wang Xi Street, Baqiao District. It is a hill protruding from the original side, its south side is connected with Bailuyuan through a beam, and its north slope is a regular triangle. The whole mountain shape is very similar to a mausoleum. The "phoenix mouth" itself, whether it is the shape or the historical color endowed by later generations, makes this misunderstanding more and more complicated.

Under the multiple influences of terrain blessing and the history book "Because the mountain is the tomb", the monument for the protection of cultural relics was erected in front of Fenghuang Mouth. The more important monuments are the imperial monument in the 27th year of Kangxi, the sacrificial monument in the 1st year of Yongzheng and the imperial monument in the 24th year of Jiaqing.

The tallest and largest piece in the middle is the "China Emperor Baling" tablet inscribed by Bi Yuan, then governor of Shaanxi Province in the 41st year of Qing Qianlong.

That is to say, as early as the Yuan Dynasty, people misunderstood the Fengkou Baling, which made the archaeological work more difficult for later generations. After all, without advanced technical means and perfect archaeological conditions, no one dares to easily overthrow the view of "predecessors".

Mausoleum layout in the Western Han Dynasty: the hub to control the national transportation network

During the Western Han Dynasty, the site selection and construction of the mausoleum was not as simple as the political and cultural symbolic significance that people think today. The location of the Mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty was closely related to the political and military situation at that time.

The main hidden dangers in the early Han Dynasty and the Western Han Dynasty were the Xiongnu, a powerful nomadic people in the north, and the old nobles in the six countries of Kanto. Xianyang, as the main mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty, was located in the north of Chang 'an City in the Han Dynasty. At that time, the traffic lines leading to the northern border and the northwest region had to cross the Weihe River from Chang 'an and pass through Xianyang Plain. The Western Han government built a mausoleum here, set up a mausoleum city, and moved a large number of old nobles and heroes from the six Kanto countries into it. In fact, in the north of Chang 'an, a barrier was artificially created to prevent the Huns from going south, which not only weakened the possibility of local forces taking over, but also enriched the power of the capital.

After Qin Shihuang established the first unified centralized empire in the history of China, in order to strengthen his rule, he ordered the construction of various roads. On the basis of the road traffic system in Qin dynasty, Han dynasty inherited the Qin system and developed it continuously, and newly restored and opened up the praise ramp and meridian road, which made the country form a relatively developed traffic network centered on Chang' an city in Han dynasty.

The Mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty and its Mausoleum City are located in this huge traffic network, which also changed the old traffic situation to a certain extent, promoted the formation of a new traffic pattern in Chang 'an area, and played the role of a transportation hub. In addition to the good road conditions of the Mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty, from a macro perspective, the Mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty and its cities such as Changling, Anling, Baling, Yangling, Maoling, Ping Ling and Ling Du play a very important role in the overall traffic layout of the whole Greater Chang 'an area.

For example, Ma Yongming, captain of the Han Tomb Archaeological Team, thinks:

Changling, Anling and their mausoleum cities in the west jointly control the equator of Ganquan and Yunyang in the north;

Baling is not only along Lintong to Guandong Avenue, but also the actual starting point for Chang 'an to go southeast along Danshui, cross Wuguan and point to Wuguan Road in Jianghan Plain.

The easternmost position of Yangling and its mausoleum city on the original Xianyang in Weibei should also be in the position of transportation hub;

Mausoleum and its mausoleum are the throat to control the connection between Chang 'an, the capital of Beijing, and the western regions, and also the traffic artery for Emperor Wudi to attack Xiongnu in the north and bypass the western regions.

As for Ling Du, it is located at the northern end of Shaoling Plain in the southeast of Chang 'an in Han Dynasty. As the starting point of meridian, its function can not be ignored.

It is under such efforts that the king of the Western Han Dynasty realized the so-called traffic situation of "Chang 'an Mausoleum, all directions are blessed and come together". The umbrella-shaped transportation network with Zhulingyi as the transportation hub and extending in all directions has played an important role in maintaining the prosperity of Chang 'an City and Zhulingyi.

Looking through the site selection and careful classification of the Mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty, we can feel many similarities, such as: they are all in high-open places, mostly located in the north of the capital, not far from Chang 'an City, convenient transportation and so on. The formation of these characteristics is also influenced by many factors. For example, the construction of the mausoleum follows the principle of proximity. In order to "declare lofty majesty" and "waterproof", the location of the mausoleum requires "high openness" on the terrain.

For example, Xianyang, as the main mausoleum area of the Western Han Dynasty Mausoleum, is commanding, with mountains in the north, water in the south and flat terrain. As for the White Deer Principle, it goes without saying that it is about 25 kilometers wide from north to south, 6-9 kilometers long from east to west, and the original surface is 600-780 meters above sea level. It looks very high, and Wu Lan Avenue is in the east, which also has the advantage of controlling the Wu Lan passage.

Exclusion of Fengkou: Overview from the shape, structure and layout of the Mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty

Since 1980s, archaeologists in China have carried out a series of archaeological excavations on the Mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty, and generally grasped and understood the shape, structure and layout characteristics of the Mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty.

In addition to Ling Du, which is located in the southeast of Xi, and Baling, which is located on Bailuyuan in the northeast of Xi, there are eleven mausoleums in the Western Han Dynasty. The other nine mausoleums are located in Xianyang Plain, lined up from east to west. However, it is not difficult to find that the ontology of the mausoleum sites in the Western Han Dynasty is mostly divided into three parts, namely, the queen's mausoleum, the mausoleum city and the burial area.

The layout is used to sitting east to west, the queen is buried together, and there are different points in the same tomb. The cemetery takes the east gate as the main entrance. Except for the "untreated tomb" in Baling, the other tombs are square or rectangular.

Therefore, according to the geological and geomorphological conditions of Baling's location and the tradition of Anling, Baling's location is not far from Dou Taihou Mausoleum, while the Mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty implements the system of "the emperor and the queen are buried together in one cave", that is, the mausoleum and the queen are located in the same cemetery, or the mausoleum and the queen are located in the same cemetery. The tombs of Changling and Anling are located in the same cemetery as Hou Ling. From Yangling, the Mausoleum and Hou Ling have independent cemeteries, but there are garden walls and trenches around them, forming a dual cemetery system.

Baling is located between Anling and Yangling, so whether it belongs to the former or the latter will not be discussed for the time being, but there is no doubt that the mausoleum and Hou Ling are located in the same cemetery.

However, it was once determined that the distance between the Phoenix Mouth and the fence of Queen Dou's Mausoleum was 265,438+000 meters, which was even greater than the distance between the mausoleums of Emperor Wu, the most powerful emperor in the Western Han Dynasty.

Moreover, the architectural form of the Mausoleum should be basically similar to that of later tombs, and it is very unlikely that there will be a cliff tomb and a vertical hole earth tomb (the tomb of Queen Dou has been confirmed to be correct, and the tomb type is a vertical hole earth tomb. )

The mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty inherited the characteristics of the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor and developed it. The mausoleum is independent, with large scale, complex facilities and perfect functions. There is careful planning and design before construction, and the project is built according to certain planning and design blueprints. The same is true of the construction of Baling. If the tomb is a cliff tomb, Hou Ling can't be a vertical cave burial tomb. On the contrary, the tomb of Queen Dou is a vertical hole earth tomb, and the tomb type is definitely a vertical hole earth tomb.

Therefore, Baling should also be an "Asian"-shaped vertical hole pit tomb with four tombs, which are no different from other Western Han tombs except whether there is a difference in sealing the soil.

Secondly, the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty were generally built on the edge of the loess plateau. Except for the mausoleum of the mausoleum, the whole cemetery is relatively flat with little height difference. If Baling is in Fenghuangzui, the cemetery should be built on the steep slope on the east side of Bailuyuan. The cemetery has rugged terrain, criss-crossing gullies and the height difference will exceed 230 meters, so it is difficult to build hidden pits, sacrificial buildings and other facilities. This also puts a question mark on the statement that Fengzui is Baling.

It is proved that Jiangcun tomb is the key evidence of Baling.

Jiangcun Tomb, located in the eastern suburb of Andong, was discovered in 200 1 and was once mistaken for the tomb of Guantao Princess Liu Pu (the eldest daughter of Wendi and Dou Empress).

Dou Taihou Mausoleum is adjacent to the Bahe River Valley in the east, with Renjiapo and Jiangcun's southeast-northwest natural ditch in the north, and a southeast-northwest natural ditch in the south of Jiangcun. The south of the ditch is the Nanling Mausoleum of the Queen Mother Bo. The southwest side of Dou Taihou Mausoleum is 1400 meters long from east to west and 1 100 meters long from north to south, which is relatively flat and suitable for setting Baling Mausoleum, while the west side is sloping and the terrain gradually becomes lower. In addition, a piece of mud of "Xiao Wen Dong Qin" was unearthed from the site of Hanyang Mausoleum. The tomb of Queen Dou is located on the eastern edge of Bailuyuan, and its sleeping garden is called "Xiao Wen Dong Bedroom", which also means that the tomb is on the west side.

Bahe River flows under the seal of Queen Dou.

The "Jiangcun Tomb", which was originally "misunderstood" as the tomb of Princess Guantao, is located on the east side of Jiangcun and the west side of Queen Dou's tomb. Although, the tomb of the princess in Han Dynasty can be compared with that of the prince. However, according to the current archaeological facts, it has been found that the scale of the tombs of princes is much smaller than that of Jiangcun. Moreover, when Princess Guantao was buried in Emperor Wu, the burial system could not surpass that of the princes.

"Jiangcun Tomb" was discovered in recent years because it was stolen. Since 20 17, the Jiangcun tomb and the hidden pit outside Nanling have been excavated for rescue. At present, it is found that the tomb is 40 meters long and 30 meters deep, and there is a brick wall next to it. The interior of the wall is made of wood.

The tomb has a prominent position, a huge scale, and a large number of hidden pits, far exceeding the rank of princes. However, it is doubtful whether such a scale, facilities, characteristics and tomb location are worthy. Baling has no land, which has been an indisputable fact for two thousand years. Jiangcun's tomb is indeed unsealed, which is consistent with the record of "no tomb" in history books.

Let archaeologists directly determine whether Jiangcun Tomb is the evidence of Baling, or because they discovered the boundary of the big cemetery during the five-year archaeological excavation and exploration, that is, the largest peripheral cemetery surrounded by Queen Dou's tomb and Jiangcun's tomb.

According to historical documents and field archaeological data, the basic architectural elements of the Mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty include cemetery, enclosure, tomb, gate que, sleeping garden, mausoleum temple, hidden pit outside, road, burial tomb, mausoleum city, criminal cemetery, garden province, garden temple official residence, spiritual settlement and so on.

The cemetery is an important symbol in the structure of the mausoleum to delineate the mausoleum and delimit the mausoleum area. The cemetery of the Mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty is called "Yuanling" or "Garden". Archaeological exploration data show that the tombs in the early Western Han Dynasty, such as Changling and Anling, adopted the emperor's single mausoleum system and the tomb system of later generations. Earlier, because everyone acquiesced that China Emperor Baling adopted the burial system of "taking the mountain as the mausoleum" and was buried under the phoenix mouth, the focus was on drilling the phoenix mouth.

Why Baling is in Fenghuangkou is unknown. But unfortunately, archaeologists found that there were no caves after detecting the mountain in Fenghuangzui area, so there could be no large tombs inside the mountain.

What makes people feel even more strange is that people familiar with the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty know that besides sealing the soil, there are also rich cemetery buildings on the ground. Nowadays, although the buildings have disappeared and cannot be preserved, the brick remnants left in the cemetery are often seen everywhere. Then the fact is that there are no remains of Hanwa around Fenghuangkou. There are no caves in the mountains and no cemetery buildings around, which can basically deny that Fenghuangkou is the site of Baling. Just solid soil.

Now, the successful discovery of the wall traces of the cemetery provides the most direct evidence for us to uncover the truth of Baling.

China has a long history, and the Western Han Dynasty is an important period for the formation of China culture. To some extent, China culture was formed on the basis of Han culture. It is also the core value concept of this historical exchange that constitutes the fact that our 5,000-year-old culture is endless.

Archaeology is never a static process. Historical events that have been overthrown, rebuilt and constantly demonstrated are the "truth-seeking" attitude of archaeologists from generation to generation, and they are also worth learning and being proud of.

● Thanks to Researcher Ma, the captain of the Han Tomb Archaeological Team, and teachers such as Cao Long and Zhu Chenlu for their academic guidance.