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Characteristics of art

The unity of image grasp and rational grasp

Image and artistic image run through the whole process of artistic activities. Artists are always inseparable from concrete images in the process of creation.

Just like Zheng Banqiao's painting of bamboo, his observation and experience of the image of bamboo began with "bamboo in the garden" and "bamboo in the eyes". The artistic conception gave birth to the "bamboo in the heart", and the inkstone was sharpened to reveal the paper. The disguised form finally completed "Bamboo in Hand", which shows that the image of bamboo accompanied the whole process of painting bamboo from beginning to end. Artists not only never depart from vivid and concrete images in the creative process, but also the artworks they create must show concrete and tangible artistic images and impress every viewer with their strong artistic appeal. Therefore, the process of art appreciation must also trigger an appreciation of the situation and artistic conception in the work through the emotion of the artistic image. This is enough to show that image runs through every link of artistic activities. Imagery has become the most basic feature that distinguishes art from other social ideologies. It is also a special form of art reflecting social life, and it is the aesthetic creation of the creative subject's instant understanding of the object. . It is perceptual, not inferential; it is experiential, not analytical. ?

At the same time, the creation of artistic images cannot be separated from rationality. The images in art are meaningful images, and they are images that permeate the artist's profound rational thinking. It is not a random copying of objective life pictures, but the externalization and manifestation of the artist's understanding of life, attitude towards social things and rational understanding after selection, processing and integration.

"Summer Mountain Picture" by Qu Ding of the Southern Song Dynasty

Mr. Lu Xun once said: What the painter painted and what the sculptor sculpted was, on the surface, a painting or a statue. In fact, It is the expression of his thoughts and personality. In addition, the rational thinking of artists in their creative activities plays a decisive role in grasping the atmosphere of the times, selecting materials and themes, conceiving themes and plots, and choosing forms of expression. Artistic activities are the organic unity of image grasping and rational grasping.

The unity of emotional experience and logical cognition

Emotion in art is aesthetic emotion, which is a non-utilitarian and universal emotion of mankind. Emotion is one of the important factors in the generation of motivation for artistic activities, the process of creation and acceptance. At the same time, emotion is one of the basic elements of artistic creation.

"Song of the Merchant" by Li Song of the Southern Song Dynasty

Artistic activities are always accompanied by emotions, which are specific psychological expressions of desire, interest, and personality, and also reflect whether the object can satisfy oneself. The value judgment of desire. The Russian writer Leo Tolstoy once pointed out in his "On Art": Literary and artistic creation is when the artist "evokes in his own heart the emotions he has experienced once, and after arousing this emotion, uses movements, lines, To convey this emotion through the images expressed by colors, sounds and words, so that others can experience the same emotion - this is an artistic activity."

Emotion dominates the entire process of artistic activities and runs through the entire psychological process of artistic creation. The "feeling" in artistic activities is dominated by the desire for "enjoyment" and is always attracted by the colors and sounds of objects that can arouse one's pleasure; the "perception" in artistic activities often selects and processes objects according to emotional needs , to select and "judge" objects according to emotional schemas; "imagination" in artistic activities creates images that suit one's own emotions and purposes according to the subject's emotional requirements. "Understanding" in artistic activities is often a kind of personalized recognition and perception. Through realization, we can gain a deep understanding of life and the meaning of life. It is undoubtedly an activity full of emotions.

The artist's emotions are often fully displayed through artistic images. Artists reflect life and depict artistic images, which are by no means indifferent and indifferent, but condense their thoughts and emotions, love, hate, praise and criticism, and permeate His aesthetic taste and aesthetic ideal. In April 1937, the German fascists launched more than 40 planes to bomb the Basque cultural city of Guernica in Spain, which aroused the strong indignation of the painting master Picasso. He completed the painting in just one month. The masterpiece "Guernica", which is famous in the history of painting, upholds justice and accuses crimes.

"Algae Fish Picture" by Anonymous Yuan

In aesthetics, artistic creation and art appreciation activities, emotion is not only connected with the image, but also with cognition. It is a special psychological phenomenon arising from aesthetic cognition, the basis of which is aesthetic cognition. Through aesthetic cognition and complex ideological activities, the beauty in life can be discovered and felt.

A person who has an empty mind and lacks a deep understanding of society and life will be difficult to have rich and strong aesthetic emotions, and therefore will not become an excellent artist or an outstanding appreciator. In artistic activities, emotion and ideological cognition are blended together. Preaching without emotion is not art, and emotion without thought cannot produce art. True artistic activity is the unity of emotional experience and logical cognition.

Yuan Guan's "Painting Bamboo"

The unity of aesthetic activities and ideology

The aesthetic characteristics of art are the fundamental symbol that distinguishes it from other social practice activities. The so-called aesthetic characteristics refer to the aesthetic quality and aesthetic value of works of art. Works of art are the crystallization of the artist's aesthetic ideals and the result of beautiful creation.

It not only touches people with emotion, but also touches people with beauty, giving people a kind of spiritual pleasure. Since the images in works of art concentrate and condense the beauty of images in life, they have more metaphysical aesthetic characteristics than the images of things that actually exist in life. The image of plum blossoms in traditional Chinese paintings often has old trunks and twisted branches, escaping sideways, standing proud of the frost in the cold, and blooming in spring, which embodies the aesthetic connotation of old trees, new flowers, and youthful bloom, which makes people have a better feeling than in viewing life. Plum blossoms have a richer beauty. Art works express the beautiful images in life, making them more prominent and smooth; expressing the ugliness in life can also turn the ugliness of life into artistic beauty. In his works, the artist fully exposes the ugly nature of ugliness in life by ridiculing and lashing it, arousing people's disgust and contempt for ugliness, thereby eradicating ugliness and eradicating ugliness to stimulate people's yearning and yearning for beautiful things. , the ugliness of life at this time has a certain aesthetic significance and value. For example, artistic works with the theme of fighting corruption and upholding integrity fully reveal the harm of social decay to socialist construction by exposing and criticizing the phenomenon of corruption, and serve as a warning to the world. They also achieve the shocking effect of turning corruption into magic. It gives the viewer a special sense of beauty.

"The Return of the Shepherd in the Wind and Rain" by Li Di in the Southern Song Dynasty

Art is not only an aesthetic activity with aesthetic characteristics, but also art is still an ideology in the superstructure and has an ideological nature. In the final analysis, art is a way for people to spiritually grasp the world. People achieve understanding of the world through art, which also includes people's understanding of themselves. Moreover, the aesthetics in art is its most fundamental essential attribute, and its ideological characteristics are hidden in the aesthetic characteristics. It gives the aesthetic world of art a broader and deeper connotation. Therefore, we say that art Activity is the unity of aesthetic activity and ideology. [1]

Classification standards

So far, there is no generally recognized art classification standard. Various schools of art theory have different classification methods, and they overlap with each other. The closer to modern art classification in time, the more complicated and controversial it becomes.

Art traditionally includes the following categories: language arts (literature, including poetry, prose, novels, etc., broadcasting and hosting), visual arts (painting, sculpture, design), performing arts (dance, music, cross talk) .

Generally speaking, according to different expression methods and uses, art can be divided into:

Language arts (literature, broadcasting, etc.)

Plastic arts (painting) , sculpture, architecture, etc.)

Performing arts (music, dance, cross talk, etc.)

Comprehensive arts (movies, TV, operas, musicals, etc.)

A relatively new classification method divides art according to the nature of time and space:

Time Art

Space Art

Comprehensive Art

World Is it male?

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Four major types

Artistic expression and materialization People's certain aesthetic concepts, aesthetic tastes and aesthetic ideals. Regardless of the aesthetic creation or aesthetic acceptance of art, it needs to be felt and conveyed through the subject's certain senses and trigger the corresponding aesthetic experience. The aesthetic classification of art should mainly be based on the subject's aesthetic feelings and perception methods. According to this principle, art can be divided into four categories: language arts, plastic arts, performing arts and comprehensive arts.

Language Arts

Language arts mainly refers to literature. Literature uses written language (words) as the medium and the subject's perception as the channel. It ultimately acts on the brain, causing the subject to think, and experience and construct aesthetic images in the process of thinking.

As a huge art category, literature usually includes different genres such as poetry, prose, and novels. Among them, poetry is the earliest literary genre to appear. It uses rhythmic language to directly touch people's emotions, creating an emotional world that transcends reality and only exists in the human mind. Prose is a literary genre that expresses the main thoughts and emotions and reveals social significance relatively freely by describing certain events. It has the characteristics of broad subject matter and unrestricted language. Its aesthetic characteristics lie in the freedom, flexibility and variety of styles of artistic expression. change. The novel mainly focuses on narrating stories and shaping characters. Through the complete storyline, the characters are created in multiple aspects.

Simply put, the aesthetic characteristics of literature are mainly manifested in four aspects: image, totality, indirectness and profundity.

First, literature is the art of using written language (words) to create images. Without written language as a means of expression, literature would not be literature, so Gorky called language "the first element of literature." Of course, just using language does not constitute literature. Literary language is an image and beautiful artistic language that can naturally express specific aesthetic images and introduce the reader (the subject of literary reception) into the aesthetic world of literary works. "Withered vines, old trees and dim crows, small bridges and flowing water, people's houses, the west wind and the thin horses on the ancient roads, the setting sun, the heartbroken people at the end of the world", this is a kind of artistic language of literature (poetry), its scenes are blended and beautiful, making people Reading it is endlessly memorable and triggers excitement.

Second, literature can comprehensively and extensively reflect the outlook and essence of human life.

On the one hand, written language (words) has the most extensive connection with the real world. It is actually the most important carrier of a national cultural tradition. Therefore, literature using written language (words) as a means of expression can express an incomparably vast range of external phenomena. In the world and the complex inner world, it has a more comprehensive and broader understanding and expression function than other arts. On the other hand, literature can reflect people's social relationships in depth and comprehensively. What it reveals is the overall relationship between people and the world.

Third, literature shapes artistic images through written language (words), but the image shaped by written language must be completed through the subject’s imaginative activities. Therefore, literature has indirect aesthetic characteristics. This means that the image described by the writer in written language can only be an image represented by a certain combination of language symbols, rather than an image of a material entity. It must induce creative imagination through the reader's visual perception ability. And with the participation of the reader's certain psychological experience, it can be transformed into an image in the mind. The so-called "like being there" and "like hearing the voice" in literature refer to what is seen and heard in the mind of the reader.

Fourth, language is the shell of thinking and the direct reality of thought. Literature reflects and expresses human life and artists' thoughts and emotions, and has a certain rational depth. It is a spiritual existence. At the same time, since everything provided by the word meaning in literary works is regulated by the certainty of thinking, it is often easier than other art forms to clearly express the thoughts of the creative subject, has more obvious rational power, and can make readers change from aesthetic to aesthetic. Experience leads directly to the activity of knowing and thinking, leading to a clear and profound depth of understanding. It can be said that it is precisely because literature has the characteristics of expressing the main idea in a profound and detailed manner that literature has become the art form with the most profound rational content among all arts.

Plastic Art

The so-called visual art, that is, fine art, refers to art that conveys and accepts aesthetic experience through human visual senses (eyes) and corresponding aesthetic means. [2] Among the various sense organs of human beings, vision is the most complex, detailed and sensitive, and it is also the main source of information for people. The richness and diversity of the external world are often perceived by people through visual activities. Therefore, the types and styles of visual art are also the most abundant, and even other arts often need to construct artistic images based on visual feelings.

"Picture of the Fisherman" by Wu Zhen of the Yuan Dynasty

Human beings have begun to explore visual modeling since ancient times, leaving behind the earliest paintings and sculptures. With the advancement of human civilization, the types and methods of art that use vision as an aesthetic approach are also increasing day by day. Painting, sculpture, architecture, arts and crafts, calligraphy, photography, etc. are the most typical types of visual art.

Intuition is the most basic aesthetic feature of visual art. What is directly perceived by vision is the intuitive shape, color (or tone) and texture (texture or volume) and their compositional relationships. Therefore, in visual arts, whether it is two-dimensional (painting, calligraphy and photography) or three-dimensional (sculpture, architecture) modeling, great emphasis is placed on the application of the laws of formal beauty, diversity and unity, symmetry, balance, contrast, harmony, as well as the image and background. relationship, etc., are all important factors that constitute the aesthetic characteristics of visual art. In visual art, form and content, image and meaning are expressed in various ways, which constitute the extremely rich aesthetic charm of visual art. For example, based on the ability to highly summarize changes in life movements and different textures or volumes, lines can produce direct aesthetic appeal, and different lines can give people different aesthetic feelings. Therefore, lines have not only become the main language elements of painting, but also Important language for other visual arts. Color has the function of affecting people's emotions. It is also the main aesthetic element of visual art. Different color configurations or tones can cause people to have different emotional tendencies, gain visual pleasure and understand the meaning of their expressions.

(1) Painting and Sculpture

Both painting and sculpture mainly use shape, color, quality, as well as point, line, surface, body and other modeling methods to form a certain artistic image. The former is expressed on a two-dimensional plane, while the latter is shaped in a three-dimensional space. Modeling is their most important aesthetic feature.

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Abstract painting art

Due to different expression methods, there are many types of paintings, and realism and expression are the two most important methods. . Realistic painting directly imitates the images of nature and real things, often using realistic means to achieve specific concrete effects; expressive painting focuses on emphasizing the subjective spirit, and often uses exaggeration, deformation, symbolism, abstraction and other techniques to directly express the subject's emotional experience and aesthetic needs, and achieve The creation of artistic images. For example, the characteristic of Chinese painting is not only that its tools and materials (brushes, rice paper, ink) are very specific, but more importantly, it attaches great importance to expressing the inner spirit of the subject, emphasizing "writing the spirit with form" and "having both spirit and form." "The pursuit of charm, conveyance and artistic conception is not to study the material characteristics of images in the objective world, but to touch the image of the painting for the needs of the soul, to implicitly and profoundly express the spiritual quality of the subject, thus forming the unique aesthetic connotation of Chinese painting .

Sculpture is highly general and symbolic in shaping artistic images. It uses a material form to create a visible and touchable three-dimensional artistic image in three-dimensional space. Its aesthetic characteristics are obtained in space, and the surrounding environment related to the sculpture is also an organic part of the sculpture.

Generally speaking, sculptures are mainly expressed in two ways: one is clearly presented, and the other is implicitly suggested.