Skills of flower-and-bird painting in Chinese painting

Introduction: In Chinese painting, flower-and-bird painting is more detailed. Here, I will teach you how to draw flower-and-bird painting in Chinese painting, and teach you the tricks of flower-and-bird painting. Please see the details below, hoping to help students who study Chinese painting.

observation and study of flowers to draw flowers, we should not only watch and copy ancient and modern famous paintings, but also watch and sketch the actual flowers deeply, so as to understand the flower's withering and glory and the modality in the frost, sunshine and rain. This paper briefly describes its structure and ecology from the leaves and branches of flowers.

(1) Flowers: flowers are often the theme of the picture. Generally, flowers include petals, stamens, pedicels and other parts, and petals have single petals and petals. There are different flower shapes, such as peony and rosa multiflora, which are double petals, pear and kapok, which are single petals, morning glory and lily, which are single petals. Most flowers have different varieties of single petals and double petals, such as peach blossom, hibiscus narcissus and plum blossom, and the stamens are different in length. Monoecious flowers, big ones and small ones are all together, and dioecious ones have only small ones or only big ones. All of them need careful observation. The calyx also varies according to the types of flowers. For example, five petals, such as plum blossom and peach, gather together, and five petals, such as plum blossom and begonia, grow on a long stalk. The calyx of rose is as long as the tip of rose, and the calyx of camellia is like a fish scale.

(2) Leaves: When monocotyledonous plants grow leaves from branches or stems, the leaf order is opposite and alternate, and so on. Some compound plants are pinnate, palmately bird-footed, and some have double compound leaves, which are more complicated in form. It is necessary to understand the growth law first so as not to make mistakes in the complexity. The leaves have petioles and veins, and the shapes have different size ratios such as the length of the pointed circle.

(3) stems and branches: they can be divided into woody herbs, vines and vines, etc. The woody branches are quite hard, some are quite thick, and the stems of herbs are mostly tender, some become right-handed or left-handed, and some have bearded climbing stems.

Sketching of flowers

All kinds of flowers are fresh and vibrant in the morning or morning, which is a good time for sketching. Sketching is to collect materials for creation. If it is for the needs of meticulous painting, we must make a detailed description. Sometimes we need multiple flowers to get together on the screen. When collecting materials from sketching, we must have a positive side, a negative side and an inclined side. There are complete flowers, but also some flowers covered by branches and leaves, both small buds and large buds that will bloom. The same is true of leaves, except for mature leaves, there should also be tender leaves and buds, and pay attention to the yin and yang back, the size interspersed. Branches should also be divided into trunk and branch, as well as the posture and density in the picture. These are the first problems that we should pay attention to when collecting materials from sketches for the purpose. ? Although flower-and-bird painting is not like landscape painting, which usually has a stable viewing angle, we can use the method of moving the viewing angle to sketch from the most beautiful angle and pay attention to the proportion of flowers, branches and leaves. Painting flowers can start with the petals of stamens. Usually, the most complete and front petal is painted first, and then it is extended around. If the petals are too complicated, it can be summarized, and attention should be paid to its beautiful shape. The same is true for painting leaves. Besides paying attention to leaf order and structure, we should also pay attention to the changes of back, vertical, back and density, and the front and back leaves. Finally, we should draw branches, and draw dermatoglyphics when we do it vigorously, such as the plum blossom should be green and old, the dermatoglyphics should be oblique, the small stem should be tall and strong, the dried peach skin should be horizontal, and the loose dry skin should be scaly.

The sketch of flowers should start with the flowers with broken branches. Take a branch of flowers and leaves that is easy to be painted, insert it in a vase for detailed observation, and the covered stamens can also be parted to study the detailed structure. After you are familiar with simple branches, you can choose a corner of the whole flower to try or sketch the whole flower. Because the branches and leaves are complex, you must choose an appropriate angle and make a big cut or adjustment. In a word, flower sketch is not an illustration or illustration of plants, but a subjective choice and beautification, and the expression of interest is emphasized.

observation of birds

birds are also called "feathers" in Chinese paintings, which can be divided into two categories: waterfowl and mountain birds. According to their living habits, they can be divided into wading birds, swimming birds, raptors, climbing birds, songbirds and pheasants. The characteristics and habits of each category are as follows:

(1) wading birds: they live in shallow water to hunt. For example, cranes, storks and egrets.

(2) Swimming birds: They like to swim in the water, with a flat mouth, short feet and webbed toes, and they prey on fish, shrimp and bugs. Such as seagulls, wild ducks, mandarin ducks, geese, albatrosses, etc.

(3) Raptor: With powerful wings, hooked mouth, sharp feet and fierce temperament, it specializes in preying on small animals. Such as eagle, vulture, osprey, falcon, etc.

(4) Climbing birds: Most of them have a hook-shaped upper mouth and a short lower mouth, and the toes are two in front and two behind, so they can be grabbed on the trunk by climbing. Such as parrots, woodpeckers, etc.

(5) songbirds: they like to sing, and most birds belong to this category. For example, Uygur, warbler, thrush, shrike, oriole, starling and so on.

(6) Pheasant: It belongs to the terrestrial birds, with large body, beautiful fur, long tail and mouth shape similar to that of a chicken, and mostly grows in the bushes in the mountains. For example, pheasant, golden pheasant, long-tailed pheasant, peacock, etc. Birds are oviparous, so their bodies (excluding head, neck, feet, tail and other parts) are egg-shaped. Because of the different living environment and habits, its mouth, feet, wings and tail also have different proportions. Generally speaking, most waterfowl (wading birds and swimming birds) have long mouths and short tails, while most mountain birds (songbirds, climbing birds and pheasants) have short mouths and extremely long tails. Those with hooked mouths eat meat, those with fine tips eat insects, and those with long mouths eat bear shrimp, while those who eat shells have thick mouths. Most birds that can fly long distances have long wings and are developed, and among waterfowl, there are many long necks, so that they can attack quickly and peck fish. In addition, the head shape, the color and position of the eye essence are different, and we must also grasp their uniqueness.

Birds grow feathers all over the body. Fine cotton feathers have the function of heat preservation. In addition, there are also semi-cotton feathers, and many of them have the feeling of being unclear in shape and layered in a large area. The other is that the shape of feathers is clear, such as the feathers of wings and tails, which all have detailed names. We should carefully observe the shape of feathers in different parts and their overlapping relationship in order to be familiar with the organization and order of birds' feathers.

In addition, it is necessary to understand the sex of birds. Most birds and animals are male, and a few males and females have the same feathers, but the females are always slightly smaller than the males. The wings and tails of birds are opposite to each other. The female's right wing and right tail are on the top, and the male's left wing and left tail feather are on the top. Birds' joy, anger, sadness and surprise are also different in their wings, tails and postures.

bird's sketching

Birds are lively and active in addition to their complex structures. It is a big challenge for beginners to sketch directly from real birds. At first, we might as well sketch bird specimens. The advantage of drawing specimens is that you can observe the details in detail from all angles, and even the number of important feathers can be counted clearly slowly, especially the fine brushwork feathers, which is very helpful for the observation of specimens. However, the disadvantage of drawing specimens is that it is easy to draw works that are dynamic, rigid and even distorted in shape and proportion. Although the specimen is peeled from a real bird, it is easy to deform when cotton is artificially stuffed in the body, and the bird's eyes do not change according to different categories. Usually, a unified artificial substitute is installed. The open wings and feet are supported by iron wires to maintain the weight and shape, which often leads to the defects of distorted joint changes, stiff and straight joints, unstable center of gravity, messy feathers and so on. After beginners understand these most likely symptoms, they may wish to compare the reference books and pictures of birds, or go to bird shops, zoos and even the wild to observe them, and they can use the camera function to freeze the instantaneous movements as auxiliary reference materials for sketching.

After observing the bird specimens, you can try to sketch the caged birds. It is best to go to the bird shop to buy a kind of bird that is familiar and gentle at ordinary times. It is best that the price is not too high and it is easy for the breeder to take as the object of sketching. First of all, we should observe its various movements, such as stepping on branches, pecking, searching for feathers, wanting to ascend, wanting to descend, singing, necking, flying, etc., and memorize its characteristics. Before sketching, you may wish to observe carefully, and find its most frequently repeated movements or the longest-lasting patterns as the choice of sketching. You may wish to sketch with a pencil or a brush. When the bird's posture changes, you may wish to repair it according to memory, or wait for it to appear the same dynamic, and then quickly grasp it. If it takes time to make detailed description, you need to patiently draw and stop, and finish it several times, and it is best to observe it often when creating, so as to easily capture the bird's posture.

The behavior and actions of caged birds are slightly different from those of Qin birds in nature, just as the expression and actions of people in prison are different from those of free people outside. In order to show the natural interest of "good birds are friends" and understand the living environment and resting state of each bird, it is better to make field observation in the wild in the mountains and watch birds with binoculars. Every bird has different habits and postures. For example, swallows and pigeons don't stand on the branches, cranes and cranes sleep with one foot, and the dynamics of crows and magpies are absolutely different. If you don't observe them carefully, the old part conforms to the material state, physics and material feelings. In addition, when birds stay or fly, their heads will face the wind, if they face the wind, their feathers will be lifted, which should also be noted.

When sketching, you can first draw the main shape (egg shape) of the bird, and then add the head (which is also roughly egg shape) according to the dynamics of the head (such as stretching, necking and twisting), and then add the wings, tail and feet. Claws need to tread steadily on the flat ground and grasp tightly on the branches. If the neck is not fully contracted, the foot will be stretched, and if the foot is contracted, the neck will be stretched. Both cannot be stretched at the same time. The most important thing is that the body should have a center of gravity, and the shape should be lively in order to show vitality.

line drawing

line drawing refers to drawing objects with ink lines without color. There is also a method of drawing figures, animals and animals in a simple way, such as two earliest silk paintings unearthed from Chu tombs in the Warring States Period, which were expressed in a simple way. In ancient China, they were called "white paintings", and Li Gonglin of the Northern Song Dynasty was a representative figure of this method.

line drawing is the main method, and light ink can also be rendered. When drawing lines, it is necessary to combine the characteristics of pen and ink with form, the turning point of brushwork is abrupt, and the thickness and lightness of lines are all based on the texture or characteristics of the objects represented. For example, thin and light line drawing petals are easy to show their tenderness and softness; Drawing leaves and branches with thicker and thicker lines is easier to show their hard and thick texture; It is easier to show the fluffy and soft feeling of birds' feathers by drawing them with thin lines that are slightly dry and empty when writing and collecting pens.

Chinese painting is the eloquence of lines, especially in white drawing, the quality of lines is the main key to the success or failure of a painting. It is advisable to use the center as the main stroke, the pressure and speed of the pen should be uniform, and the drawn line should have the effect of "soft outside and rigid inside", and the strength should be contained inside, which should not be exposed outside; Lack of pen and ink, not durable to see. Too many sharp edges and exposed strength tend to show a domineering atmosphere, and fashion can reduce the aesthetic feeling of some flowers and birds, so the lines drawn in white should be "just built in a graceful place."

In addition, the speed of pen running should not be too fast, nor should it be sluggish. It is necessary to have the meaning of "never going back", and the wrist strength must be sent to the head. When the pen is lifted up, it should not be sloppy. As for the flower line drawing, according to the demonstration provided by Professor Wu Xuerang, there are three main lines. One is to start writing and stop writing (one-word drawing), which is suitable for drawing leaf stalks, bamboo stems and so on. Secondly, it is suitable for painting Ye Jin, leaves, etc. The third is continuous arc line drawing, which is suitable for drawing petals. The following figure is a partial demonstration of drawing birds. The order of drawing birds is to draw a long pen in the mouth first, then a pen in the upper jaw and a pen in the lower jaw, and then draw eye circles, eyes, forehead, back, wings, chest, abdomen, legs, claws and tails in turn. The lines that draw fine hairs are lighter in pen setting and pen collection, and slightly thicker in the middle. If the pen setting is too heavy, it is not easy to show the texture of feathers.

double-hook coloring method

double-hook coloring method is a kind of painting method in which objects are painted with line hooks and then colored, also known as hook-le coloring method or double-hook coloring method, which is formed by dyeing colors on the basis of line drawing. Its origin is very early. The silk paintings unearthed from the Western Han Tomb in Mawangdui have already seen this kind of painting method. Huang Quan, a painter of the Five Dynasties, is a representative painter of the double-hook coloring method. His lines are slender and colorful, which is the mainstream of the flower-and-bird painting method in the Northern Song Dynasty. Xu Xi in the south of the Yangtze River also uses the double-hook coloring method, but his style is wild and he pays more attention to the interest of lines. Mo Yun, a flower-and-bird painter of later generations, used Xu Xi as his pen and Huang Quan as his color method.

In the method of painting with double hooks, you should choose cooked paper (paper) or silk. After drawing with ink lines and double hooks, you should prepare two sheepskin pens for rendering, one dipped in color and the other dipped in clear water. You should practice holding two pens in one hand first and be able to exchange them flexibly. When coloring, the color should be light, and it should be dyed several times. Push the' color on the inside (or center) of flowers and leaves to the edge with a clear water pen. The water content in the clear water pen should be appropriate. If there is too much water, it will leave traces. If it is too dry, it will not be rendered. After rendering, if the original ink lines are blurred, you can use heavy colors to hook again and again, which is called "le". At the same time, you can also dye from the back of the drawing paper to make the mosaic color of the picture more dense and uniform. There are three ways to shade flowers:

(1) Dye them one after another: first, apply the lightest color base of flowers (i.e. flat coating as the base) and then dye them with other colors. Usually, white, pink and light yellow flowers are dyed with white foundation first, and then with light green, magenta, gamboge and other colors. Leaves can be dyed with grass green background first and then with cyanine.

(2) Dye first: purplish red or crimson flowers can be dyed with cyanine (or light ink) from inside to outside before being red, and dyed leaves can also be dyed with cyanine (or light ink) before being grass green.

(3) Dyeing method: For example, pink lotus petals with red tips and slightly light green roots can be dyed with white powder at the bottom and then magenta from the tips inward, and immediately dyed with light green from the inside out, and joined before the water is dry. Broken leaves damaged by local insects can also be dyed by grafting.

It is slightly different from birds. The following picture shows Professor Wu Xuerang's demonstration. First, it is painted with light ink, and then dyed with color for the second time. After drying, it is painted with color for the third time, and then combed with hair for the fourth time. The fifth time is used to comb feathers (or animals). In order to emphasize the feeling of soft and fine feathers,

Boneless painting method. The boneless painting is said to have been created by Xu Chongsi in the Northern Song Dynasty, and there are very few painters since then. Yun Shouping in the early Qing Dynasty was a master who revived this painting and had a great influence on modern times.

It is also more appropriate to use cooked paper in boneless painting. Because ink lines are not used, the relationship between the front and back leaves or petals is curved with blank "waterline", which has the taste of white as black. Boneless painting can also be subdivided into several ways of expression:

The first one is more detailed, such as the double-hook color filling method, which only omits the ink lines of the double hooks and is made by adding dyes layer by layer.

The second painting method slightly loosens the brushwork with a little freehand brushwork, and finishes it directly with color stippling. The third painting method is to trim the color first, and then dye the parts with other similar colors before drying. Similar broken ink has a semi-fusion effect or a slightly mottled color change because of the use of cooked paper.

Generally speaking, line drawing, double-hook color painting and boneless painting machine all belong to the category of meticulous painting, and attention should be paid to the perfection of their forms.