From never betraying the Ming Dynasty to breaking off contacts: How did the Korean Dynasty drift away from the Ming Dynasty?

Text/Jiangnan Shovel Historian The establishment of the Korean Dynasty marks a new historical period in the relationship between the Korean Peninsula and China. North Korea inherited its foreign policy of "doing great things" in the late Ming Dynasty in an attempt to ensure the political stability of Lee's imperial power. Requirements for trading economic materials; The source of advanced culture. Therefore, the diplomacy between the Ming Dynasty and North Korea is regarded as a major national policy of North Korea. Based on the policy of "making things bigger", North Korea often adjusted and responded to the political changes in the Ming Dynasty in order to gain greater benefits and enhance the relationship between the Ming Dynasty and North Korea.

First, the situation in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of Korea and the establishment of its policy toward Ming Dynasty. After the establishment of the Korean dynasty, the basic national policies were "restraining Buddhism and worshiping Confucianism" in thought, "being kind to neighbors" in diplomacy and "taking agriculture as the foundation" in economy.

North Korea respects the Ming Dynasty as the suzerain country and takes a broad-minded attitude towards the Ming Dynasty to show its respect. We should adopt friendly principles towards Jurchen, Japan and Mongolia to emphasize the significance of equality. "Great event" is a kind of relationship from top to bottom, which belongs to unequal relationship. This was a special form of communication between Korea and the Ming Dynasty under the historical conditions and international environment at that time.

The most important manifestation of the great cause is the annual tribute to Beijing. Since the establishment of the Korean Dynasty, under the tribute system, the two countries have maintained a solid political and diplomatic relationship based on Korean culture and etiquette. "Neighborhood" is a parallel and loose relationship.

Li Chenggui has always been relatively pro-Ming. As early as the twenty-first year of Hongwu (1388), when the new king of North Korea and Cui Ying plotted to attack Liaodong, Li Chenggui, the then general guarding the North, was unwilling to remonstrate, saying that there were "four unique skills" in starting a business, and the first one was "fighting against the big with small ones". In the case that the protest was not adopted, Li Chenggui used the protest to stop the "crime below" incident.

The Korean dynasty established by Li Chenggui was the last feudal dynasty in Korean history.

The Korean dynasty established by Li Chenggui was the last feudal dynasty in Korean history. The previous Koryo dynasty lasted nearly 500 years and had a deep foundation in China. Although Li Chenggui seized power, there are still some opposition forces in China, and the power is not yet stable.

"The way to protect the country and defend the country is to make a big fuss about small things." If Li Chenggui wants to gain a foothold in China, he should follow the old path of North Korea and seek knighthood in the Ming Dynasty. Therefore, after the establishment of Li Chenggui regime, materialism became the basic strategy of North Korea's diplomacy towards Ming.

At the same time, materialism is the diplomatic concept of Confucianism, and it is also a strategy for small countries to preserve themselves in dealing with big countries. Due to the long-term influence of Korean culture, he also established the theory of great events, which included the norms of the relationship between monarch and minister, as the basic idea of dealing with the relationship between North Korea and the Ming Dynasty, and it was also the concrete embodiment that North Korea regarded Confucianism as the foundation of the country.

To this end, he launched active diplomacy with Ming, actively improved relations with Ming, and sincerely tried to make up with Ming to eliminate the shadow cast on the relations between the two countries by frequent regime changes in the last years of North Korea.

In July of the 25th year of Hongwu (1392), Li Chenggui deposed the late King Yao Yao of North Korea, and after he became king through marriage, he ordered the emissary Zhao Pangzhi to inform the Ming Dynasty. He did not immediately change the name of North Korea, nor did he call himself king in his diplomacy with the Ming Dynasty. He just called it "the right to know about state affairs." The title of the new dynasty also requires Ming Taizu to make a ruling to show that he agrees with the orthodoxy of the Ming Dynasty in China, and the son of heaven in China has the final decision.

Li Chenggui launched an active "great event" diplomacy with Ming and actively improved its relations with Ming.

From July 1392 to February 12, Li Chenggui made six missions to the Ming Dynasty, which was finally recognized by Ming Taizu. The Korean dynasty, which believed in Confucianism, gained external legitimacy and established close suzerain-vassal relations with the Ming Dynasty.

After the envoy brought back Zhu Yuanzhang's will, Li Chenggui announced that "from now on, North Korea's name can be used instead of North Korea's name." In the future, North Korea developed its contacts with the Ming Dynasty under the principle of "great events", taking the Ming Dynasty as a refuge and becoming the most important vassal country of the Ming Dynasty. This is the only time in Korean history that Emperor China was asked to confer a title.

In addition, North Korea also compiled the Chronicle of Major Events, which specifically stipulated the etiquette and system of communication with the Ming Dynasty, which had never appeared in other dynasties.

Although Zhu Yuanzhang gave North Korea the title, he did not canonize Li Chenggui as the "King of North Korea". Therefore, Li Chenggui can only manage the affairs of the North Korean government in the capacity of "knowing the state affairs of North Korea".

Zhu Yuanzhang didn't canonize Li Chenggui as "King of Korea" because China adhered to the principle of "respecting the monarch and ministers", and he couldn't help feeling sorry for North Korea's abolition of power ministers and regime change. Secondly, Zhu Yuanzhang had a misunderstanding about Li Chenggui, the founding monarch of North Korea, that is, he regarded Li Chenggui as the son of Li Renren, a powerful minister of North Korea, and included it in Ming Taizu Xun. As a result, Li Chenggui and his son killed four generations of North Korean kings, and they did a lot of evil.

Although Zhu Yuanzhang gave North Korea the title, he did not canonize Li Chenggui as the "King of North Korea".

In fact, it is a statewide family (located in Jeolla-do). His father Li once paid tribute to royal officials and the Minister of Housing.

For Zhu Yuanzhang to put Li Renren's extravagance on his head, Li Chenggui naturally felt very wronged, so he played the Ming Dynasty many times and asked for correction.

During this period, the communication between the Ming Dynasty and North Korea was quite disharmonious, and border disputes, nuzhen problems and stationery incidents occurred one after another, but it did not affect Li Chenggui's recognition of the orthodox status of the Ming Dynasty regime. In this way, the relationship between the two countries at that time was carried out when the Ming Dynasty recognized the Lee regime without formally conferring the title of Li Chenggui, and the relationship between the Ming Dynasty and North Korea was not fundamentally improved.

However, Li Chenggui's great plan was inherited by his successors from generation to generation, which became the national policy followed by the Korean dynasty from generation to generation and formed the foundation of the relationship between Korea and the Ming Dynasty.

In June of the third year of Han Taizu (1394, twenty-seven years of Hongwu), at the request of Zhu Yuanzhang, Li Chenggui sent his fifth son, Jing Anjun Li Fangyuan, to pay tribute in the Ming Dynasty. Li Fangyuan went to the Ming Dynasty accompanied by Zhao Pang, a member of the Central Hospital, and Nan Zai, a counselor.

During his stay in Mingdu, "the emperor introduced him again and again, and his royal highness explained it in detail, and the emperor returned it with a gift." Li Fangyuan's mission changed Zhu Yuanzhang's view of North Korea and reduced his prejudice.

Li Chenggui's grand plan was handed down from generation to generation, leaving it to his successors.

Second, the outstanding practice of Tang Taizong's foreign policy. 1400, Li Fangyuan acceded to the throne, that is, Emperor Taizong, a korean king who made great contributions. During the reign of Emperor Taizong, he vigorously developed social production and promoted cultural progress, which played an important role in comprehensively restoring relations with the Ming Dynasty, especially cultural exchanges. In the process of regime change in Li Chenggui, Li Fangyuan made the greatest contribution among Li Chenggui philosophers, and his wisdom and courage were not as good as others.

At the beginning of Li Fangyuan's accession to the throne, when the Ming Dynasty was in the "Battle of Jingnan", Li Fangyuan took advantage of the opportunity that the Ming Dynasty urgently needed Korean war horses to supplement the losses caused by the war, and achieved diplomatic achievements that could not be achieved in peacetime. For example, Emperor Wen Jian conferred Li Fangyuan as korean king.

Judy, the prince of Yan, joined the great unification, and North Korea immediately responded after learning the news of the change of dynasty in the Ming Dynasty. Quickly send envoys to He Ming Judy to ascend the pole, "take Zhai (the river) as the left house to suppress what". At the same time, please give Emperor Yongle a new name and seal. In February of the first year of Yongle (1403), Ming Taizu, the emperor, "sent a golden seal to Li Fangyuan, korean king, and gave a noble life".

Li Fangyuan successfully won the order from Emperor Yongle, not only because of the demand for Korean horses in the Ming Dynasty, but also because of the good personal relationship between Li Fangyuan and Emperor Yongle.

Previously (1394), Li Fangyuan had been to the Ming Dynasty as a prince. On his way home, he met the then prince Judy and was warmly received. "When I was in Yanfu, the prince saw it with his own eyes, and there was no escort. The only one standing by, courtesy is very thick. Because the waiter feeds wine and vegetables, it is extremely rich and clean. " This laid the foundation for the development of diplomatic relations between North Korea and Ming Dynasty.

In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of Korea, due to the urgent need to obtain orders from the Ming Dynasty to consolidate its position in the country, the three dynasties launched active "major" diplomacy towards the Ming Dynasty and put forward many demands on the Ming Dynasty. By the time of Emperor Taizong of Korea, the diplomatic relations between the two sides had formed a stable development situation.

Emperor Wen Jian canonized Li Fangyuan as korean king.

Third, the diplomacy at both ends of the light navy and Ren Zu Anyway, there were some twists and turns in the relationship between North Korea and the Ming Dynasty during the light navy period. 16 16, Nurhachi established the post-Jin Dynasty and openly opposed the Ming Dynasty. Starting from their respective strategic intentions, both sides tried to draw North Korea to their own side, which put North Korea in a dilemma.

North Korea and the Ming Dynasty have maintained a suzerain-vassal relationship for more than 200 years, so it is unacceptable to go back to the Ming Dynasty. Especially shortly after the non-Chen war, Zheng Ming saved North Korea from fire and water, and did not allow the wide navy to recite Ming. However, North Korea must face up to the military threat from the late Jin Dynasty.

Light navy knew all about the military strength of Houjin, and its military forces were no less than Hong Yan's. North Korea witnessed the development of Nurhachi's forces with its own eyes, but it was unable and unwilling to turn its back on the Ming Dynasty, so it had to try to find a balance between the two.

Embarrassed North Korea's attempt to survive between the increasingly powerful post-Jin Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty, the suzerain country, is really a move taken by the light navy.

On the other hand, the hesitation of the Ming Dynasty in conferring the title of Guang Navy was also an important reason for the formation of Guang Navy's foreign policy.

After the establishment of Nurhachi, Kim

At that time, when North Korea proclaimed Prince Wang Li, he thought that the eldest son Lin Haijun was incompetent and immoral, and the second son Guang Hai Jun was "studious, intelligent and kind since childhood, but he could also refuse China and be thrifty and self-interested", taking him as a sage, hoping that Guang Hai Jun could be canonized as a prince in the Ming Dynasty. However, the Ritual Department of Ming Dynasty refused to confer the title of Guang Navy for many times on the grounds that "the master should be the eldest son".

Until the collapse of Emperor Xuanzu, Guang Haijun was not made a prince in the Ming Dynasty. The light navy has been in a nameless state for more than ten years, and it can't get the orthodox identity of a prince. After the collapse of Xuanzu, Guang Navy has gained the status of "knowing state affairs". Ming Shenzong still believes that "the foundation of building a country lies in the long term", so we must find out before making a decision.

Five months later, the ritual department of the Ming court just played: the attack on India by the Guang Navy has become a fact, so we have to reluctantly establish the Guang Navy as the king on the grounds that "things are in other countries, and my aunt can do whatever he wants". This incident deeply influenced Guang Hai-jun, which was one of the reasons for his mediation between Ming and Hou Jin in the future.

The navy kept a wait-and-see attitude between the Ming Dynasty and the late Jin Dynasty, and adopted a dual foreign policy of neither betraying the Ming Dynasty nor angering the Jin Dynasty. This policy caused dissatisfaction in the Ming Dynasty, and Xu Guangqi even advocated "guardianship" of North Korea.

The diplomacy between the two sides of the light navy also attracted strong opposition from North Korean ministers. In the third year (1623), tomorrow, Lea Coco, nephew of Guang Navy, transferred troops flatly, and Mrs. Feng Jinda was restored. Guang Navy was deposed and drifted to Jianghua Island, which was called "Renzu Anyway" in history. The main reason for being abandoned is that Guang Navy gave Jiang Hongli, the marshal of the capital, a secret message of "changing his mind" before he took part in the Battle of Salhu in Ming Dynasty and later Jin Dynasty in the forty-seventh year of Wanli (16 19).

The battle of Salhu was a key battle in the political transition of Ming and Jin Dynasties.

The Battle of Salhu was a key battle in the political transition between the Ming Dynasty and the late Jin Dynasty, which not only had a great impact on the Ming Dynasty, but also cast a shadow over the relationship between the Ming Dynasty and North Korea.

Guang Navy and Renzu have different ideas and foreign policies. Renzu came to power with the support of the pro-Ming faction in North Korea. The pro-Ming faction believed that the Guang Navy betrayed the "reconstruction" of the Ming Dynasty and was "dishonest" to the Ming Dynasty, so it launched a coup and forced him to step down.

There is no difference between Jin Dafei's declaration and Renzu's political declaration. He wanted to unite the scholars by denying the foreign policy of Guang Navy, so as to consolidate his political power. Ren Zu's coming to power put an end to the foreign policy of "not raping the Ming Dynasty and not being angry with money" and respected the foreign principle of "taking minor matters as major events and protecting the country and defending the country". Renzu's inclination to the Ming Dynasty restored the normal relationship between Korea and the Ming Dynasty for more than 200 years, and completed the transformation of the light navy from "great event" and "strong event" to Renzu's "great event".

After being recognized by the Ming court, Renzu pursued the pro-Ming policy more firmly, which enabled North Korea and the Ming Dynasty to maintain the trust-based suzerain-vassal relationship in the turbulent late Ming Dynasty, and the two sides entered the traditional relationship form.

With the invasion of the late Jin Dynasty and the decline of the Ming Dynasty, North Korea was forced to submit to the late Jin Dynasty, and the suzerain-vassal relationship between the Ming Dynasty and North Korea came to an end with the change of the situation.

Huang taiji forced North Korea to sever relations with the Ming Dynasty.

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