All the ways to create a three-dimensional picture are here ~

The world is three-dimensional, but the photos are two-dimensional. To represent the three-dimensional level of the three-dimensional world on a plane, photographers need to get a sense of spatial depth from painting theory. The theory of creating three-dimensional sense and spatial atmosphere comes from painting. After all, photography also comes from painting and has the characteristics of * * *.

If we can use art theory to assist in the process of photography learning, we can effectively improve the quality of our photos. Although modern technology can accurately create three-dimensional images, in fact, most creative works are still two-dimensional These works use many different methods to create spatial relations, such as perspective, shadow and spatial perspective.

1 Use air to create a three-dimensional sense of space (using natural factors)

The air here refers to fog, which can have the same effect in China. Air can reduce the visibility of objects far away from the camera/audience. In this picture, due to the fog, we see that the details of the background are reduced, the mountains and other objects look blurred, and the curves and textures of glaciers in the foreground of the picture are rich.

2 Use color to create a three-dimensional space.

The advance and retreat relationship of color

Three-dimensional color theory, color includes hue, saturation (purity) and lightness. Color gives the audience a sensory experience. In the background of low brightness, warm colors appear closer to us, and cool colors seem farther away from us. On the background of high brightness, the situation is just the opposite. The following color chart illustrates this theory:

The trick to create a spatial relationship with color is to look at the background color and decide the direction of color matching according to the brightness of the background color.

Using the contrast between the sense of advance and the sense of retreat, the sense of advance and retreat changes with the hue, lightness and saturation of the color.

1. From the perspective of tone, dark tone gives people a distant feeling. Ming Diao gives people a feeling of closeness.

2. From the perspective of the warm and cold hue, warm colors have a sense of expansion, a stronger sense of progress, and cold colors have a sense of contraction, so it gives people a farther and stronger sense of retreat.

3. From the saturation of hue, the color with low saturation has stronger fading feeling;

Objects of different colors feel forward or backward. The fundamental reason for the sense of advance and retreat is the image adjustment of human lens to color. Long-wavelength warm colors form internal images on the retina, while short-wavelength cool colors form external images on the retina. The sense of advance and retreat is an illusion caused by various contrasts such as color, purity, lightness and area. Warm colors, bright colors and solid colors have a sense of progress; Cool colors, dark colors and gray all have a sense of retreat. The relationship between chromaticity and lightness can form different arrangements. Taking the standard color as an example, red is the strongest color arrangement, followed by orange, yellow, green, purple and blue; The lightness arrangement is strongest in yellow, followed by orange, red, green, blue and purple. In addition, the area contrast also has a great influence.

3 composition to create a three-dimensional space

3. 1 Leave blank to enhance the sense of space

Use blank space to increase the sense of space, and blank space is the focus of vision. Blank is an artistic technique that takes "blank" as the carrier and then renders the artistic conception. Adding some appropriate blanks to the subject is a reasonable and effective means to increase the sense of space.

If you want to design a painting with blank space, you must understand that less is more. The fewer elements, the less people's visual attention will be taken away by other useless elements. Leave a large space, and the sense of space is stronger.

The main elements occupy a large area and have strong visual impact.

Using Nikon 14-24 vertical composition shooting, it feels closer to the main body, with richer rock details and stronger impact of rocks and waves.

Reduce the area of the main body, make the surrounding blank area larger, and enhance the sense of space.

With the same camera position, the horizontal composition of Canon 1 1-24 can better show the extension of the texture of the side rock wall, and at the same time, it takes into account the beautiful flaming clouds on the right side of the picture, which makes the whole picture more spatial. However, the stone pillars are relatively small, the details are not so clear, and they are not as shocking as14 mm.

3.2 occlusion method

? "Occlusion" means covering one object with another. In this way, the reader will understand that the occluded object with incomplete outline and overall incompleteness must be in a more backward position. In telephoto photography, because the linear perspective effect to be discussed later is not obvious, occlusion has become the key technique to express the spatial depth.

The black mountain peak in front of the above picture blocks the white snow mountain behind, creating a three-dimensional atmosphere. At the same time, this picture also applies the "air sense" mentioned above to create a three-dimensional atmosphere.

3.3 Longitudinal perspective

In addition to light and shade, in classical painting, painters often use vertical perspective to express layering. The so-called vertical perspective means that the near is placed in the lower half of the picture and the far is placed in the upper half of the picture. In photography, it is very simple to get a vertical perspective effect. Just climb a little higher and improve your position. The following photo was taken on a hillside in Baihaba village. The relationship between the house in front of the tree and the house behind the tree is very clear, that is, the vertical perspective shooting method is used.

Through the following examples, we have a good understanding of the relationship between vertical perspective and blocking hair. Vertical perspective means standing on a high place and seeing the red hill in front and the green hill behind. If you stand at the foot of the mountain and see the red mountain in front and the green mountain behind, then the effect of red mountain shielding the green mountain is shielding method. Sometimes the two methods can be used together, and the vertical composition is more stereoscopic and the depth of field is extended.

Case development: occlusion method+vertical perspective+vertical composition

Because both occlusion and vertical perspective can express the sense of space, if we combine them, the three-dimensional order of photos will be clearer. Whether it is occlusion or vertical perspective, it can be achieved by changing the camera position in the early stage, so the photographer may wish to consider it more when composing.

I climbed the fire watchtower and made a vertical composition with a telephoto lens. Although the telephoto lens has the effect of compressing the depth of field, standing at a height overlooking the forest, the trees in front block the trees behind. The comprehensive application of occlusion, vertical perspective and vertical composition can make the picture look more stereoscopic. The picture also has the contrast of cold and warm light and shadow, and the advance and retreat of hue brightness.

3.4 the use of linear perspective to create spatial relations

In the western art after the Renaissance, linear perspective was widely used in painting, which directly led foreign photographers to like to use wide-angle composition when shooting, highlighting linear perspective to express spatial levels.

Linear perspective, in short, is "big near, small far away". The original parallel lines will continue to converge when they extend to the distance until they converge into a small point at the vanishing point. In photography, we often use lenses (especially wide-angle lenses) to highlight the front, middle and back scenes under linear perspective in three ways: converging lines, repeatedly reducing and exaggerating the foreground.

3.4. 1 convergence line/vanishing point

The shooting of convergence line is to highlight the sense of space by using linear objects that extend and converge far away in the scene. For example, the following starfish rock was shot by Canon 1 1-24, which has a wider perspective and can accommodate more prospects and more guiding lines. This guide line formed by the impact of sea waves in the trench will guide the line of sight to the five rocks in the middle scene, while human vision has phototaxis, so it will naturally look towards the sun and guide the line of sight to the middle scene. In nature, roads, bridges, water flows, etc. Are natural convergence lines. Shooting in the early stage of composition can not only shoot the guide line, but also greatly improve the layering of the photo.

3.4.2 Repeated reduction

One of the major manifestations of linear perspective is that the near is big and the far is small. Therefore, if we make a composition, especially when shooting the foreground from a wide angle, we can find some duplicate objects. Then these repeated objects will shrink from near to far in the picture, and they can show a sense of space. The same columnar volcanic rocks gradually become smaller in the picture, which leads the line of sight to the distant sun, which is the performance of repeated shrinkage.

3.4.3? Reference method

In photography, photographers often use low-angle and close-range shooting methods to exaggerate the size of foreground objects by using linear perspective of near-large and far-small, so that the audience can understand the relationship between objects. The key to exaggerating the foreground is to find the original relatively small object, which is bigger or almost as big as the original larger object in the background in the picture. The sense of perspective space can only be reflected by the dislocation relationship between picture performance and human cognition.

The blue flowers with exaggerated foreground are in sharp contrast with the snow-capped mountains in the distance.

4 contrast between reality and reality to create a three-dimensional space

4. 1? Using dynamic method to establish spatial relationship

4. 1. 1 pixel dynamic method

This method follows the dynamic law. A moving object seems to move faster in a short distance and slower in a long distance. Because this method is based on dynamic laws, it is mainly used to represent dynamic objects. In photography, it can appear as blurred foreground or background.

Through the long exposure shooting of 240S, the dynamic flowing clouds (background) are matched with the static rocks in the foreground, giving people a feeling that time and time flow slowly in the landscape.

Through the slow door, the dynamic effects such as the drawing and splashing of the waves are photographed, which forms a "dynamic" and "static" contrast with the rocks in the picture, creating a three-dimensional sense of the picture.

Bird shooting photography also uses some slow doors to empty the wings of birds, reflecting the dynamic nature of bird flight, which is also one of the means to create three-dimensional images by dynamic methods.

4. 1.2 fuselage dynamic method

Focus-chasing and pull-focusing shooting is a very interesting shooting technique, and it is a basic shooting technique with clear central theme and blurred background. By using the slow shutter speed and moving the camera lens through the law of focus pursuit, the dynamic early shooting technology with clear subject and blurred background can be realized.

Coke chasing method

The focus tracking method is to focus automatically with a camera. After focusing on the subject by half pressing the shutter, it moves smoothly with the object for a period of time. Press the shutter. After pressing the shutter, don't stop moving immediately, but move along the direction for a period of time, so as not to stop shooting before the shutter ends and the focus center will not be clear. Be sure to pay attention to the direction of movement: it is a smooth movement on a horizontal line! Sports photography also often uses focus-chasing shooting to create a three-dimensional sense.

Coke pushing method

If you want to shoot a regular radial and focus the center clearly, please use a SLR zoom lens. When shooting, press the shutter and slowly turn the lens manually to zoom, which will produce the special effect of explosion, that is, the legendary pushing effect. To shoot this kind of special effect, it is generally to determine the shooting distance after selecting the object. First, manually press the shutter to make the camera focus automatically, and then use the shutter priority shooting mode to manually rotate the lens to zoom while shooting.

Generally speaking, the shutter should not be too fast, mainly a slow shutter, so as not to end the picture shooting before the focus starts. It is best to use a tripod to shoot, and the slow door shooting avoids the blurring of the center of the picture caused by hand shaking.

A few days ago, on the official account of WeChat, a photographer said that this picture is the explosion effect of the starry sky shot by pushing the focus. In fact, this is misleading to readers. This picture is a special effect of PS 50 cents in the later period. The reason is that the trees in the picture are still very clear, and there is no sense of blur spreading to the edge of the lens. Moreover, some stars are still dotted, and not all stars are pulled into linear radiation.

The first version of the plug-in of the peninsula snowman can realize this small function with one click, and later versions have removed this function. In fact, the first version of the snowman plug-in also has a "comet" function, and what's even cooler is that the tail of the comet is quite realistic.

4.2 Use focus to create spatial relationships

This way is easy to understand in photography. By focusing, the object struggling with the viewer becomes clear, while the object at the far end becomes blurred. On the contrary, focusing on distant objects will blur the close shot, which can also create a spatial relationship. A large aperture lens can produce a very shallow depth of field effect. For example, Canon's 200mm f 1.8 mirror has the reputation of air cutting machine. In architectural photography, the angle between the optical axis and the focal plane can also be changed by changing the inclination function of the axis-shifting lens to achieve the effect of miniature landscape.

4.3 PS later five hairs special effect method (DUANG)

Nowadays, many people like to add this dynamic fuzzy special effect to shoot the forest, which is simple and violent. This kind of gameplay once became an explosion on the Internet. Either the cloud adds dynamic blur or the radial blur effect simulates the slow door effect. The radial blur filter can simulate the explosive shooting mode of "pushing focus" mentioned above, and the dynamic blur filter can also simulate the shooting mode of "shifting focus" mentioned above.

Even the tilt effect of the shift lens can be confused by the shift blur filter of PS. In fact, the following picture was not taken with a shift lens, but with Canon 17-40. In the later period, PS shift filter simply and violently simulated the miniature landscape effect.

5 the shaping of light and shadow in the later period

Any shadowed image is based on light. A brighter part of the image means that this side is closer to the light source. In a scattered light environment, such as outdoors, the light source comes from the sky, darker objects are closer to the viewer, and brighter objects look farther away. In the picture below, it was originally just a picture with two circles, which had no three-dimensional sense. After adding a light source to the right, the same picture immediately appears spatial relationship.

The relationship between this method and the method of light creation is like two sides of a coin, which is also reflected in any shadow picture. In the same diagram as before, we can see the spatial relationship after adding shadows. The relationship between this method and the method of light creation is like two sides of a coin, which is also reflected in any shadow picture.

In the same diagram as before, we can see the spatial relationship after adding shadows. This method of creating a three-dimensional sense can also be classified as the creation of color brightness in essence, especially when the light source is a side light source.

However, although this picture is also a sphere, because it is a backlight, not a sidelight, it is not good to enhance the stereoscopic effect of the sphere with this painting method of "artificial light distribution in the later stage" (it can slightly enhance the stereoscopic effect of a sidelight, which cannot be overemphasized), because any later operation can only follow the trend and cannot violate the light path and natural laws.