How do college students learn from Ma Yuan?

Learn from Ma Yuan by heart. Ma Yuan's content is abstract, focusing on understanding. Listening in class must pay attention to content understanding. It is also important to pay attention to the key points of the teacher's lecture and take notes. When reviewing, it is suggested to use mind map to assist memory. Both study and review should pay attention to efficiency. Ten hours of hard work is not as good as one hour of concentration.

1, in the usual study, we should first memorize the most basic knowledge of Ma Yuan and understand the basic concepts and laws of various principles of Ma Yuan;

2, in the case of understanding the basic knowledge, gradually grasp the connection and difference of related content, and in-depth understanding;

3. Next, we should simply apply the principle knowledge. We should consciously use Marxist positions and methods to expound and demonstrate a certain point of view, and learn to achieve mastery through a comprehensive study.

Second, how to use the mind map?

To make a mind map, first take the chapter title as the mother theme, then set the sub-theme (first-level knowledge points) according to the knowledge points in this chapter, and then extend the second and third-level knowledge points behind the first-level knowledge points.

Mind mapping can help us get familiar with the whole chapter faster and faster when reciting and reviewing. The scope of short answer questions is generally in the second and third level knowledge points. When reviewing, you can learn level 3, because you have already learned level 2 in the process of learning level 3 knowledge points. If we want to get points on essay questions, we need to accumulate more, recite more, think more and summarize the rules of getting points.

Third, summary of knowledge points

1. What is Marxism? What are its main features? p2

(1) Marxism was founded by Marx and Engels and developed for their successors (in terms of the achievements of their creators and successors). It is a scientific theoretical system aimed at criticizing capitalism, building socialism and realizing * * * productism (in terms of its research object and main content), and it is a discipline about the proletariat and human liberation (in terms of stage attributes).

(2) The basic characteristics of Marxist philosophy are scientific, practical and revolutionary.

2.？ What is the social and historical background and direct theoretical source of Marxism? pregnenolone

In 1930s and 1940s, the three major workers' movements (Lyon Workers' Uprising in France, British Constitutional Movement and Silesia Textile Workers' Uprising in Germany) marked that the proletariat entered the political arena as an independent political force.

Three theoretical sources: German classical philosophy, British classical political economy and utopian socialism in Britain and France.

3. How to understand the relationship between philosophy and world outlook? p22

Philosophy is a systematic theoretical world outlook.

4. What is the basic problem of philosophy? What are the two aspects? p22

Basic question: the relationship between thinking and existence

Two aspects: first, being and thinking, who is the origin of the world; Secondly, what does our idea of the world around us have to do with the world itself? Can our minds know the real world? In our expressions and concepts about the real world, can we correctly reflect the facts?

5. What is the difference between materialism and idealism, dialectics and metaphysics?

1) The fundamental difference between materialism and idealism lies in the origin of the world. Materialists believe that the origin of the world is matter, that is, matter determines consciousness. On the other hand, idealists know that the origin of the world is consciousness.

2) Dialectics insists on looking at the world from a connected, developing and comprehensive point of view. It is believed that the fundamental reason for development lies in the internal contradictions of things. Metaphysics, on the other hand, advocates looking at problems from an isolated, static and previous point of view, denying the existence and function of internal contradictions in things.

6. What development stages did materialism go through? What are the characteristics of each stage? p24

A:? Materialism has experienced ancient naive materialism, modern metaphysical mechanical materialism and modern materialism put forward by Lenin in history.

1. ancient naive materialism explained the world from concrete material forms.

2. Modern metaphysical materialism, that is, mechanical materialism. The basic feature of metaphysical materialism is to equate matter with atoms on the basis of modern science.

Modern materialism: Matter is a philosophical category that marks objective reality and is perceived by people through feelings. It does not depend on our feelings, but is copied, photographed and reflected by our feelings. .

7. What is dialectical materialism's material view and its philosophical significance? p24

Meaning: Matter is an objective reality that exists independently of our consciousness and is reflected by our consciousness. Significance: 1) adhere to the principle of objective reality of matter, adhere to materialism monism, and draw a clear line with idealism and dualism. 2) Insist on dynamic reflection theory and agnosticism, and strongly criticize agnosticism. 3) It embodies the unity of materialism and dialectics and overcomes the defects of metaphysical materialism. 4) It embodies the unity of materialistic view of nature and history, and makes materialism thorough.

8. What is the origin and essence of consciousness? p28

Origin: 1) Consciousness is the product of the long-term development of nature 2) Consciousness is the product of social history.

Essence: The functions and attributes of the human brain are subjective imagination of the objective world.

9. How to understand the dynamic role of consciousness? p29

1) Consciousness activities are purposeful and planned; 2) Conscious activities are creative; 3) Conscious activities can guide practice and transform the objective world; 4) Conscious activities can guide and control people's behavior and physiological activities.

10. How to understand the dialectical unity of objective regularity and subjective initiative? p30

1) Respecting objective laws is the premise of exerting subjective initiative.

2) Only by giving full play to subjective initiative can we correctly understand and use objective laws.

1 1. How to understand the relationship between exercise and development? p36

Development is a forward and upward movement. From the content point of view, the development process of things is the renewal of things in the form of movement, morphology, structure, function and relationship.

12. What is the main manifestation of the practicality of social life? p27

1) Practice is the foundation of social relations? 2) Practice constitutes the basic field of social life? 3) Practice is the driving force of social development.

13. How to understand the connection and development of the material world and its methodological significance? p37

1)? The connection and development of things are realized through a series of basic links, such as causality, phenomenon and essence, content and form, inevitability and contingency, reality and possibility. 2) The development of a series of basic links in the development of things connection includes and embodies a series of basic laws such as the law of unity of opposites, the law of mutual change of quality, and the law of negation of negation.

2) The meaning of connecting 1. We are required to be good at analyzing the concrete connection of things and examining the general connection of things from the dynamic. 2. The principle of universal connection of things requires us to correctly understand the relationship between man and nature, man and man, man and society, adhere to overall planning and promote coordinated and sustainable economic and social development. The principle of universal connection of things requires us to conform to the world trend, seize the opportunity, open wider to the outside world and develop ourselves.

The significance of development: we are required to observe and deal with problems from the viewpoint of movement, change and development; 2. We are required to see the relatively static existence of things; We are required to know that things are the principle of change and development.

14. What are the three laws of materialist dialectics? p39

1) The law of unity of opposites reveals that contradiction is the source and motive force of the development of things. Is it the essence and core of materialist dialectics? 2) The laws of quantitative change and qualitative change reveal that quantitative change and qualitative change are two states of things development. 3) The law of negation of negation reveals that progress and twists and turns are the direction and road of things.

15. What is contradiction and its basic attributes? p40

( 1)? The meaning of contradiction:? Contradiction is a philosophical category that reflects the unity of opposites within and between things.

(2)? The basic attribute of contradiction:? The opposite attribute, that is, struggle; The unified attribute, namely identity.

16. What is the dialectical relationship between identity and struggle of contradictions? p40

The identity of contradiction and the struggle of contradiction are interrelated and complementary. Without struggle, there is no identity, no identity and no struggle. The struggle lies in identity.

17. Dialectical relationship between universality and particularity of contradiction? p42

The universality and particularity of contradiction are dialectical unity. The universality of contradiction is the essence of contradiction, and the particularity of contradiction is the individuality of contradiction. Contradiction is unconditional and absolute, and the particularity of contradiction is conditional and relative. Everything is the unity of * * * and individuality, and * * * belongs to individuality. Without individuality or individuality, there is no * * *.

What is quality? p43

1) Quality is the inherent stipulation that distinguishes one thing from other things.

2) Quantity is the stipulation that the scale, degree and speed of things can be expressed by quantitative relations.

3) Degree: it is the quantitative boundary to maintain the stability of things, that is, the limit, amplitude and scope of things. The two ends of a degree are called junctions or critical points. If it exceeds the range of degrees, this thing will be transformed into something else.

19. The dialectical relationship between quantitative change and qualitative change? p44

The dialectical relationship between quantitative change and qualitative change is as follows: First, quantitative change is a necessary preparation for qualitative change. Second, qualitative change is the inevitable result of quantitative change. Third, quantitative change and qualitative change are interpenetrating. Quantitative change and qualitative change are interdependent and interrelated, and quantitative change leads to qualitative change. On the basis of new quality, things begin to change again, and so on, forming the law of mutual change of things' quality. The law of mutual change of quality embodies the unity of gradual development and leap development of things.

20. Dialectical negative view and its methodological significance? p44

The basic contents of dialectical negation are as follows: first, negation is the self-denial of things and the result of contradictory movements within things; ? Second, negation is a link in the development of things; Third, negation is the bond between the old and the new? 4. What is the essence of dialectical negation? Subversion? That is, new things criticize and inherit old things, overcome negative factors and retain their positive factors.

Meaning:? We are required to adopt a scientific and analytical attitude towards everything and oppose the negative metaphysical views that affirm everything and deny everything.

2 1. How to understand that the development of things is spiraling? p45

That is to say, the development falters, which is reflected in recovery, including temporary pause or retrogression, but after twists and turns, it will eventually open the way for the development of things.

22. What is practice? What are the basic characteristics and forms of practice? p59

(1) the significance of practice

Practice is a perceptual material activity that human beings can actively transform the world.

(2) What are the basic characteristics of practice?

Direct reality, conscious initiative and social historicity

(3) The basic form of practice?

Foundation: Material production practice, social and political practice and scientific and cultural practice.

New: Virtual Practice

23. How to understand the decisive role of practice in cognition? p62

Practice determines cognition, and practice is the basis of cognition. Its decisive role in cognition is mainly reflected in the following four aspects:

1) Practice is the source of knowledge; 2) Practice is the driving force of cognitive development; 3) Practice is the purpose of cognition; 4) Practice is the only criterion for testing the truth.

24. How to understand the nature of cognition? p64

Divided into two fundamentally opposite cognitive routes:

1) The materialist cognitive line adheres to the position of reflection theory, and holds that cognition is the reflection of subject to object. According to the materialist reflection theory, all human knowledge comes from the contact between the acquired and the reality.

2) The idealistic cognitive route denies that cognition is the reflection of the brain to the objective world, and regards cognition as something that precedes material and human practical experience. Subjective idealism holds that human cognition is subjective and spontaneous.

25. What is the main difference between the reflection theory of positive revolution and the negative and intuitive reflection theory? p65

1) differences in actual views

The theory of negative intuitive reflection ignores the decisive role of practice in cognition and regards cognition as a passive intuitive reflection of the subject to the object.

The reflection theory of active revolution introduces the scientific view of practice into epistemology, pointing out that cognition is the active reflection of the subject to the object on the basis of practice; It is emphasized that practice is an important source, motivation, fundamental purpose and testing means of cognition.

2) Differences in dialectics

Negative intuitive reflection theory denies the dialectical process of cognitive development and holds that cognition is completed at one time like looking in a mirror.

The reflection theory of dynamic revolution applies materialist dialectics to epistemology and scientifically explains the dialectical process of repeated and infinite development of cognition. Affirmed the positive guiding role of correct understanding in revolutionary practice.

26. How to understand the basic laws of cognitive movement? p67

Cognition is an endless dialectical development process from perceptual cognition to rational cognition, from rational cognition to practice, practice, cognition, re-practice and re-cognition.

27. The dialectical relationship between perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge? p69

Dialectical relationship between perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge (1) Rational knowledge depends on perceptual knowledge, and rational knowledge must be based on perceptual knowledge. (2) perceptual knowledge needs to develop and deepen to rational knowledge. (3) Perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge permeate and contain each other.

28. How to understand the objectivity and monism of truth? p74

1) the objectivity of truth means that the content of truth is a correct reflection of the law of objective things, and truth contains objective content that does not depend on human consciousness;

2) The objectivity of truth determines the monism of truth. Truth monism means that there is only one truth for a specific cognitive object, and it will not change because of the differences and changes in the subject's cognition.

29. How to understand the absoluteness and relativity of truth? ? p75

The absoluteness of truth means that the content of truth shows the certainty of the unity of subjective and objective and the infinity of development.

Relativity of truth means that people's correct understanding of the objective process of things and its development law is always limited under certain conditions.

30. How to understand that practice is the only criterion for testing truth? p82

From the essence of truth, truth is a correct reflection of objective things and their development laws, and its essence lies in subjective understanding.

Understanding conforms to objective reality, and testing truth is to judge whether subjective understanding conforms to objective reality and to what extent. To test whether an understanding is true, we can only link the subjective with the objective, and only practice can link the subjective with the objective. Practice is a bridge between subjectivity and objectivity, and it is a "crossing point" between subjectivity and objectivity.

(2) From the characteristics of practice, practice is an objective material activity for people to transform the world, which has the characteristics of direct reality. It is the direct reality of practice that makes people's subjective ideas verified in reality, whether they conform to the objective reality and whether they achieve the expected results in a benign direction, making them the main basis for testing the standard of truth.

3 1. What are the meanings and characteristics of philosophical values? p85

1) value is a category that reveals the significance of the external objective world to meet people's needs, and it refers to the significance of objects with specific attributes to the needs of the subject.

2) Features: objectivity, subjectivity, social historicity and multidimensional.

32. How to understand the dialectical relationship between social existence and social consciousness? p 107

Social existence and social consciousness are dialectical unity. Social existence determines social consciousness, which is a reflection of social existence and counteracts social existence. 1) Social existence is the objective source of social consciousness, which is the subjective reflection of the extreme conditions in the process of social material life. 2) Social consciousness is the product of people's social material communication. 3) With the development of social existence, social consciousness will change and develop correspondingly sooner or later. 4) Social existence determines social consciousness, which reflects social existence in the form of theory, concept and psychology.

33. Is the social consciousness relatively independent? p 108

1) Incomplete synchronization and imbalance between social consciousness and social existence.

2) The mutual influence among various forms within social consciousness and their respective historical inheritance.

3) the dynamic response of social consciousness to social existence

34. How to understand that science and technology are the primary productive forces? p 1 1 1

1) Science and technology can be applied to the production process, combined with factors such as labor materials, labor objects and laborers in productivity and transformed into real productivity. 2) The invention and creation of science and technology will cause profound changes and great progress in labor materials, labor objects and laborers' quality; Applying science and technology to the organization and management of production can greatly improve management efficiency; Workers' mastery of science and technology can greatly improve labor productivity.

35. The dialectical relationship between productivity and production relations, economic base and superstructure? p 1 13

1) The relationship between productivity and production relations is that productivity determines production relations, and production relations have a dynamic reaction to productivity.

2) The relationship between economic base and superstructure is: 1) The economic base determines the superstructure; 2) The superstructure reacts on the economic base. 3) The interaction between economic base and superstructure constitutes the contradictory movement between them. 4) The internal relationship between economic base and superstructure constitutes the law that superstructure must adapt to economic base.

36. What is the meaning of the masses? In what aspects does it play a decisive role in creating history? p 140

From a qualitative point of view, the masses of the people refer to all people who promote social and historical development; In terms of quantity, people refer to the vast majority of the social population.

Function: ① People are creators of social material wealth ② People are creators of social spiritual wealth.

The people are the decisive force of social change.

37. What is the basic contradiction of commodity economy based on private ownership? p 158

The contradiction between private labor and social labor

38. How to understand the duality of commodity and labor? p 152

Two factors: use value and value.

Duality: any kind of labor, on the one hand, is a special concrete labor, on the other hand, it is a general abstract labor.

39. What is the content, manifestation and function of the law of value? p 155

Content: The value of commodities is determined by the socially necessary labor time for producing commodities, and the exchange of commodities is based on value and carried out according to the principle of equivalent exchange.

Manifestation: Commodity prices fluctuate spontaneously around commodity values.

Positive effects: 65,438+0) spontaneous adjustment of the distribution ratio between the means of production and the labor force in various production departments of society; 2) spontaneously stimulate the development of social productive forces; 3) spontaneous adjustment of social income distribution;

Negative impact: 1) leads to waste of social resources; 2) leading to income polarization; 3) hinder the progress of technology.

40. How to understand that labor is transformed into commodities and money is transformed into capital? p 169

1) Labor becomes a commodity: there are two conditions for labor to become a commodity: 1 A laborer is a free man and can control his own labor as his own commodity; Laborers have no other goods to sell, and they are free to have nothing, and they have no material conditions necessary to realize their own labor force. These two conditions were gradually formed in the process of primitive accumulation of capital in the late feudal society.

2) Converting money into capital: Money owners can get surplus value by buying this special commodity of labor, and money will be converted into capital. The transformation of money into capital is based on the premise that labor becomes a commodity.

4 1. What are the two basic methods to produce surplus value? p 176

Production of absolute surplus value: the surplus value generated by extending the length of working days under the condition that the necessary working hours remain unchanged;

Production of relative surplus value: the surplus value produced by shortening the necessary labor time and relatively extending the surplus labor time.

42. The basis and significance of the division of constant capital and variable capital? p 175

Variable capital: the part of capital used to buy labor.

Constant capital: capital in the form of means of production.

Basis: In the process of capitalist production, capital has two forms: means of production and labor. According to their different roles in surplus value production, capital can be divided into constant capital and variable capital.

Significance: 1), which further reveals the source of surplus value 2), and provides a scientific basis for determining the degree of exploitation of hired workers by capitalists.

43. What is capital accumulation? What is its essence and historical trend? p 179

Capital accumulation is the conversion of surplus value into capital, that is, the capitalization of surplus value.

Essence: Capitalists constantly use the surplus value created by workers to expand the scale and further expand and strengthen the exploitation and rule of workers.

Historical trend: the capitalist system will inevitably perish and the socialist system will inevitably win.

44. How to understand the relationship between surplus value and profit? p 186

The profit actually comes from the surplus value created by the labor force purchased by capital households with variable capital in the production process; Surplus value and profit are not only the same in quality, but also the essence of profit, which is the manifestation of surplus value and equal in quantity; The only difference between surplus value and profit is that surplus value is for variable capital, while profit is for all capital.

45. What are the basic characteristics and root causes of the economic crisis? p 189

Basic characteristics: overproduction

The root cause: the basic contradiction of capitalism is embodied in the following two aspects: first, the contradiction between the trend of unlimited expansion of production and the relative shrinking demand of working people with the ability to pay; Second, the contradiction between the organized production of individual enterprises and the anarchy of the whole social production.

46. What are the causes of monopoly? p203

1) When the concentration of production develops to a fairly high level, very few enterprises will unite to manipulate and control the production and sales of their own departments and implement monopoly to obtain high profits? 2) The large-scale enterprise will restrict competition and lead to monopoly? 3) Fierce competition has brought more and more serious losses to all competitors. In order to avoid mutual losses, enterprises will reach a compromise, unite and implement monopoly.

47. What are the new features of competition under monopoly conditions? p204

Overall: large scale, long time, cruel means, intense degree and more destructive.

(1) The main purpose of competition is to grab high monopoly profits and consolidate and expand monopoly position. (2) The scale of competition is unprecedented than in the past. (3) The means of competition are more diverse and unscrupulous. (4) The scope of competition extends from the economic field to all fields, and from domestic to foreign countries. (5) The competition is more intense, the time is longer, and the destructive consequences are more serious.

48. What are the means by which financial oligarchs rule in the economic and political fields? p2 15

1) In the economic field, the main means for financial oligarchs to exercise overall rule is the "participation system". 2) The political rule of financial oligarchs is mainly achieved through "personal alliance". The purpose of financial oligarchy rule is to consolidate its economic rule.

49. What are the manifestations of economic globalization? What are the consequences? p2 17

1. Performance of economic globalization

1) Further deepening of international division of labor 2) Globalization of trade 3) Globalization of finance 4) Globalization of enterprise production and operation.

2. Consequences of economic globalization

Overall: To promote the development of world productive forces, developed capitalist countries are the main beneficiaries of economic globalization.

Economic globalization also has a positive impact on developing countries:

1) developing countries can introduce advanced technology and management experience to enhance their economic competitiveness;

2) It can attract foreign investment, expand employment and give full play to the advantages of labor resources.

3) The expanding international market can be used to solve the problem of product sales, and foreign trade can drive the development of domestic economy.

4) We can set up large multinational companies with the help of investment liberalization and comparative advantages, and actively participate in the process of economic globalization.

Negative consequences:? 1) The gap between developed and developing countries has widened. 2) Ignoring social progress in economic growth, environmental degradation and economic globalization may occur at the same time. ? 3) The original system, government leadership, social facilities, policy system, values and culture of countries, especially relatively backward countries, are all facing the impact of globalization, and governance crises have emerged in different degrees both within countries and in the international community. ? 4) It is economic globalization that makes the adjustment of industrial structure in various countries become a global behavior, which not only provides conditions for the improvement of one country's economic competitiveness, but also may become dependence on other countries.

50. How to understand the new changes of contemporary capitalism? p228

1). The change of contemporary capitalism is fundamentally the result of the general law of human social development and the law of capitalist economy.

2) The change of contemporary capitalism is a change within the basic framework of the capitalist system, which does not mean that the fundamental nature of capitalist relations of production has changed.

3) Although some new changes have taken place in capitalism, these changes have not changed the nature of the capitalist system, nor have they overcome the basic contradictions of capitalism.