Zou detailed information collection

Zou (1865438+August 5, 2009-1869), born in Bichong, dali town, Nanhai County, Guangdong Province, has a nickname. China was a physicist and scholar in Qing Dy

Zou (1865438+August 5, 2009-1869), born in Bichong, dali town, Nanhai County, Guangdong Province, has a nickname. China was a physicist and scholar in Qing Dynasty and a pioneer of modern science in China.

Zou began to study optics at the age of 17. With 1844, Zou is called "the father of China cameras". He also made telescopes, microscopes and seven political instruments, and was also the first person to study Mohism in modern times.

Most of Zou's manuscripts and homemade musical instruments were left to future generations. Zou Yisheng wrote a lot, but most of them were unfinished manuscripts. After his death, Chen Li, a scholar, selected a part of his last manuscript, which was published at the same time with Zou Manuscript and spread to the world.

Chinese name: Zou alias: "Father of China's camera" Nationality: China Birthplace: Bichong, dali town, Nanhai County, Guangdong Province Date of birth: June 15th, Jiaqing 24th (1865438+August 5th, 2009) Date of death: May, Tongzhi 8th year (1869) Occupation: scholar, physicist.

Invented and manufactured the first camera in China.

Self-made map drawing methods: life, major achievements, glass plate photography, map drawing, other fields, published works, anecdotes and allusions, character evaluation, character commemoration, birch park, birch cup, and others. In the 24th year of Jiaqing (18 19), Zou was born in a teaching family in Bichong, Nanhai. His father and grandfather were well educated. /kloc-at the age of 0/0, he was taken home by his grandfather, a famous poet, and taught him Zhouyi and Nine Chapters Arithmetic, which laid the foundation for Zou's interest in studying western culture and scientific knowledge in the future. Later, Zou had worshipped Liang Xuyong, who loved arithmetic, as a teacher. While teaching Confucian classics, he learned a lot of ancient mathematics knowledge with Liang Xuyong. Zou's portrait has been Daoguang for fifteen years (1835), and Zou, who is 0/7 years old, became interested in the study of lens imaging because he saw Ta Ying and Yang Suiying in Meng Qian Bi Tan. After discovering the arithmetic mistakes in the ancient Book of Changes of Shu Jing, he began to study mathematics tirelessly, and the common shadow of the lake and the tower plunged him into the study of optics. In the 24th year of Daoguang (1844), Zou invented and manufactured the first camera in China. The method of photographic mapping is designed. He also wrote Interpretation of Metric Version to explain the principle and usage of Metric Version. In the twenty-five years of Daoguang (1845), Zou's photographic documents became one of the earliest photographic documents in the world. Xianfeng three years (1853), he designed and manufactured "logarithmic ruler", which has many functions, besides general calculation, it can also be used to calculate uniformity, astronomy, volume and so on. In the seventh year of Xianfeng (1857), Zou created the "Seven Political Instruments", which was the senior of Zou Renxue Haitang and had a close relationship with Chen Li, the master of Confucian classics. Chen often asks Zou to solve his academic problems. Three years of tongzhi (1864), the method of field photography mapping. Guo Songtao recommended Zou to the court, but Zou refused because of illness. When Zeng Guofan visited Liangjiang, he hoped that Zou would teach in the academy set up by Shanghai Machinery Bureau, but he failed to do so. In the fourth year of Tongzhi (1865), Guo Songtao, the governor of Guangdong, hired him to be responsible for surveying and mapping the coastal map of Guangdong. Zou improved the method of "drawing a circle with a circle" he founded into an ellipse drawing method. He believes that the radius of the earth's poles is smaller than the radius of the equator and is elliptical. The calculation should be "calculated by elliptic curvature". Make the drawing technology more accurate. Tongzhi for eight years (1869), died of illness and was buried in Bichong, Nanhai County, his hometown. Zou's camera, which is the main achievement of glass plate photography, is a camera. Photography can be successful as long as you feel photochemical substances and configure photosensitive plates. According to the research of scholars, Zou solved these problems. In one of Zou's scattered articles, the camera's wet printing method and the operation process of wet printing are described. Zou also left a loose draft page describing the ingredients and formulas of these compounds. In this medicine formula, Zou was the first to name three acidic substances: nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and acetic acid. This batch of medicinal materials can be bought in Macao from the 1950s of 19, but Zou Duo is prepared with local raw materials. Egg glue is an extremely important chemical substance in glass photography, and its main component is egg white (that is, protein). Dai Nianzu said that the "gas water" may be distilled water, and alum is added to purify the water. Beat the egg white, a little salt and purified water evenly with chopsticks (the beating time should not be too short), scrape off the floating foam, beat it evenly again, thread it, and then pour it into a basin for clarification. After cleaning, pour it into a porcelain plate or a glass plate for later use. This kind of egg white can be regarded as a satisfactory silver salt carrier on glass or paper. Carefully put one side of the glass plate or paper into a porcelain dish filled with egg white to make it adhere to the egg white evenly, and then put it into a silver salt solution to make it adhere to the silver salt solution evenly, thus making a positive film (or film) of a silver positive panel or paper. Early glass photography was delayed because egg white glue and its patient and meticulous operation were not found. However, Zou Qi Bo did not record the quantity of each drug in detail. Zou's photo was taken at 1863- 1866. Zou took many photos with his own camera and sensitizer. One of the self-portrait glass bottom plates is treasured in Guangzhou Museum. 1973, Dai Nianzu developed a very clear picture of Zou with this negative. Before 1839, Daguerre made the first practical silver camera, which consisted of two wooden cases. One wooden box is inserted into another to focus, and the lens cover is used as a shutter, and the exposure time is controlled for up to 30 minutes, so that a clear image can be taken. The camera invented by Zou is not far from here. Some researchers pointed out that there was no evidence that Zou's camera had ever participated in Daguerre's invention, so it was probably his own invention. Another breakthrough achievement of Zou in map drawing is to apply his own research results to map drawing. In the aspect of map drawing, the drawing of latitude and longitude was a difficult problem at that time. Although at the end of 15, the spherical theory of the earth had been widely recognized by the west, by the Qing Dynasty, there were even overwhelming voices against the spherical theory, which was more than 200 years later than the west. At that time, Zou, who was already a pioneer in science, accepted this theory and soon studied it. Zou believes that "using the half-degree tangent method, the internal density is sparse, which is inconsistent with the real number." He developed the drawing method of expressing longitude and latitude lines with curves, because the earth is round, "Draw a circle with a circle, and its shape is Xiao Ye". Zou explored the drawing method of expressing longitude and latitude lines with curves, and began to design and use photography to draw maps. His photographic mapping opened a dusty door for the field survey and investigation of ancient surface geology in China, and he also became a scientific pioneer of modern mapping. He used his own method to redraw the most authoritative national map at that time, The Whole Map of Emperor Xing (AD ***66), which became the most expensive map in Luoyang at that time. In addition, he also led his disciples to draw maps of their hometowns, such as Guangdong Province, Nanhai County and Xungang Prefecture. Zou was inspired by the geometric principle of "measuring height with a plane mirror" in the surveying works introduced to China by Jesuits, and immediately used the landscape instrument for mapping and plane survey. "Camera" also left a very specific description of the drawing and measurement methods. At the same time, Zou also clearly knows that the drawing paper must be on the focal plane of the objective lens. Therefore, the objects or areas to be drawn should not be too scattered, and the distance difference is too large. Only in this way can we achieve "painting is no different from seeing the scenery in person". The Map of Hong Kong Island and the Panorama of Mulberry Circles painted by disciple Zou are all drawn by this photography method. This photo opens the technical door of modern aerial surveying and mapping and surface geological survey. In the field of physics, Zou's telescopes developed in other fields include The Art of Finding the Center of Gravity, The Theory of Finding the Center of Gravity, and The Supplement of Lattice Technology, which discuss mechanics and optics respectively. In mathematics, there are three volumes. The first volume is about powers and roots, the second volume is about logarithm, and the third volume is about the application of powers, roots and logarithms. In astronomy, Zou drew a star map south of the equator and a star map north of the equator, and made celestial instruments and solar system demonstrators. In the Zou era, Copernicus and Heliocentrism were still controversial in China academic circles. The instruments made by Zou are centered on the sun, which shows the progressive astronomical thought. He also used astronomical theory to verify the correctness of the exposition of astronomical phenomena in Chinese ancient books, and wrote more than a dozen papers such as Xia Shaozheng's "Examination of the South Gate Stars", which has high academic value. In terms of instrument making, he also developed "round level", "mercury overflow level" and "wind and rain needle" (barometer and altimeter). Geographically, he took the lead in drawing a map of the whole country by latitude and longitude, and designated a meridian passing through Beijing as the prime meridian. Zou Yisheng's works are "thinking but lazy", leaving only a few books, and a large number of manuscripts are only recorded as memos, which is very unsystematic. Zou didn't have the financial ability to publish books for himself when he was alive. It was not until his death that some of Zou's manuscripts were printed and circulated with the support of some scholars in Guangdong. Zou Yu 1854 wrote the Celestial Sphere (Guangzhou Museum). Zou's posthumous works were mainly published in Zou's suicide note and Zou's manuscript, which made him famous behind him. The most important one, Supplement to Shu Ge, was reprinted by Ding Qu, a famous figure and mathematician in Changsha, Hunan Province, and Yin Jiaxiu was invited to make supplementary comments. Finally, I know Zou's contribution to print Hunan Baifutang, which is recognized as one of China's scientific and technological masterpieces in the late Qing Dynasty. His most influential prose is A Record of Photography, which is the pioneering work of China's common use of the word "photography". According to anecdotal stories, the Zou family in Bichong Village moved here in the Song Dynasty. In this regard, Zou also made some textual research and found that the minister of Song Dynasty was the ancestor of Zou in Bichong Village. Zou is quite famous among Guangdong literati and is regarded as a strange man. One of his best friends was Chen Pu, a Guangdong University scholar in the late Qing Dynasty. After Zou died, he sorted out his legacy. Zou took the road of imperial examination, and his highest title was just a trainee (scholar). According to the textual research of scholars such as Ni, it was precisely because Dai Xu, a Guangdong scholar at that time, saw that Zou was proficient in exegetics that he was promoted to official school and never set foot in the imperial examination hall again. Zou once walked 50 miles to Jiujiang to meet Zhu Ciqi, a Lingnan scholar. He wore coarse clothes and held a long pipe. Zhu Ciqi was in class at that time. His students couldn't help laughing when they saw Zou down and out, but Zhu Ciqi greeted Zou respectfully. As soon as he was a guest, his classmates talked about it. After Zou was seated, Zhu Ciqi announced to the students that the guest was Zou, a famous scientist. Knowing that Zou walked 50 miles, Zhu Ciqi and his students were even more awed. People are interested in Zou's independent development of the first camera in Qing Dynasty. Zou attributed a lot of credit to various scientific and technological books in ancient China, especially Meng Qian's Bi Tan. He said, "If it wasn't Meng Qian Bitan's intention, how could you have an epiphany?" In this regard, Mr. Li of Guangzhou Museum believes that the introduction of western technology is not ruled out. At that time, western learning spread to the east. Although Europeans didn't teach technology and Zou didn't deal with foreigners, many European science and technology books were introduced to Guangzhou at that time. Zou devoted his life to scientific research and education, and some of his manuscripts actually stayed in Xuehaitang. Most of the materials preserved by later generations were donated to Guangzhou Museum in 1950s and kept on the "fifth floor". In the 1980s, I lent some manuscripts to a professor of Inner Mongolia University. "Most of these manuscripts were written before his death, and some of them were copied by his descendants. Some of them are extracted from Xuehaitang Collection, Zou's suicide note, Nanhai County Records and even related inscriptions. There are also lesson plans and letters, which are very precious. " The contents of these manuscripts are mostly arranged in numbers, and sometimes even 65,438+00 and consecutive 8 are dense numbers. Although my ancestors marked it occasionally, they all talked about mathematics in ancient Chinese. I had no idea what it was. In 2009, Zou's descendants handed a copy of Zou's manuscript to the researchers of Sun Yat-sen University. After reading the manuscript, the researchers were surprised by Zou's achievements in mathematics. According to the experiment, the calculation steps of many examples proposed by Zou et al. can be compiled into modern computer programs, and the calculation results are highly consistent with the computer. Therefore, Zou's operational thinking is also called "birch password". Character Evaluation Liang Qichao listed Zou as one of the representatives of science and technology several times when he talked about arithmetic and other academics in the Qing Dynasty in the book "Academic History of China in the Past 300 Years". The most important evaluation was: "Defu also built his own camera. Look at the picture, using the new device of modern sunrise and sunrise essence, which is simple and ridiculous, but it was original fifty years ago. Not a hero? " The statue of Zou standing in Baihua Park is engraved with Zou Jiahua's "Nanhai County Records", saying that Zou, who did not go to the imperial examination and studied all his life, "can integrate Chinese and Western theories, which is unprecedented in Guangdong." The draft of Qing history commented that "intelligence is peerless, reflecting the sound source and writing the degree." He is especially good at astronomical calendar calculation, and he can concentrate on the principles of the West. He is extremely quiet and bright, and there are many wonderful methods. " Dai Nianzu: "Before and after the Opium War, it is commendable that China people were able to achieve the world's first scientific and technological achievements." "Zou's academic research depends entirely on his own practice. For example, at that time, four kinds of telescopes widely used in the world, he had never seen the real thing, pondered his own research and made it himself." Burch Park is located at the intersection of Jianshe Avenue and Burch South Road in Mi Chong Village, just across the water from Guangzhou, so many buses from Huang Qi Town to Guangzhou pass through this section. Burch Park covers an area of 4,227 square meters. The foundation stone was laid in the autumn of 1994 and was completed in 1996 10. Through all kinds of support and data collection, the information of the birch memorial room has been continuously improved, attracting many photographers to visit. The former Zou ancestral hall has been completely demolished and no longer exists, leaving not even a brick. 1994, people can only build a new ancestral temple in Baihua Park. 1994, under the leadership of Zou's great-grandson, Bichong Village built a birch park beside the village to commemorate the achievements of its ancestors. Burch Park is shaded by trees, and there is a "bronze statue of Burch" in the middle. These four words were inscribed by Zou Jiahua, former vice premier of the State Council. In Zou Ancestral Hall 1999, Bichong Village hopes to build a bronze statue of Zou in the garden. The villagers think that Zou has left a heavy legacy in the history of science in China, and Liang Qichao once praised him as a "hero", so the inscription for him should also carry a lot of weight. As it happens, the former South China Sea government official who was born in Hong Kong went to Beijing for a meeting and was received by Zou Jiahua, Vice Premier of the State Council. At that time, the official remembered the bronze statue, gave Zou Jiahua an inscription and gave him a brief introduction. Vice Premier Zou Jiahua thought Zou was great and very happy, and immediately agreed to the inscription. Birch Cup commemorates Zou's important contribution. The "Burch Cup" national creative photography exhibition sponsored by China Photographers Association, Guangdong Photographers Association and Nanhai District People's Government of Foshan City, Guangdong Province has become a major photography brand activity in Guangdong and even the whole country. Other Dali held the National Creative Photography Exhibition of Baihua Cup for three consecutive years, and successfully created the "hometown of provincial photography", and launched Zou's photography cultural brand through the competition. On 20 13 12, dali town officially launched the website "Birch Tree in China" to let citizens know more about birch culture and its spirit.