Does photography have to be underexposed?

It is definitely impossible to say that all photography, especially portrait photography, cannot be overexposed.

Some photos need to be partially exposed by one or two stops to highlight the subject of the photo, or the entire photo is overexposed to create a high-key look. As far as your photo is concerned, there are no bright spots. It is not recommended to emphasize the flash like this. If I guessed correctly, it should be inside. It was taken with a flash or a small flash, and you can’t see any light effects!