The history of lamp development? What is the principle and function of luminescence?

Different lamps have different lighting principles. The following are the luminous principles of several lamps:

1. incandescent lamp

It is the most common electric light. When the current passes through the filament (tungsten filament), the temperature of the filament is as high as 2000℃ or above, which is incandescent and the light emitted is white. Incandescent bulbs are divided into screw bulbs, lamp holders, bayonet bulbs and lamp holders because of their different connection modes. Ordinary incandescent bulbs are evacuated to avoid filament oxidation, and bulbs over 60W are filled with gases such as nitrogen and argon to prevent tungsten filament from sublimation at high temperature, so the filament temperature can be increased to 2400 ~ 2700℃. The higher the temperature of the filament, the greater the ratio of the electric energy it consumes to light energy.

2. Fluorescent lamps

Fluorescent lamp is mainly composed of lamp tube, ballast and starter. There is a filament at each end of the lamp tube, which is filled with dilute argon and trace mercury vapor, and the wall of the tube is coated with fluorescent powder. The working principle of lamp tube is different from that of incandescent lamp. The gas between the two filaments mainly emits ultraviolet light when conducting electricity, and the phosphor will only emit visible light after being irradiated by ultraviolet light. Different types of phosphors have different colors.

The conductivity of gas has a characteristic: only when the voltage across the lamp reaches a certain value can the gas conduct electricity; However, in order to maintain a certain amount of current in the lamp, the required voltage is much lower. Therefore, if a voltage of 220V is applied across the lamp tube, it cannot be ignited. This problem can be solved by ballast and starter.

3. Energy-saving lamps

Energy-saving lamps refer to energy-saving lamps developed with rare earth tricolor phosphors as raw materials (generally driven by electronic ballasts). At present, the application of rare earth tricolor phosphors for lamps has entered a new development stage. The development trend of energy-saving light source is that the geometric size of light source is getting smaller and smaller, the light efficiency is getting higher and higher, and the highest luminous flux is obtained with less electric energy. The 7-watt tricolor energy-saving lamp has the same brightness as the 45-watt incandescent lamp, and its life span is 8 times that of ordinary incandescent bulbs.

4. iodine tungsten lamp

Since the appearance of 1879 incandescent lamp, people have formed an indissoluble bond with electric light. In the past 100 years, with the continuous development of science and technology, new lamps and lanterns in the electric light source family have emerged in an endless stream and shined brilliantly.

While developing fluorescent lamps, people have not forgotten to improve incandescent lamps. 1959, an American named Friedrich found that filling an incandescent lamp with iodine can send evaporated tungsten atoms back to the tungsten filament, which not only controls the sublimation of the filament, but also greatly increases the temperature of the filament and emits light similar to sunlight. The lamp made in this way is called iodine tungsten lamp. Iodine tungsten lamp has the characteristics of high brightness and long service life. 1000 watt iodine tungsten lamp is equivalent to the brightness of 5000 watt ordinary light bulb.

With the deepening of research, it is found that some halogen compounds can be filled into incandescent lamps to achieve better results. For example, when hydrogen bromide is charged into incandescent lamps, the bromine tungsten lamps made are even better than those made in iodine tungsten lamp, thus producing various halogen tungsten lamps. Tungsten halogen lamp is suitable for workshops, theaters, stages, studios and other occasions. We see TV reporters holding a very bright light source in their hands when shooting TV news, that is, halogen tungsten lamp. Its disadvantage is that it radiates a lot of heat, and sometimes it can even be used to bake objects.

5. High pressure mercury lamp

The shell of high-pressure mercury lamp for lighting is made of timely glass and filled with a certain amount of mercury and a small amount of argon. In order to make the high-pressure mercury lamp arc, it is necessary to have a sufficiently high electric field intensity between the two electrodes. For argon-filled mercury lamps, this value is about 4 volts/cm. Take a 300-watt high-pressure mercury lamp as an example. At room temperature, the air pressure in the lamp is about 10 ~ 20 atmospheres (106 ~ 2× 106 Pa). The polar distance is 10 cm, and the starting voltage should be above 400 volts. Therefore, the lamp cannot be started by directly using the 220 volt power supply.

Glass-bulb high-pressure mercury lamps are usually started with the help of auxiliary electrodes, which are connected with non-adjacent electrodes through a resistor R of 40 ~ 60 kOhms. When the lamp is connected to the power grid, an alternating voltage of 220 volts is applied between the auxiliary electrode and the adjacent main electrode. The distance between these two electrodes is very close, usually only 2 ~ 3 mm, so there is a strong electric field between them. Under the action of this strong electric field, the gas between the two electrodes is decomposed and glow discharge occurs. The discharge current is limited by the resistor R. If R is too small, the electrodes will burn out. Glow discharge between the main electrode and the adjacent auxiliary electrode produces a large number of electrons and ions, and these charged particles diffuse between the two main electrodes, causing discharge between the main electrodes and quickly transitioning to arc discharge between the two main electrodes. In the initial stage of lamp ignition, mercury vapor and hydrogen are discharged at low pressure, and the tube pressure drop is very low, about 25 volts; The discharge current is very large, about 5 ~ 6 amps, which is called starting current. The heat released during low-voltage discharge makes the tube wall temperature rise, mercury gradually vaporizes, mercury vapor pressure and lamp voltage gradually rise, arc begins to shrink, and the discharge gradually transitions to high-voltage discharge. When all the mercury evaporates, the pipeline pressure starts to stabilize and enters a stable high-pressure mercury vapor discharge.

It can be seen that it takes a period of time from the start-up to the normal operation of the high-pressure mercury lamp, which is generally 4 ~ 10 minutes.

The luminous efficiency of high-pressure mercury lamp is relatively high, above 35 ~ 65 flow/watt. Besides high luminous efficiency, high-pressure mercury lamp can also emit strong ultraviolet rays, so it can be used not only for lighting, but also for photo printing, healthy sunbathing, chemical synthesis, aging test of plastics and rubber, fluorescence analysis, flaw detection and so on. High-pressure mercury lamp has high light efficiency, small luminous body and high brightness, and is suitable for outdoor lighting. But its light color is blue-green, lacking red component, so the illuminated object can't fully display its original color.

If the mercury vapor pressure in the high-pressure mercury lamp is greater than 10 atmospheric pressure, it will become an ultra-high-pressure mercury lamp, and the luminous efficiency will be improved accordingly. High pressure mercury lamp has high luminous efficiency, but its brightness is not high enough. In many occasions, such as various optical instruments and projection systems, high brightness light sources as high as 104 ~ 106 cm (CD/cm2) are needed, and ultra-high pressure mercury lamp is such a light source.

6. High pressure sodium lamp

High-pressure sodium lamp is a kind of high-intensity gas discharge bulb. High-pressure sodium lamp emits golden white light when used, which has the advantages of high luminous efficiency, low power consumption, long service life, strong fog permeability and no attraction to insects. Widely used in roads, highways, airports, docks, docks, stations, squares, street intersections, industrial and mining enterprises, parks, courtyard lighting and plant cultivation. High-color high-pressure sodium lamps are mainly used for lighting stadiums, exhibition halls, casinos, department stores and hotels.

When the bulb is started, an arc is generated between the electrodes at both ends of the arc tube. Due to the high temperature of the arc, the sodium amalgam in the tube is heated and evaporated into mercury vapor and sodium vapor. In the process of moving towards the anode, the electricity emitted by the cathode collides with the atoms to generate ionization excitation, and then returns to the steady state from the excited state. Or from the ionized state to the excited state, and then back to the infinite cycle, the excess energy is released in the form of optical radiation to produce light. The vapor pressure of discharge substance in high-pressure sodium lamp is very high, that is, the density of sodium atom is high, and electrons collide with sodium atom frequently, which broadens the spectral line of vibration radiation and produces radiation in other visible spectra, so the light color of high-pressure sodium lamp is better than that of low-pressure sodium lamp.

These are some common lighting fixtures.

In addition, novel electric light sources emerge one after another.

1. Emergence of Excimer Light Source (ELS)

In recent years, excimer working substances, such as KrF, ArP, NeF and XeCl, have been used to manufacture high-power ultraviolet light sources in the research of light source radiation mechanism. At the same time, a new excimer radiation light source can be made by using electrodeless discharge such as microwave discharge and dielectric barrier discharge, and the light energy conversion efficiency is over 50%. At present, a 60WX2 excimer large area planar illumination system with 58×68cm2 has been developed. This kind of lamp does not need to be filled with mercury, which is more attractive from the perspective of environmental protection. At present, there are phosphor products that can efficiently convert 172nm into visible light, and they have been made into practical mercury-free fluorescent lamps for sale, especially in the background lighting of LCD, which have been effectively applied. As a new type of mercury-free fluorescent lamp, its luminous efficiency is similar to that of straight tube fluorescent lamp, and it can be made into plane shape. Its further characteristics are no harmful substances and no pollution. It can be used as Popo, and the excimer light source has a bright future.

2. Ultra-high pressure mercury lamp (UHP) has been successfully developed.

In recent years, people have paid great attention to the display equipment with projection system, and the key accessory that affects its performance is short arc light source. 1995, Philips Company of the Netherlands first developed an ultra-high pressure mercury lamp with a polar distance of about 1.3mm and a power of100W .. When the lamp works, the vapor pressure of mercury can reach 200 atmospheres. The higher the vapor pressure of mercury, the higher the brightness of the lamp, the wider the spectral line of mercury atom, and the stronger the molecular continuous spectrum and the composite spectrum of charged particles, especially the red radiation above 595nm increases with the increase of working pressure in the lamp, thus improving the color rendering of the lamp. Because the electrode of the lamp is at a very high temperature during discharge, tungsten material will evaporate and deposit on the ball wall, leading to light decay. Now, by filling a small amount of oxygen halogen into the lamp in the process, the bulb can be effectively cleaned, and the life of the lamp can reach12000 h.

3. The rise of microwave light sources

1992, international electric light source science and technology put forward a new technology of microwave sulfur lamp. By filling sulfur and low-pressure argon into the timely bulb, driven by microwave energy with frequency of 2 450MHz, and through the conversion of vibration energy and rotation energy of sulfur molecules, it is found that the lamp can emit continuous visible spectrum.

1994, American Fusion Company manufactured a microwave sulfur lamp lighting system with a power of 3400w W. The radiation spectrum of this product is close to the sun, and it can be dimmed in a wide range, with a life of 60000h and can be ignited in any direction. Microwave sulfur lamp can also use light tube technology to transmit the strong light emitted by the lamp along the light tube to a wide area that needs illumination. Recently, in order to make sulfur lamps suitable for domestic and commercial lighting. After several years of joint research and development, China light source industry also launched VEC- 1000 microwave sulfur lamp products at 1999, and the technical indicators are close to the international level of similar products.

4. Solid-state light sources began to enter the field of light sources.

In recent 30 years, semiconductor light emitting diode (LED) as a solid light source has made a major breakthrough. The light efficiency of the lamp is improved by 100 times and the cost is reduced by 10 times. In recent years, it has broken through the limitation of single color and moved towards white lighting.

Compared with light bulbs, diodes are smaller in size, longer in life and less harmful to the environment. Electricity alone can save tens of billions of pounds for mankind every year. It can be used continuously for 65438+ million hours, equivalent to 1 1 year. Scientists predict that the historical task of light bulbs will be completed soon, and mankind will soon enter the era of light-emitting diodes. Gallium nitride-based high brightness white light emitting diode (LED) will gradually replace the existing incandescent lamp and fluorescent lamp because of its advantages of energy saving, long life and environmental protection. The luminescence essence of diode is the composite luminescence of semiconductor optical center. The specific mechanism is complex and simple, that is, the electric field near the ion sphere recombines the impurity optical centers in the semiconductor diode and converts the electric field energy into light energy. Specifically, it relates to the compound theory of semiconductor luminescence, and the compound of donor and acceptor in semiconductor is more complicated. Interested parties can refer to Huang Kun solid-state physics and semiconductor physics fluorescent lamps, that is, low-pressure mercury lamps, which use low-pressure mercury vapor in the discharge process. There are two filaments in a fluorescent lamp. The filament is coated with ternary carbonate (barium carbonate, strontium carbonate and calcium carbonate), commonly known as electronic powder. Under the action of alternating voltage, the filament alternately acts as cathode and anode. The inner wall of the lamp tube is coated with fluorescent powder. The tube is filled with argon with a pressure of 400 to 500 Pa and a small amount of mercury. After electrification, liquid mercury evaporates into mercury vapor with a pressure of 0.8 Pa. Under the action of electric field, mercury atoms are constantly excited from the original state to the excited state, and then spontaneously transition to the ground state, radiating ultraviolet rays with wavelengths of 253.7nm and 185nm (the main peak wavelength is 253.7nm, accounting for 70-80% of the total radiation energy; The secondary peak wavelength is 185nm, accounting for about 10% of the total radiation energy) to release excess energy. Phosphors emit visible light after absorbing the radiant energy of ultraviolet rays. Different phosphors emit different light, which is why fluorescent lamps can be made into white and various colors. Because most of the electric energy consumed by fluorescent lamps is used to generate ultraviolet rays, the luminous efficiency of fluorescent lamps is much higher than that of incandescent lamps and tungsten halogen lamps, and it is the most energy-saving electric light source at present. An electric light source that converts electric energy into light by gas discharge. There are many kinds of gas discharge, including glow discharge and arc discharge (see arc discharge). Glow discharge is generally used for neon lights and indicator lights. Arc discharge can have a strong light output, and all lighting sources use arc discharge. Fluorescent lamp, high-pressure mercury lamp, sodium lamp and metal halide lamp are the most widely used gas discharge lamps for lighting.

Principle The basic process of gas discharge lamp is divided into three stages: ① When the discharge lamp is connected to the working circuit, it produces a stable self-sustaining discharge, and the electrons emitted by the cathode are accelerated by the applied electric field, and the electric energy is converted into the kinetic energy of free electrons; (2) The fast-moving electron collides with the gas atom, which is excited, and the kinetic energy of the free electron is converted into the internal energy of the gas atom; (3) The excited gas atoms return to the ground state from the excited state, and the obtained internal energy is released in the form of optical radiation. When the above process is repeated, the lamp will continue to emit light. The light radiation of discharge lamp is related to current density, gas type and pressure. Some kinds of gas atoms can only radiate spectral lines of certain wavelengths. At low pressure, the radiation spectrum of discharge lamp is mainly the characteristic spectrum of atoms. When the air pressure rises, the radiation spectrum of the discharge lamp widens and develops towards the long wave direction. When the air pressure is very high, there is a strong continuous spectral component in the radiation spectrum of the discharge lamp.

Structure All kinds of gas discharge lamps are composed of bulbs, electrodes and discharge gas, and their basic structures are similar. The bulb and electrode are sealed by vacuum air, and the bulb is filled with discharge gas. Gas discharge lamps can not be connected to the circuit alone, but must be connected to the circuit together with auxiliary appliances such as triggers and ballasts to start and work stably. The starting of discharge lamp usually needs to apply a voltage higher than the power supply voltage, sometimes as high as several thousand volts or tens of thousands of volts. Using magnetic leakage transformer or starter can meet the above requirements. Arc discharge generally has negative volt-ampere characteristics, that is, the voltage decreases with the increase of current. If the discharge lamp is connected to the power grid alone, the bulb or circuit elements will be damaged by overcurrent. The discharge lamp and ballast can be used in series to work stably. Ballasts can be resistors, inductors or capacitors. Usually, DC power supply uses resistance ballast, low frequency AC power supply uses inductance ballast, and high frequency uses capacitance ballast.

Characteristics and applications Gas discharge lamps have the following characteristics: ① The radiation spectrum is selective. By selecting suitable luminescent substances, the radiation spectrum can be focused on the required wavelength, and the best combined spectrum can be obtained by using several luminescent substances at the same time. ② High efficiency, they can convert 25 ~ 30% of input electric energy into light output. ③ Long service life. The service life is as long as 1000 hours or more than 20000 hours. (4) The light output is maintained well, and it can still provide 60 ~ 80% of the initial light output at the end of its life.

Gas discharge lamps are widely used in industry, agriculture, medical treatment and scientific research. Besides being used as lighting source, it is also widely used in photography, projection, photo printing, photo reproduction, lithography, chemical synthesis, aging of plastics and rubber, fluorescence microscope, optical oscilloscope, fluorescence analysis, ultraviolet flaw detection, sterilization, medical treatment, biological culture, solid-state laser and so on.

From the luminous mechanism of fluorescent lamp, it can be seen that phosphor plays a key role in the quality of fluorescent lamp. After 1950s, most fluorescent lamps used calcium halophosphate, commonly known as halogen powder. Halogen powder is cheap, but the luminous efficiency is not high enough, the thermal stability is poor, the light attenuation is large, and the luminous flux maintenance rate is low. Therefore, it is not suitable for compact fluorescent lamps with small diameters. 1974, Philips Company of the Netherlands first successfully developed the phosphors yttrium oxide (emitting red light with a peak wavelength of 6 1 1nm), magnesium aluminate (emitting green light with a peak wavelength of 54 1nm) and barium magnesium aluminate (emitting blue light), all of which are very sensitive to human eyes. The peak wavelength is 450nm) and mixed into tricolor phosphor (full name of rare earth tricolor phosphor) according to a certain proportion. Its luminous efficiency is high (the average luminous efficiency is above 80lm/W, which is about 5 times that of incandescent lamp), the color temperature is 2500K-6500K and the color rendering index is about 85. As a raw material for fluorescent lamps, it can greatly save energy, which is the reason for efficient and energy-saving fluorescent lamps. It can be said that the development and application of rare earth tricolor phosphors is an important milestone in the development history of fluorescent lamps. Without tricolor phosphors, it is impossible to have a new generation of compact energy-saving fluorescent lamps with small diameter. However, rare earth tricolor phosphor also has its disadvantages, the biggest disadvantage is its high price.

At present, the common fluorescent lamps are:

(1) straight fluorescent lamp. This kind of fluorescent lamp belongs to double-ended fluorescent lamp. Common nominal powers are 4W, 6W, 8W, 12W, 15W, 20W, 30W, 36W, 40W, 65W, 80W, 85W, 125W. The pipe diameters are T5, T8, T 10 and T 12. Lamp holder G5, G 13. At present, T5 and T8 are widely used. T5 color rendering index > 30, good color rendering, ideal lighting effect on colorful objects and environment, small light attenuation, long service life, average service life 10000 hours. Suitable for clothing, department stores, supermarkets, food, fruits, pictures, window displays and other colorful occasions. T8 color has good brightness, energy saving and long service life, and is suitable for hotels, offices, shops, hospitals, libraries, families and other places with simple colors but high brightness.

For the convenience of installation, cost reduction and safety, many ballasts of straight fluorescent lamps are installed in brackets to form self-ballasted fluorescent lamps.

(2) color straight fluorescent lamp. Common nominal powers are 20W, 30W and 40W. The pipe diameters are T4, T5 and T8. G5 and G 13 are used for lamp holders. Color fluorescent lamps have low luminous flux and are suitable for decoration and color display in shop windows, advertisements or similar places.

(3) Annular fluorescent lamp. There is not much difference between circular fluorescent lamps and straight tubular fluorescent lamps except for their shapes. Common nominal powers are 22W, 32W and 40W. G 10q is used for lamp holder. Mainly for ceiling lamps, chandeliers and so on. As a supporting light source for lighting in homes and shopping malls.

(4) Single-ended compact energy-saving fluorescent lamp. The lamp tube, ballast and lamp cap of this fluorescent lamp are closely combined (the ballast is placed in the lamp cap) and cannot be disassembled except for destructive impact, so it is called "compact" fluorescent lamp. Because there is no need to add a ballast, and the driving circuit is also in the ballast, this fluorescent lamp is also a self-ballasted fluorescent lamp and an internal start fluorescent lamp. The whole lamp is directly connected to the power supply network through E27 lamp cap, which can conveniently and directly replace incandescent lamps.

Most of these fluorescent lamps use rare earth tricolor phosphors, so they have energy-saving function. The following table lists the comparison between energy-saving fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps with roughly the same luminous flux.

Energy-saving fluorescent lamp power (w) 579118 36 45 65 85105 Editor A discharge lamp that mainly emits ultraviolet light generated by discharge is called a fluorescent lamp.

Fluorescent lamp is mainly a low-pressure mercury vapor arc discharge lamp. The electric energy it consumes in gas discharge is mainly converted into electromagnetic radiation in the ultraviolet range (about 63% is converted into Class C ultraviolet radiation between 254- 185nm), and about 3% of the energy is directly converted into visible light in the discharge, and its main wavelengths are 405nm (blue-violet light), 436nm (blue light) and 456nm. Ultraviolet light irradiates the fluorescent powder coating on the inner wall of the lamp tube, and the energy of ultraviolet light is absorbed by the fluorescent material, and part of it is converted into visible light and released. Visible light emitted from a typical fluorescent lamp (including that emitted from a phosphor coating and directly emitted during discharge) is equivalent to about 28% of the energy input into the lamp. The optical performance of fluorescent lamps mainly depends on the geometric dimensions of the tubes, that is, the length and diameter, the type and pressure of filling gas, and the coating and manufacturing process of fluorescent powder.

The color temperature of fluorescent lamps is divided into:

Warm color series: such as /29, /827, /830, /927, /930, etc. , can create warm luster, narrow the distance space, and give people a relaxed and comfortable lighting feeling. When in use, it is generally mixed with incandescent lamps, which is not suitable for mixing with natural light.

Alto series: such as /33, /835, /840, /927, /940, etc. When neutral colors are used, bright white light can be perfectly combined with natural light, which is generally used in spaces with natural light irradiation or cold tone atmosphere.

Cold tone series: such as /54, /850, /865, /950, /965, etc. It can create tranquility, increase distance and space, and give people a lively lighting feeling. When used, it is generally used in places where color 1 or cool color effect is particularly emphasized.

Color rendering of fluorescent lamps can be divided into:

A brand of standard direct fluorescent lamp;

The color rendering index is low, such as 5 1, 63, 72, etc. , suitable for general workplaces and places that are not important for color development (warehouses, parking lots).

A brand of tricolor straight tube fluorescent lamp;

The color rendering index is greater than 85, which is suitable for long-term workplaces and can make workers feel comfortable.

A brand of luxury straight fluorescent lamp;

The color rendering index is 95, 97, 98, etc. Used in places or special environments with high color rendering requirements.

The secret of choosing fluorescent lamp: color temperature, color rendering, life, luminous efficiency and mercury content of the lamp.

Strong light (English: light)

Scope of application: widely used in loading and unloading of freight yard, inspection and maintenance, emergency repair, etc. Such as railway, electric power, public security, steel, petrochemical and other units at night construction lighting.

Product characteristics

1. Beautiful appearance, simple and convenient operation, portable, placed on the table, magnetic attraction, hanging lighting, etc. The angle of the lamp holder and the handle can be adjusted at will within the range of 135 and 180 respectively (every 15). Strong light and working light can be replaced at will. High-power light bulb is selected, which has long service life and high light efficiency. Standard configuration is spotlight lighting.

2. The high-energy battery under the lamp has large capacity, excellent performance, low self-discharge rate and can be charged at any time; Small and light, easy to disassemble and replace. After being fully charged, the storage capacity should be no less than 85% of the full capacity within six months and no less than 60% of the full capacity within two years.

3. Precise structure, special alloy and bulletproof rubber material can ensure that the product can withstand strong collision and impact; Good sealing and weatherproof. Edit this paragraph spotlight spotlight is decorative lighting, which narrows the irradiation range of light beam and focuses it on a small area. It is often used for decoration of wine cabinets or walls to enhance the lighting effect, with strong penetration and low power. Features of floodlights: Suitable for large occasions and buildings.

1, high-purity aluminum reflector, with the most accurate beam and the best reflection effect.

2. Symmetric narrow angle, wide angle and asymmetric light distribution system. ■

3. Replace the light bulb with the back-opening type, which is convenient for maintenance.

4, lamps and lanterns is attached with a scale plate, easy to adjust the irradiation angle.

1. power saving: the reflector of the spotlight has strong refraction function, and the power of about 10 watt can generate strong light.

2. spotlight: the light is concentrated, which can highlight or emphasize an object or space, and the decorative effect is obvious.

3. Comfort: the color of the spotlight is close to natural light, reflecting the light to the wall without glare.

4. Variety: You can use small bulbs to make different projection effects.

Classification of spotlights:

1. Lower lighting. It can be installed on the ceiling, above the bedside, in the cupboard, and can also be hung, landed and hung, which can be divided into two types: fully hidden and semi-hidden. Downlight is characterized by local illumination of light source, free scattering up and down, and the light source is enclosed in a lampshade. Its shape is tubular downlight, sleeve downlight, flowerpot downlight, groove downlight and downlight, which can be installed in porch, living room and bedroom respectively. For example, installing a wall lamp under a green porcelain cover near the TV can not only see things clearly, but also not affect watching TV. There is a sleeveless downlight above the sculpture, which can lead people's eyes to the works of art for easy evaluation and appreciation. Choose downlight, the wattage should not be too large, just for lighting, not dazzling.

2. Track lighting. Mostly metal spraying or ceramic materials, with pure white, beige, light gray, gold, silver, black and other colors; Shapes are long and round, with different sizes. The beam projected by the spotlight can be focused on a painting, a sculpture, a potted flower, a beautiful ornament, etc. And it can also shine on the backrest of the swivel chair where the owner of the room is sitting, creating a colorful and fantastic light and shadow effect. Can be used in living room, porch or bedroom and study. One or more spotlights can be set, and the shape and color of the spotlights should be as harmonious and unified as possible with the overall design of the room. The track is installed under the ceiling 15 ~ 30cm, or at the corner of the ceiling against the wall. & lt/DD & gt；