Who was the first emperor of Brazil? And the king of Portugal.

Dom Pedro I was the first emperor of Brazil. Born in 1789, 10, 12, and died in 1834 on September 24th. Pedro I is also the king of Portugal, but he is called Pedro IV in Portugal. The most famous thing about him is 1822, when he declared that Brazil was independent from the Portuguese and became the emperor of Brazil. But after his father died, he returned to Portugal to seize the Portuguese throne, abdicated Brazil, and supported his youngest son to become the Brazilian emperor Pedro II.

Dom Pedro was born in 1798 12 10/2, located in the Quiluz Palace on the outskirts of Lisbon. His name is Pedro Talka Taravaranskon Togno Joe? Paula Miguel Raphael Joaquin Jose Gonzaga Pasco Cipriano Salafim. He is descended from both royal families: his father is next to the home of Portuguese royal family Braganca, and his mother is carlotta, the daughter of Spanish King Charles IV.

When he was born, Portugal was ruled by Pedro's grandmother Maria I, and her reason would soon deteriorate. Pedro's father, Joao VI, basically ruled in the name of his mother. 180 1 year, my brother died and Pedro became the heir to the throne. As a young prince, Pedro has the best school education and consultation.

Fly to Brazil

1807, Napoleon's army conquered the Iberian Peninsula. I hope to avoid the fate of the Spanish ruling family, who were "guests" of Napoleon in Portugal, and the royal family and court fled to Brazil. Queen Maria, Prince Joao, young Pedro and thousands of other nobles set sail on June 1807 1 1, just before Napoleon approached the army. Under the escort of British warships, Britain and Brazil will enjoy special relations for decades.

Royal Guards arrive in Brazil1808 65438+1October: Prince Joao sets up a court in exile in Rio de Janeiro. Young Pedro seldom sees his parents; His father was busy in power and left Pedro to his mentor. His mother is an unfortunate woman, alienated from her husband, who hardly wants to see her children and lives in different palaces. Pedro is a clever young man. When he adapts himself, he studies well, but he lacks discipline.

Prince Pedro of Brazil

As a young man, Pedro is handsome and full of energy, and likes riding horses and other sports activities. He did well. Although he did develop into a very skilled carpenter and musician, he had little patience with things that bored him, such as his study or the way of governing the country. He also likes women and started a series of affairs when he was young. He is engaged to Princess Maria Leopoltina of Austria.

Six months later, when he met her at the port of Rio de Janeiro, he was already an agent and her husband. They will have seven children together. Leopoldina is much better than Pedro in governing the country, and the Brazilian people like her very much. Although Pedro has found his own dullness and continues to have normal things, many Leopoldnas are depressed.

Pedro became the emperor of Brazil.

18 15, Napoleon was defeated, and the Braganca family became the Portuguese ruler again. Queen Maria fell into madness for a long time and died in 18 16, becoming the Portuguese king Jose. However, Joo is unwilling to move the court back to Portugal and make a ruling in Brazil through the agency committee. Someone said that Pedro would be sent to Portugal to rule his father's place, but in the end Joe? O decided to go to Portugal by himself to ensure that Portuguese liberals would not completely abolish the status of king and royal family. Family. April 0, Jo? Leave and leave Pedro in charge. He told Pedro that if Brazil began to move towards independence, he should not oppose it, but ensure that he became an emperor.

Brazil's independence

The Brazilian people enjoyed the privilege of becoming the seat of royal authority, and did not restore their colonial status well. Pedro accepted the advice of his father and wife. He wrote to him: "The apple is ripe: choose now, or it will rot." Pedro declared independence in Sao Paulo on September 7th. 1822. He was crowned Emperor of Brazil on 1822 65438+2 1.

Independence was achieved through very few bloodshed: some Portuguese supporters fought in remote places, but by 1824, there were relatively few violent incidents in the process of Brazil's reunification. In this respect, the Scottish Admiral Lord Thomas Cochrane is very valuable: he has a very small Brazilian fleet, and he drove the Portuguese out of Brazilian waters by force and bravado. Pedro proved that he was good at dealing with rebels and dissidents. By 1824, Brazil had its own constitution and its independence was recognized by the United States and Britain. 1825 On August 25th, Portugal officially recognized the independence of Brazil; Joe. With the help of the king of Portugal.

A troubled ruler

After independence, Pedro's lack of attention to research troubled him. A series of crises made life difficult for the young ruler. Sis Platina, one of Brazil's southern provinces, fell apart with Argentine encouragement: it will eventually become Uruguay. He and the Chief Minister's Counsellor, JoséBonifáciodDeAndrada, created a well-known attack.

1826, his wife Leopoldina died, obviously caused by infection after abortion. Because of his well-known affair, the Brazilian people loved her, but lost respect for Pedro; Some people even say that she died because she hit her. After returning to Portugal, his father died in 1826, putting pressure on Pedro to go to Portugal to seize the throne. Pedro's plan is to marry his daughter Maria to his brother Miguel, so that Queen Maria and Miguel can be regents. 1828 Miguel seized power and the plan failed.

The abdication of Pedro I, Brazil

Pedro began to seek remarriage, but he treated the respected Leopoldna badly in front of him, and most European princesses didn't want anything to do with him. He finally chose Amélie from Leuchtenberg. He was so kind to Emily that he even expelled his long-time mistress, Domitila Castro. Although his time is quite free-he is in favor of abolishing slavery and supporting the Constitution-he constantly struggles with the Brazilian Liberal Party.

183 1 March, Brazilian liberals and Portuguese royalists fought in the streets. His response was to fire his liberal cabinet, causing anger and asking him to abdicate. He did so on April 7, giving up his support for his 5-year-old son Pedro. Brazil will be ruled by directors until Pedro II comes of age.

Back to Europe

Pedro, I'm in big trouble in Portugal. His brother Miguel usurped the throne and held power firmly. Pedro spent some time in France and England; Both countries support but are unwilling to participate in the Portuguese civil war. He entered Porto with an army composed of liberals, Brazilians and foreign volunteers in July 1832.

At first things got very bad, because King Manuel's army was much larger, and Pedro was surrounded in Porto for more than a year. Pedro then sent troops to attack southern Portugal, which was a meaningful move. Lisbon crash in July 1833. Just like the end of the war, Portugal fell into the first Carist War in neighboring Spain; Pedro's help brought Queen Isabella II of Spain to power.

die

Pedro is at his best in times of crisis, because years of fighting have actually played the best role in him. He was a natural wartime leader, who had real ties with soldiers and people who suffered in the conflict. He even took part in the battle. 1834, he won the war: Miguel was expelled from Portugal forever, and Pedro's daughter Maria II of Portugal ascended the throne. She won't rule until 1853.

However, the war affected Pedro's health. By September of 1834, he had terminal tuberculosis. He died on September 24th at the age of 35.

heritage

During his administration, Pedro I was unpopular with the Brazilian people, who hated his impulsiveness, lack of governance methods and mistreatment of his beloved Leo Poldina. Although Brazilian liberals are very liberal and in favor of a strong constitution and the abolition of slavery, he has always criticized him.

Today, however, Brazilians and Portuguese respect his memory. His position on the abolition of slavery is ahead of the times. 1972, his body was sent back to Brazil with great fanfare. In Portugal, he was respected for overthrowing his brother Miguel. He has ended the modern reform and turned to support the powerful monarchy.

In Pedro's time, Brazil was still far from today's unified country. Most cities and towns are located in coastal areas, and the contact with most undeveloped inland areas is irregular. Even coastal towns are isolated from each other, and communication often goes through Portugal first. Strong regional interests, such as coffee growers, miners and sugar cane plantations, are growing, which may divide the country. Brazil can easily be divided on the road of Central America or Great Colombia, but Pedro I and his son Pedro II are determined to keep Brazil intact. Many modern Brazilians believe that Pedro I has the unity they enjoy today.