Left-behind children are blocked by kindergartens. How difficult is "one village, one park"?

On the one hand, mountain village kindergartens formulate teaching contents according to the national kindergarten teaching guidelines, and at the same time integrate local characteristics into teaching. Figure/China Development Research Foundation)

Five-year-old O 'Yuan Hang shyly ran away from the TV and took out two big Altman toys.

Yuan Hang and his grandfather live in Shi Cun, Miao 'ai Village, Songtao County, Guizhou Province. Altman and TV are his best friends. Seeing a guest coming, he was a little excited to take the guest to his homework hut and play with his grandfather's record player. When the guests said goodbye, the smile of sailing disappeared and they hid behind grandpa with tears in their eyes.

Loneliness is the most common emotion in sailing. My parents divorced a few years ago, and my father worked in Xiamen, Fujian, and rarely appeared in a year. "Mom seems to be working in Guangdong, and everyone is actually not very clear." Shi Cun kindergarten volunteer Zhu said calmly. I haven't seen my mother since I was eight months old. He was brought up by his grandfather in his seventies. He stopped farming and did odd jobs at home.

Yuan Hang and grandpa don't talk much. They like watching cartoons, but they always refuse to take care of watching TV. But to grandpa's relief, Sailing always takes the initiative to help him with housework. I am too young to do it well, but I will follow suit and want to help grandpa share it. "The kindergarten teacher taught us to do our own thing, and he will help us when he comes back!"

The nearest school

Loneliness, lack of companionship ... In Shi Cun kindergarten, there are not a few children like Ao. Zhu Jing introduced that Zhai Shi Cun Kindergarten has more than 20 students. These students come from Zhai Shi Cun and several surrounding villages. Most of them are left-behind children, and their families are generally poor.

Thanks to the kindergarten built in the village, you can receive preschool education at home as long as you walk for more than ten minutes. Entering Zhaishiwan Primary School, we embarked on a high slope. Two bungalows with colored walls stand out in the gray buildings on campus. This is Zhaishishan Village Kindergarten.

Kindergarten classrooms are spacious and bright. More than a dozen low tables are covered with tie-dyed tablecloths with Miao characteristics, and the tables are filled with various toys and teaching AIDS. The kindergarten in this mountain village adopts the education method of mixed-age classes, and the teachers are volunteers with normal background who are openly recruited locally, that is, kindergarten teachers who are not prepared.

In the mountain village kindergarten, according to the teaching syllabus of the mountain village kindergarten, volunteers exercise children's cognitive, expressive and interpersonal skills through various games and courses. In addition, volunteers also make more home visits to help parents communicate with their children who stay at home. Every month, Ao's father sends Zhu Jing, a volunteer, 500 yuan's living expenses, which Zhu Jing gives to his grandfather who can't use his mobile phone.

In Zhongcha Village, many children are left behind and brought up by grandparents. "The older generation often has no concept of family education. They think that it is enough to raise children healthily, and they don't pay much attention to their habits and emotional needs. " Long Linying, who has been a volunteer in the village kindergarten in Zhongcha Village for five years, told China Philanthropist. Long Linying consciously popularized family parenting knowledge to students' grandparents at work, but the effect was not satisfactory.

(Cao Yan introduced that the volunteer team of mountain village kindergarten is still relatively stable. Local governments are also trying to improve the treatment of volunteers. Figure/China Development Research Foundation)

The task of cultivating children's habits falls to kindergarten teachers. "At ordinary times, the housework at home is already very busy, and there is no time to learn family parenting knowledge. Children can watch TV quietly at home. " A student's grandmother told China Philanthropist that after attending a kindergarten in a mountain village, her child would take the initiative to do some housework within her power, and on the way to school, she would say to her grandparents, "Take the right side of the road and stay away from the car".

There are currently 295 similar mountain village kindergartens in Songtao County, which grow in the most remote and poorest rural areas in Songtao County.

The child can't wait.

It is both accidental and inevitable that the mountain village kindergarten landed in Songtao County.

Songtao County is located at the eastern foot of Fan Jing, the main peak of Wuling Mountain, at the junction of Guizhou, Hunan and Chongqing, with a total population of 740,000. It is one of the earliest five Miao autonomous counties in China, and it is also a famous "poor old people" area. In March this year, the Guizhou Provincial People's Government announced that 24 areas including Songtao County had withdrawn from poverty-stricken counties, and Songtao County was able to get rid of poverty and take off its hat.

Gao Guoqing, director of the office of China Development Research Foundation, visited Songtao many times. He recalled that in 20 12, there were only 27 kindergartens in Songtao county, 20 of which were private kindergartens, and there were only 3 public parks in the county. According to the data of Songtao county government, the gross enrollment rate of pre-school education in Songtao county is only 56%.

On 20 12, CCTV economic channel broadcasted a party focusing on left-behind children-"Spring Blossoms 2065438+02-Special Parents' Meeting". At the party, a girl named Tang Jinmei touched many people. Tang Jinmei lives in Zhao Ji Village, Songtao County. At the age of five, she had a strong desire to go to school. As long as she has time, she will cross the river, climb mountains and go to Zhao Ji Village Primary School on foot. At the party, after listening to the story of Tang Jinmei, Lu Mai, then secretary-general of China Development Research Foundation, took the stage and promised to build a mountain village kindergarten in Songtao County so that the "little golden girls" could go to school.

Since 2009, China Development Research Foundation has successively carried out the pilot project of "One Village, One Garden: Mountain Village Kindergarten Plan" in Ledu, Qinghai and Xundian, Yunnan, and formed policy suggestions. According to the planning of the Foundation, "As long as there are 10 school-age children in the village, the Foundation will build a kindergarten". After three years of practice, "children can't afford to wait" has become the internal knowledge of the foundation, and they hope to promote it as a "mountain village kindergarten" throughout the country. Songtao became the first stop to the whole country.

According to the planning of the Foundation, "As long as there are 10 school-age children in the village, the Foundation will build a kindergarten". Figure/China Development Research Foundation)

At the beginning of the project, Cao Yan, deputy director of the Children's Center of China Development Research Foundation, went to Songtao for preliminary research. At that time, even in villages with good conditions near urban areas and highways, there were no kindergartens of their own. What impressed her was a brother and sister. My sister is six or seven years old, smart and lively, but she is deaf in both ears. In order to take care of the children, parents did not go out to work and faced great economic pressure. At the age of admission, it is difficult for the two brothers and sisters to get the opportunity to enter the park. Without the attention of non-profit organizations, it is difficult for elder sister to get the opportunity of rehabilitation training. "In remote and poor places, children are very short of outside attention and help. If healthy children do not receive preschool education, there will be great problems in the development of primary schools in the future. "

The early development of children in poor areas is not optimistic. In 2009, at the beginning of the pilot project of "Mountain Village Kindergarten", China Development Research Foundation entrusted Peking University to conduct a baseline survey in Ledu, Qinghai. The survey results show that the cognitive development level of children aged 3-6 in poor areas is less than 60% of that of urban children; The level of language development is only 40% of that of urban children of the same age. According to the follow-up survey data of China Development Research Foundation, only 19.2% of children who have not received preschool education in Ledu District of Qinghai Province can exceed the average score of the unified examination by the fifth grade.

The research by James heckman, the winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics, shows that preschool education is the most cost-effective investment compared with school education and various vocational education in adulthood. Preschool education plays an active role in breaking the intergenerational transmission of poverty.

From 100 to 2005

The biggest bottleneck to solve the problem of preschool education in mountain villages lies in teachers.

The "Mountain Village Kindergarten Plan" is mostly built in idle small villages, spare school buildings of Hope Primary School, village committees and party member activity rooms, and the site problem can be solved. China Development Research Foundation mainly invests its limited funds in the construction of teaching staff and daily operation.

In Songtao, mountain village kindergartens mainly recruit local secondary vocational college graduates majoring in preschool education, and young people with preschool education-related education or professional background who have worked in urban kindergartens. Cao Yan told China Philanthropist that the teachers recruited are basically Songtao locals and are relatively stable.

On the one hand, mountain village kindergartens formulate teaching contents according to the national kindergarten education guidelines, and at the same time integrate local characteristics into teaching and compile their own courses. Teacher training is entrusted to public parks in the county. The China Development Research Foundation raises funds from the society and is responsible for paying the operating expenses of kindergartens and teacher training.

(Yin Yan Village Kindergarten is located in Yin Yan Complete Primary School. Children and students from Yin Yan Elementary School lined up for a nutritious lunch. Photography/Reporter Fan Shuo)

According to the calculation of China Development Research Foundation, the annual investment of a kindergarten is about 30,000 ~ 50,000 yuan, of which the infrastructure is less than 20%, and the subsidy and training of kindergarten teachers account for more than 50% of the total cost. In Songtao, the Foundation provides 25,000 yuan for each project site every year, which is mainly used to pay the salaries of volunteers.

20 14, the experience of pine peach was popularized in tongren city. Xia Qingfeng, then secretary of Tongren Municipal Party Committee, led the promulgation of the Two-year Action Plan for Kindergarten Construction in tongren city Mountain Village (20 14-20 15), and decided to build 2,000 rural kindergartens in the whole city within two years. Tongren city invested/kloc-0.50 billion yuan in two years to build 2005 mountain village kindergartens. The coverage rate of rural preschool education resources in tongren city has changed from less than 10% to full coverage, which has solved the problem of more than 40,000 rural children entering the park. The gross enrollment rate of preschool education in Songtao County increased from 59.4% in 20 13 to 88. 1% in 20 16.

At the most, Songtao County built 494 mountain village kindergarten teaching points. In recent years, with the acceleration of urbanization and the relocation of residents, some mountain village kindergartens in Songtao County have closed down, and there are still 295 kindergartens.

Far from enough

Mountain village kindergartens undoubtedly provide a bottom choice for families in poor areas.

20 15 The three-year project of Shancun Kindergarten of China Development Research Foundation ended in Songtao. The kindergarten in the village where the project is located 100 is adjusted from free admission to charging 200 yuan education fees and other fees every semester for the daily expenses of the kindergarten and the salaries of volunteers.

Ao's grandfather told China Philanthropist that at present, the child care fee and drinking water fee of Zhaishishan Village Kindergarten are only in 400 yuan. "We can't afford to send kindergartens in the town. You can't pick it up when you're old. Let him go to the village. "

In the classroom of rural kindergarten in Zhai Shi Cun, desks are filled with toys and teaching aids. This kindergarten adopts the education method of mixed-age classes, and the teachers are volunteers with normal background who are openly recruited locally. Figure/China Development Research Foundation)

During a visit to Songtao County, the reporter learned that many qualified families in the village choose to rent houses in the town to facilitate their children's study, while the tuition fee for township private kindergartens in Songtao County is more than 2,000 yuan per semester. Take Tongxing Kindergarten in Taipingying Township as an example. The tuition fee of the park is 2580 yuan per semester. Kindergarten has a school bus to pick up students, which can radiate to villages within five kilometers of Fiona Fang. The director of Tongxing Kindergarten told China Philanthropist that 19% of the students' families rent houses in the town, and the rental fee ranges from 200 to 500 yuan every month.

The monthly salary of volunteers in mountain village kindergartens in Songtao County is generally around 2,000 yuan, while the salary of local teachers is generally above 3,000 yuan. Long Linying admits that a salary of 2,000 yuan is difficult to support the family, and the life of the whole family depends more on the husband who drives the excavator. "Although the salary is relatively low, I like this job very much, so I stuck to it." Long Linying said.

Cao Yan introduced that the volunteer team of mountain village kindergarten is still relatively stable. In Ledu County, Qinghai Province, of the 46 kindergarten volunteers recruited by the Foundation in 2009, 23 are still working. Local governments are also trying to improve the treatment of volunteers. Taking Songtao County as an example, Songtao County has paid "three insurances and one gold" for the volunteers in the mountain village kindergarten, and plans to give them a salary increase of 500- 1000 yuan. At the same time, the village kindergarten volunteer service expires for more than one year, and you can enjoy the preferential policy of 3 points for kindergarten teacher recruitment.

The role of mountain village kindergartens is obvious to all. The China Development Research Foundation cooperated with Peking University and East China Normal University to conduct a baseline survey and follow-up test on the development of children's language, cognition, movement and memory. The results show that after the implementation of the plan, the early development of children in the pilot area has been significantly improved, and the gap with urban children has been greatly narrowed.

The development of children who benefit from the project in the fields of language, cognition and memory, especially social development, is significantly higher than that of children who have not entered the park.

By the end of 2065438+June 2009, the China Development Research Foundation had established mountain village kindergartens in 27 counties (cities) in 9 provinces (autonomous regions) including Qinghai, Guizhou and Hunan in cooperation with local governments. At present, there are 2,520 classes in 196 1 kindergarten, recruiting more than 3,200 kindergarten teachers and nearly 70,000 students in the kindergarten.

But these are not enough. According to the data of the national rural census in 20 17, only 19000 administrative villages in China have village-level kindergartens. According to this ratio, the China Development Research Foundation estimates that there are still 654.38+10,000 village-level preschool education service institutions in rural areas in poverty-stricken areas.

Lu Mai, vice chairman of China Development Research Foundation, has repeatedly called for the development of mountain village kindergartens to be promoted to a national policy. Cao Yan admits that the obstacle is that the kindergarten in the mountain village is limited by factors such as venue and hardware, and there is still much room for improvement in the standardization of the park.

"But many children will be delayed when the conditions of standardization construction are met." Cao Yan said. The foundation hopes to gather all forces through the mountain village kindergarten and gradually improve the conditions and quality of running the park. "Where public parks can't cover and private parks can't do it, it is the place where mountain village kindergartens should play a role."