Palace Building Shenyang Forbidden City

Palace Building Shenyang Forbidden City

In addition to the Forbidden City in Beijing, there is also the Forbidden City in Shenyang, which was built in Shenyang, Liaoning before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs. Nurhachi, the Qing emperor, was originally the leader of the Nuzhen nationality (Manchu) in Northeast China. After he gained sovereignty by annexing tribes and established the post-Jin kingdom, he organized all the people under the Eight Banners. The leaders of the Eight Banners are himself, his brothers, sons and nephews. Command operations in wartime, and usually manage household registration, land tax, corvee and other things. Therefore, the banner was the organizational form of Nurhachi regime, and Wang Qi became his main political assistant. In case of major events, eight tents will be set up in front of the palace, respectively on both sides, to convene the Eight Banners king and ministers to discuss state affairs. In A.D. 1622, Nurhachi moved the capital to Shenyang and immediately built a palace, which is the Forbidden City East Road in Shenyang today (Figure 8). The East Road Building is dominated by the Grand Main Hall in the middle, which is the hall where national ceremonies are held. In front of the temple, the form of the Eight Banners tabernacle was maintained, and 65,438+00 pavilions were built. Except for the two-wing pavilions at the northern end, the other eight pavilions are arranged in a figure of eight in the order of the Eight Banners. This is the place where the Eight Banners King was called to discuss state affairs. This layout is unprecedented in ancient palace buildings, and it is actually the embodiment of the political requirements of the ruling class in this period. After Nurhachi's death, his son Huang Taiji succeeded to the throne, changed the title of the country to Qing, strengthened centralization and weakened the power of the Eight Banners King. The Ten Kings Pavilion lost its original function, and a number of palace buildings centered on Chongzheng Hall were built in the west of Dazheng Hall, which is the middle road of Shenyang Forbidden City. The Daqingmen, south of the middle road, is the main entrance of the Forbidden City, passing through the Imperial Road to the Chongzheng Hall. This is the hall where Huang Taiji handles state affairs, and all court meetings, envoys and important banquets are held here. Behind it, Qingning Palace is the sleeping hall of the Forbidden City, built on a platform more than three meters high, and in front of it, there is the Phoenix Building as the entrance of this group of harem buildings.

1- Dazhengtang; 2- Right-wing Wang Ting; 3- Left-wing Wang Ting;

4- Huang Zheng Flag Pavilion; 5- Yellow Flag Pavilion; 6- Zhenghongqi Pavilion;

7- Zhengbai Banner Pavilion; 8- Hongqi Pavilion; 9- White Flag Pavilion;

10- Lanqi Pavilion; 1 1- Zhenglan Flag Pavilion; 12- Daqingmen

13- Chongzhengtang; 14-Phoenix Building; 15— Qingning Palace;

16-Yanqing Palace; 17-Linzhi Palace; 18-Yongfu Palace;

19-Guansui Palace; 20- Yihe Temple; 21-Jiezhi Palace;

22- Classic Pavilion; 23- Diguang Hall; 24- Baoji Palace;

25- Ji Enzhai; 26- Chongmo Pavilion; 27- Jiayin Hall;

28- Wensui Pavilion; 29— Yang Xizhai;

Figure 8 Plan of Shenyang Imperial Palace

After boarding the high platform, there are five palaces where emperors, empresses and concubines live. The West Road of the Forbidden City in Shenyang is an additional building group when Emperor Qianlong visited Shenyang in the north in A.D. 178 1 year, including a stage and a Wenshui Pavilion for storing Si Ku Quan Shu. Generally speaking, the East Road and the Middle Road of Shenyang Forbidden City represent the architectural forms of the early Qing Dynasty before entering the customs. What are their characteristics compared with palace buildings in Ming Dynasty?

First, judging from the overall layout of the building, Shenyang Forbidden City not only inherits the tradition of palaces in the Han Dynasty, but also embodies the national characteristics. No matter whether it is the east road or the middle road, the buildings are arranged in the form of axial symmetry. The main hall of East Road is in the middle, and 10 Wang Ting is symmetrically arranged in front. The main halls in the middle of the road, such as Daqingmen, Chongzheng Hall, Fenghuang Building and Qingning Palace, are all placed on the central axis, and there are several courtyards on both sides of the hall. The palace is still in the pattern of sleeping before; These are the traditional forms of the Han nationality. The Ten Kings Pavilion on the East Road shows the tradition of the Jurchen nationality after the State of Jin. The back bedroom of the middle road was built on a high platform, which formed the pattern that the front hall was lower than the back hall, which was just the opposite of the arrangement that the three halls of the Forbidden City were higher on the high platform base and the three palaces of the Imperial Palace were lower than the previous dynasty in the Ming Dynasty. This form of high palace and low hall is related to the living habits of jurchen. Jurchen has lived in Changbai Mountain for a long time and is used to living in high places. After the establishment of Nurhachi, the State of Jin built palaces in Xinbin and Liaoyang. Most of these buildings are built on highlands, or high platforms are built on mountains, and then palaces are built on high platforms. This habit was naturally brought to the Forbidden City in Shenyang.

Secondly, in terms of architectural form, the Imperial Palace in Shenyang did not fully grasp the traditional style of court architecture in the Ming Dynasty. The Supreme Harmony Hall and Gan Qing Palace in the Forbidden City in Beijing adopt the highest-grade double-eaved roofs, while the Baohe Hall and Taihe Gate adopt double-eaved roofs. Other buildings also adopt different roof forms according to different grades, which embodies a strict feudal hierarchy in building structure. However, in Shenyang Forbidden City, the main main hall uses octagonal double eaves and a pointed roof, while Chongzheng Hall only uses the most general hard gable roof, which cannot reflect the position of these buildings in architectural style. They only show the importance of architecture by decoration. For example, Chongzheng Hall has a beautiful throne. There is a wooden platform under the throne, and a covered pavilion is added to the seat, which is called the hall. The beams, thrones and screens of the hall are decorated with wood carvings. Although there is no ceiling at the top of the hall, colorful paintings are painted on the beams, which makes the simple government worship hall on the hard top of the mountain look very gorgeous.

Thirdly, in terms of architectural decoration, besides the traditional decoration of Han architecture, Shenyang Forbidden City can also see some unique forms of Manchu and Mongolian areas. As a symbol of the emperor, the dragon is also widely used in Shenyang Forbidden City. On the eaves column of the main hall, a golden dragon plate column was specially made, with the faucet sticking out and facing left and right. Beads with flame patterns are installed on the square in the middle, forming a three-dimensional double dragon play bead pattern. There is also a golden carved dragon in the center of the main hall algae well. In the eaves gallery of Chongzheng Hall and Daqingmen, the short beams connecting the inner and outer columns are completely made into a dragon. The faucet and claws extend out of the eaves column, the dragon body is inserted into the inner column, and some even extend the dragon tail into the room, which is very vivid. This style and style are rare in Han official buildings. Glass has long been a decorative material for palace buildings. When Nurhachi and Huang Taiji built the Forbidden City in Shenyang, because there was a base for burning colored glasses in nearby Haicheng, they used a large number of colored glass components for decoration. The roofs of the main palaces are all yellow glazed tiles, and some are surrounded by green glazed tiles; In the Chongzheng Hall on the roof of Hard Mountain, except all glazed tiles, the left and right walls and the front wall are decorated with glazed tiles. Several roofs and windsurfers are covered with glazed dragons, one after another. There is a treasure in front of the dragon's tap. The dragon is blue with green waves in the middle. On the yellow foundation, the color is very bright, forming a dazzling ribbon on the roof.

From the planning, layout, architectural form and architectural decoration of Shenyang Forbidden City, we can see some characteristics of architecture in the early Qing Dynasty. On the one hand, these characteristics reflect the original political situation and living habits of the nation, and at the same time, they adopt and follow the traditional forms and techniques of the Han nationality. It shows that in the process of building the Qing Palace, the Qing Emperor Taizong and the Qing Emperor Taizong paid great attention to absorbing the advanced skills of the Han and Mongolian nationalities and recruiting craftsmen and artists of the Han and Mongolian nationalities, which made the building of Shenyang Forbidden City have the characteristics of multi-ethnic cultural integration.