How to shoot waterfalls and fountains, night traffic and starry sky in detail? 0? three

How to shoot waterfalls and fountains, night traffic, and starry waterfalls and night traffic seem completely irrelevant, one day and one night, but their shooting methods are the same, that is, long exposure with a tripod. The shortest exposure time for shooting waterfalls is also half a second, usually 2 seconds, so that running water can slide across the negative (or CCD) to get the effect of fog and smoke. Traffic needs a longer exposure time, usually more than ten seconds, sometimes more than thirty seconds, to make the lights slide a considerable distance. You can try it yourself in a few seconds. Digital movies don't cost money anyway. We should set the aperture to the middle value so that the lens can achieve the best resolution. 135 digital SLR lens, the intermediate aperture value is generally f8 or f 1 1. The first step is to set the ISO of the camera to 100. Shooting scenery requires the lowest camera sensitivity, generally speaking, it is ISO 100 (some cameras are 50, some are ISO200), so as to shoot fine pictures. The second step is to determine the measurement mode. Generally speaking, waterfalls and traffic flow can be measured by local average or central focus, and spot metering is generally not used. The third step is to determine the shooting mode. You can use aperture priority, shutter priority or full manual mode, either of which can be used: aperture priority: hit the main dial on the top of the camera to Av (or A), then set the aperture f 1 1, aim at the waterfall, and press the shutter halfway, and the camera will automatically give the shutter speed that can accurately expose. The shutter speed is not slow enough. What if it is only 1/4 seconds? Just reduce the aperture, from f 1 1 to f 16. What if the shutter speed drops to f22 for less than a second? At this time, you can use a polarizer, which can reduce the light like sunglasses and further reduce the shutter speed. Generally speaking, a polarizer can reduce the shutter speed by one or two steps, for example, from 1/4 seconds to 1 second. Polarizers can also eliminate the reflection of leaves and water. Of course, we can also use a reducing mirror (also called a medium gray mirror). There are different specifications such as 2x, 4x, 8x, etc. The larger the value, the stronger the dimming performance. Medium gray mirror simply reduces the light intensity, but can't eliminate the reflection of leaves and water. Shutter (speed) priority: Turn the main dial at the top of the camera to Tv (or S). When shooting waterfalls, I usually set the speed to 2 seconds, and I used 20 seconds more for the flow. Choose a good scene to determine the composition, press the shutter half, and the camera can automatically give the aperture that can accurately expose. If it's f 1 1, that's the best. Whether it's f5.6 or f4, just lower the shutter speed a little bit. F5.6 two seconds, f8 four seconds, and f 1 1 eight seconds can be correctly exposed. Full manual mode: Turn the main dial of the camera to M, adjust the shutter and aperture at the same time, observe the photometric indication of the camera, and press the shutter (neither+nor-) when it reaches the middle value. To sum up, aperture priority, shutter priority or full manual mode actually achieve the same goal when shooting waterfalls and traffic, and all of them use the best aperture of F 1 1 in order to achieve an exposure time of more than two seconds. If not, continue to turn down the aperture (the depth of field will also increase at this time). If the minimum aperture of f22 is still not properly exposed, please use a color filter, polarized or neutral gray. If you want to make the waterfall darker, lower the exposure by half a grade. If you want to make the traffic more brilliant, you only need to increase the exposure by half or double. If the exposure time is extended to one hour (3600 seconds) or even longer, beautiful star orbits can be taken in the dark night sky. The earth rotates once every 14 minutes. Although the light of the stars is very weak, it will light up after two hours of exposure, and it will also pull out a beautiful track. The night sky is so dark that we can't see these tracks with the naked eye. From this point of view, the photos of waterfall flow and starry sky are fake. Pretending to be beautiful is artistic. When shooting waterfalls or night traffic, it is recommended to use cable release to completely eliminate hand shock. If there is no wired release, take a selfie, but don't touch the camera. It is recommended that you use the rearview mirror locking function (MLU) of the camera. When the reflector is lifted, it will hit the fuselage upwards, which is the crash or click when taking pictures. Although the impact force is very weak, it will still make the fuselage slightly vibrate and the photos will be blurred. You can't see this tiny blurred photo. If you enlarge the photo to 20 inches, it will be obvious. Any vibration is a taboo for landscape photography. So we must open the MLU mirror pre-lock in the menu. After the MLU is opened, you need to press the shutter twice to take pictures: when you press the shutter for the first time, the mirror pops up. At this time, we wait for three seconds, and then press the shutter again when the vibration completely disappears. At this time, the shutter curtain is opened and the exposure is completed.