About Mongolia or Jurchen

Mongolians call themselves "Mongolians". The name "Mongolia" was recorded earlier in the Book of the Old Tang Dynasty and the National Records of Qidan, meaning "the eternal fire". Nickname: "Man on horseback". The Mongolians originated in Huel Gong Valley and were called "Wumeng Stone Committee" and "Mongolia" in history.

Mongolians are mainly distributed in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and the rest are distributed in Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and other provinces. The population is 4,806,849,000 (the fourth census 1.990), of which there are1.30,000 in Yunnan, who live in Mengxin Township, Tonghai County, and are divided into five natural villages: Zhongcun, Xiacun, Baige, Jiaoyiwan and Taojiazui. They are descendants of Mongols who stayed in Yunnan during the war with Kublai Khan in the early Yuan Dynasty. It has been more than 740 years since Tonghai Mongolians came to the lakeside at the foot of Qihu and the foot of Fengshan in Yunnan Plateau from the prairie in northwest China. For more than 700 years, we have lived in harmony with the people of all ethnic groups and made friendly exchanges. We have overcome all kinds of difficulties and obstacles with the spirit of self-reliance and national unity, and built Qilu Lake and the foot of Phoenix Mountain into a land of plenty.

Animal husbandry is the main economy that Mongolian people depend on for a long time. In addition, it is also engaged in processing industry, agriculture and industry. At present, it is mainly based on breeding. Mongolian people are good at singing and dancing, and there are two kinds of folk songs: long tune and short tune. The main musical instrument is Ma Touqin. Like wrestling. Mongolian yurts and Lele cars are their companions in nomadic life.

Language: Mongolians have their own language. Mongolian belongs to Mongolian family of Altai language family, and there are three dialects: Inner Mongolia, Weilat and Balhubriat. At present, the commonly used characters were created by 13 century with Uighur letters. /kloc-At the beginning of the 4th century, the original script was transformed by Mongolian scholar Chageyi Voser and became a common Mongolian language. Mongolians in Yunnan can speak Yi and Chinese, and their Mongolian can communicate with Mongolian in the north.

Mongolian journalism, publishing, broadcasting, drama and film have also made great progress. Classics such as The Secret History of Mongolia have been identified as world-famous cultural heritage by UNESCO. The famous heroic epic Jianger is one of China's three heroic epics. "Drinking good things" is listed as one of the important medical inventions that have made outstanding contributions to world civilization.

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Jurchen (or "Ligustrum lucidum"), also known as "Jurchen clan", originated in "Su Shen" more than 3,000 years ago. It was called "Lou" in the Han and Jin Dynasties, "Buji" in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and "Hong" in the Sui and Tang Dynasties.

"Jurchen" was divided into three parts in the early Ming Dynasty: Jianzhou Jurchen, Haixi Jurchen and Barbarian Jurchen. Later, it was divided into four parts by region: Jianzhou, Changbai, Donghai and Hulun.

"History of the Golden Century" records: "Before gold, a surname was born. Don't take chances. Don't be Jicoo. During the Yuan and Wei Dynasties, Buji had seven departments: Su Department, Bo Department, Che 'an Department, Fu Nie Department and Tundu Department. Housing department, Heishui department and Baishan department. Sui is called cymbals, and the seven parts are the same. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, there were black water cymbals and millet cymbals, and the five cymbals were unknown. "

The regime established by "Nuzhen" in the history of China.

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1 1 15, akuta unified the ministries of Jurchen and established the Jin Dynasty;

In the forty-three years of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (16 15), Nuerhachi, the leader of Jurchen, was named as Khan Jianguo in Hetuala City on the bank of Erdaohezi in Xinbin County, with the title of "Dajin", which was known as Houjin in history.

Nuzhen (Manchu) entered the Central Plains in 1644, and established the last feudal king Chao Qing in the history of China.

Jurchen

During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the formation and rise of the Jurchen nationality fundamentally changed the history of northern Guangdong, and also influenced the history of China to a great extent.

Song people said that the Jurchen nationality was "Zhu Lizhen, whose real name was mistaken for Jurchen". Obviously Julie is really a Chinese name. In order to avoid the taboo of the law of the Liao and Xing Dynasties, it was renamed Nvzhi and also written as a female quality.

Jurchen nationality first appeared in the 7th century. The History of Jin describes the origin of the Jurchen nationality like this:

Han Pu, the ancestor of the Jurchen nationality, had a brother, Akuta Dibao Holly. During the Zhenguan period of the Tang Dynasty, due to the separation of clans, Han Pu, who was over 60 years old, left his former residence in South Korea. His brother, a Buddhist, stayed in Korea and only came out with him to save his life. When I arrived at Hongyan department, I happened to meet people who were fighting for property, and they fought with each other and wrote to mediate, which calmed the situation. As a reward, Hongyan Department gave him a green cow. In order to gain a foothold here, he took this young cow as a bride price and married the daughter of a 60-year-old woman in Wanyanbu. After marriage, he gave birth to two men and one woman. He and his children naturally became members of the Yan Hong Department.

Wanyanbu lives in the upper reaches of Yalu River and Tumen River valley, and the Jurchen nationality is composed of Julie in this area, which is related to pearl-picking residents.

The word "Wan Yan" is a jurchen language, and there is a "winding" sound in Chinese. A branch of Heishui, which lives beside the meandering river in Suibin, took the name of the meandering river as its surname after it was scattered all over the country. "Winding" and "Wanyan" are homophonic. Therefore, as a branch of black water, Wanyanbu migrated from the winding river to the bank of Ashe River. Over time, the Jurchen language "Hong Yan" has evolved into the "king" of Chinese. Wan Yan's family is the royal family of the Jurchen nationality. Jurchen moved from Changbai Mountain to the middle reaches of Heilongjiang, and Wanyanbu settled in Wandashan. According to legend, Wandashan is the place where Jurchen Wang Hongyan's department has been, and its main peak is in Russia on the north bank of the middle reaches of Heilongjiang.

In Liao Dynasty, there were "seventy-two" Jurchen ethnic groups in Songhua River valley, with a population of 65,438+more than 10,000, scattered among valleys. Gradually, the Jurchen nationality was unified by scattered clans and tribes. The Ministry developed from the tribe, and the clan was reorganized from the clan blood relationship. Disunited tribes have developed into elected chiefs who are "close to each other", and chiefs will inevitably send their families to those tribes that have joined them to replace the powers of the original chiefs, so a new form of social organization has emerged, that is, surnames are replaced by surnames and departments are unified.

Jurchen nationality in Liao Dynasty is widely distributed: south to Yalu River and Changbai Mountain, north to the middle reaches of Heilongjiang, and east to the Sea of Japan. Living in the northeast of Zhouxian (now Kaiyuan, Liaoning) to Shumojiang (now the second Songhua River), with Huifa River basin as the center, it is called Huiba. Living in the north of Songhua River, northeast of Ningjiang Prefecture (now Shichengzi, Fuyu City, Jilin Province), until the middle and lower reaches of Heilongjiang Province, it is called "Saint Town"; Those who live in the east of Wusuli River and near the East China Sea (the Sea of Japan) are called "Donghai Nuzhen".

The Khitan people's policy towards the Jurchen nationality is "divide and rule". They tricked Qiangzong's surname into Liaodong Peninsula and merged it into the nation of Qidan, which is called "Su Heguan" or "Su Heguan", which means "Fence" in Jurchen language. These people are "mature women". The other part lives in the north of Xumi Water (north of Songhua River) and east of Ningjiang House (now Fuyu County, Jilin Province). These people are "natural daughters". Heishui Mohong's offspring are the main body of nuzhen. Later, the Wanyan Department of the Jin Dynasty was established, which was a true branch of Notre Dame and a direct descendant of Heishui Mohong.

Liao also specially set up some palaces, aiming at governing Jurchen by Jurchen.

Beinuzhen is located in the middle reaches of Liaohe River, and Liaoning is under the jurisdiction of Beinuzhen Palace and Beinuzhen Military Forces Division. Nannu Town: located in Liaodong Peninsula, Liaoning has jurisdiction over Nannu Town Palace and Nannu Town Tanghe Division; Nuzhen in Yalu River: It is distributed in the Yalu River area, and the jurisdiction of Nuzhen Grand Palace in Yalu River is set in Liao. Nuzhen Department of Changbai Mountain: distributed in Changbai Mountain area, under the jurisdiction of Nuzhen Grand Palace in Changbai Mountain, Liaoning Province; Flowering part; Distributed in the Hailan River Basin, Liao is under the jurisdiction of many grand palaces in Plummau.

Born in Jurchen, there are many tribes and the residence is scattered.

Yan Hong Bu, the world's rolling tiger water (Asuhu, Shuanhu and Anchuhu), is distributed in Ashe River in the eastern suburb of Harbin, Heilongjiang;

Du Wen, located in the south of Laishui (now Lalin River) and north of Pigudun Water (now Feiketu River);

Pucha Department, distributed in Ashe River and Yitong County;

Waller department, located in the north of Ashe River;

Only single series, distributed in Buyami River (now Baiyangmu River) basin in Mulan County, Heilongjiang Province;

Nipang Valley, distributed in Hulan County, Heilongjiang Province;

Shujiabu, a native of Paligo, is located in the Foteku River (now Huangni River) basin in Mulan County.

Jiagubu, distributed in the Huolong River Basin in Wuchang County, Heilongjiang Province;

Tiger Department, distributed in the incoming water basin;

Wusaza, distributed in the incoming water basin;

Pei Manchu, distributed in Wuchang County;

Wulin Answer Department, distributed in Hailan River Basin, a tributary of Hulan River (now Mudanjiang);

Tang Kuo Department, distributed near Wuyue River in Heilongjiang;

Living in the ancient part of Dalu in the lower reaches of Taoer River and Nenjiang River, it is distributed in Guo Qian County, Jilin Province.

Geshilie, distributed in Xingxianshui (now Buerhatu River in Yanbian, Jilin), Taowenshui (now Tangwanghe River) and Longtu Shui Gu (now Duolongwu River) basins;

Wendy's scars are distributed in Tongmen River (now Tumen River), Hulun River (now Huolong River) and Minjiang River (now Yinma River) in Li Qian.

Ugulun Department, adjacent to Otun Department and Wuta Department;

Wuta Department, adjacent to Ugulun Department;

Mantuo, distributed near Tumen River;

Wuyan, distributed in the Chan River (now Gaya River in Yanbian), Xingxianshui and Abu Sayyaf Valley;

Model quasi-part, distributed in Subinshui (now Suifenhe) basin;

Professional Ethics Department, located in Suifenhe River Basin;

Including the Ministry of State, distributed in the upper reaches of Wusuli River;

Wushu Department, living in the East Houlle River where Heilongjiang meets Wusuli River;

The main body snuggles, distributed in the Zaifen River Basin;

Bald answer department, distributed in Toure Valley;

Ancient turtles, distributed at the intersection of Buku River, Songhua River and Heilongjiang;

Babu, Li Po, also known as Babu, Li Po, is located in Boli area where Heilongjiang and Wusuli rivers meet.

The daughters of Liao Dynasty had no mother tongue for a long time. They usually recorded their stories in primitive ways such as knotting ropes and carving wood. They know neither Chinese nor Khitan, but at most they are familiar with Khitan. They just transmit information and rely on memory as translation. As for the astronomical calendar recorded in writing, not to mention, we only rely on the experience passed down from generation to generation to distinguish the four seasons and remember our age. Judging the years by "how many degrees of grass", once the grass is green, it naturally increases by one year. Virgins are rarely treated with drugs when they are sick. At the same time, the complexity of living terrain and the diversification of production and life have refined the skillful riding skills of virgins. In "Shuoba", it is said that they "fly over the eaves and walk on the wall, cross the river without a boat, and cross the river on horseback", which can be said to be extremely magical. In addition to self-use and local exchange, agricultural and sideline products are also transported to the market in Ningjiangfu for sale. The main commodities are Zhu Bei, ginseng, raw gold, pine nuts, one-horned lotus, honey wax and linen.

Nuzhen is used to living in the valley, living in a wooden house, and the doors are facing east. Household kang burning for heating, cold protection and dehumidification. They have lived in the mountains for a long time. They have abundant trees. Because pottery is rough and porcelain is hard to find, wood products are very popular, and utensils such as plates, pots and spoons are mostly made of wood. Jurchen likes drinking and eating meat porridge with unique flavor, that is, minced meat with fresh meat and wild vegetables. They also picked the flower buds of Paeonia lactiflora and made them into crisp dishes, which were crispy and delicious for a long time.

Born girls are located in cold areas, and their clothes are mostly made of various furs. The rich make furs from mink and fox skins, while the poor make shirts from skins of cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, cats, dogs, fish and snakes.

In the form of marriage, monogamous individual family forms are generally determined, while the legacy of finding a partner and robbing a marriage is still retained, which is also manifested in the "ceremony of marrying a woman", that is, holding a wedding in the woman's home and encouraging "adoption".

The most powerful part of Hong Yan in Jurchen is 12, with Bu as the surname.

The descendants of Hanpu shoulder the heavy responsibility of unifying the ministries of Jurchen. During the Sui Dynasty, he settled in the Ashe River Valley of Heilongjiang Province, growing grain, making boats and cars, building houses, and learning to burn charcoal and make iron. During the period of Emperor Wugu, the history said that "since the Jing nationality (Emperor Wugu), two generations and four owners, their careers were interrelated and separated, and everything was subject to the laws and regulations of this Ministry". The foundation laid by Gu Wu was inherited and developed by his descendants.

The strength of the Jurchen nationality caused anxiety in the Liao Dynasty. Not only did he send heavy troops to defend himself, but the emperor of Liao Dynasty also toured the East every year. The Liao Dynasty conscripted 10,000 war horses from the Jurchen nationality every year, and the Khitan nobles forcibly bought northern pearls, ginseng, raw gold, pine nuts, Typhonium Typhonium, beeswax and linen from the Jurchen nationality, and also robbed and beat the Jurchen nationality at will. The cruelty of Liao and Qidan nobles naturally aroused the dissatisfaction, anger and resistance of Jurchen.

Akuta established the Jin Dynasty.

Jin Taizu Akuta not only unified the ministries of Jurchen, formed a national community, developed the national economy and culture, and strengthened the armed forces, but also led the people of Han, Bohai, Qidan, Shiwei, Tieli, Infinite and other places in the northeast to jointly fight against Liao. During his lifetime, he also reached an agreement with the Southern Song Dynasty to attack the Liao army from north to south and help the Southern Song Dynasty recover sixteen states. The maritime traffic between Song and Jin Dynasties is also increasingly frequent.

During the busy war years, Agoudas still attached great importance to agricultural production, and made great efforts to handicrafts and commerce in the Heilongjiang River Basin. He also wrote Jurchen characters before his death. 1 125 years, Song and Jin jointly attacked and destroyed Liao. Later, Song and Jin signed a treaty, which started from Huaihe River in the east and bounded by Dasanguan in the west, forming a new confrontation between North and South. Jin State, which rises in Baishan and Heishui, is in the vast northern part of China.

The rulers adopted the official system of Song and Liao Dynasties. At the local level, the state-county system and the Meng' an system go hand in hand. Meng 'an Mok was a tribal alliance organization of Jurchen nationality at the end of clan society.

Jin Dynasty has 19 Road, which is in charge of military forces and residents. Northeast China belongs to Beijing Road, Shangjing Road and Tokyo Road. Beijing Road, centered in Ningcheng County, Liaoning Province, leads to western Liaoning and northern Jilin. Shangjing Road is centered in Acheng County, Heilongjiang Province, and leads to northern and central Jilin, Changchun and Heilongjiang. Tokyo Road, centered on Liaoyang City, Liaoning Province, governs the vast area of Liaodong.

After Jurchen seized the Liao regime, she forced the population of the Central Plains to migrate to the Heilongjiang River basin. The land here is flat and fertile, and after more people come, villages and crops are prosperous everywhere. Agricultural production technology is developed, such as Zhaozhou and Lengshan along the Songhua River, which not only grow grain and vegetables, but also transplant Uygur beans, watermelons, red peony, peach trees and plum trees from other places.

Nomads in the Central Plains captured some carpenters and shipbuilders and learned how to build grain carriers in the Central Plains style. They also widely use the technological process and style of Central Plains architecture. Mining and smelting also have a high technical level. The scale of mines, the number of iron smelting furnaces, and the production technology of gold and silver products, ceramics firing and iron farm tools have greatly exceeded the Liao Dynasty. It is similar to Zhongyuan, but the quality is slightly inferior. For example, bronze mirrors are mostly cast copper. Although the technology is generally rough, there are also fine products like Shuanglong bronze mirrors unearthed in Acheng County, Heilongjiang Province.

The rulers also made their own copper coins, such as Zheng Long Bao Tong, Dading Bao Tong, Taihe Chongbao, and also issued paper money called "small notes" and "hand in notes". Commercial trade is mainly run by the state, with salt as the bulk. Only some gold and silver jewelry is handled by private enterprises. The words "Beijing Zhai Jia Ji" on the gold and silver wares indicate that Beijing Zhai Jia Ji is a private bank produced and sold by himself.

Jurchen people not only have their own language, but also their own writing. Jurchen script was first created by a man named Wan Yan Sheen. He imitated the regular script of Chinese characters and created the Jurchen script with reference to the Khitan script. Later, a kind of Nuzhen fine print was promulgated, which was created by imitating the radical of Qidan characters and Chinese characters. This kind of nuzhen fine print is very popular. There are not many jurchen scripts that have been circulated so far. There is a tablet in Waizitun, a stone tablet in Fuyu County, Jilin Province, called "Daikin Shengli Tuosong Tablet", which is the most precious Jurchen script at present. Jurchen language has been used until the Ming Dynasty, and all civil and military officials who worked in Jurchen areas and the chanting chapters of the Jin and Beijing courts must be written in Jurchen language. In the history of China writing, Jurchen writing, like Qidan writing, occupies a very important position.

Jurchen nobles not only run the country with Confucianism, but also consciously use Confucianism to regulate their words and deeds.

At the beginning of the Jin Dynasty, the culture of the Jurchen nationality was still very backward. After entering the Central Plains, a large number of Han books were collected and a group of Han literati came to join, which made the Jurchen culture develop rapidly. Jurchen nobles learned Chinese language and various cultural knowledge from childhood, and the court also used parallel prose to write letters and memorials. Poetry in Tang and Song Dynasties is also the main form of court literature in Jin Dynasty. Jurchen aristocrat Chou Wayan is good at painting and poetry. In "Homesickness Poems", he has a funny poem that "new poems are as light as goose yellow wine and homesickness is as thick as Yalu River".

The song and dance music of the Nuzhen nationality in the Jin Dynasty was also influenced by the Central Plains, and the commonly used musical instruments were Xiao, Pipa, Sheng and drum. Court musicians and singers can also perform music such as Liu Yong's "Looking at the Tide of the Sea".

Jurchen believes in shaman religion. Shaman is shaman. In Jurchen language, witches are called shamans. So shamanism is actually a kind of witchcraft. Importantly, later Manchu also believed in Shaman religion. Jurchen in the Jin Dynasty also accepted Buddhism and Taoism, so many Buddhist temples and pagodas appeared everywhere.

1234, under the strong attack of Mongolian Ma Tiejinge, Dajin State collapsed. Jurchen who moved to Central Plains, North China and Liaodong were quickly assimilated. Those jurchen who stayed in their hometown seemed to be scattered overnight into many tribes and accepted the rule from the new regime of the Yuan Dynasty.

In the Yuan Dynasty, the lower reaches of Songhua River and Heilongjiang River were called Huntongjiang River, where 50,000 households were established, including Wentao, Huliguai, Duoduo, Tuowo Neighborhood Committee and Tikujiang. In addition, the Marshal's Office of the Eastern Expedition is located in Telin, Heilongjiang Province, thousands of Azugu households are located in the Wusuli River basin, thousands of whales are located in coastal areas, and thousands of savages and beggars are located in the lower reaches of Heilongjiang Province. Generally speaking, there are thousands of sets under the house of ten thousand households and hundreds under the house of one thousand households. These Jurchen tribes "have their own customs, no cities and battlements, live on water plants and hunt for a living".

In the first year of Yongle (1403), Judy of Ming Taizu sent people to Heilongjiang and Wusuli River basins to win over the Jurchen nationality. Jurchen, formerly known as Zhu Lizhen, is also called Zhu Lizhen, Zhu Lizhen, Zhu Lizhen and Zhu Shen in Manchu.

Differentiation and Reorganization of Jurchen Nationality in Ming Dynasty

In the Ming Dynasty, there were 25 guards in Liaodong Dusi and 384 guards in Nuergan Division, which governed the whole northeast region. Jurchen nationality is located in the east of Songhua River, west of the lower reaches of Heilongjiang River, close to the Sea of Japan, and bordering the vast area of Korean Peninsula in the south. In the early Ming Dynasty, jurchen was divided into three ethnic groups: Jianzhou Jurchen, Haixi Jurchen and Savage Jurchen.

Jianzhou Jurchen, formerly known as Bohai State, is located between Changbai Mountain, Mudanjiang River and Suifenhe River, and now Hunxian County of Jilin Province and Ning 'an County of Heilongjiang Province are the settlements.

The ancestral home of Jianzhou Jurchen is Hall Abe, a surname of Heilongjiang (now Yilan). At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Aha, the leader of Abe Zhaohui, left the fortress and appointed Li Si as the commander of Jianzhouwei. In the eighth year of Yongle (14 10), after Aha died, his son released his slave and named him Li Xianzhong, the hereditary father. During the Xuande period, Li Man, the grandson of Ahachu, lived in Ningguta and moved to Pozhu River (now Hunjiang River). At the beginning of orthodoxy, due to the invasion of Hercynian Jurchen and North Korea, it moved to the vicinity of Zaotu Mountain (now Hulan Hada, Xinbin County, Liaoning Province) in the upper reaches of perilla. Another branch of Jianzhou Jurchen, who lives near Sansheng, is called Woduoli, and its leader is Menggetemu. In the eighth year of Yongle, due to the invasion of the barbarian Jurchen, it moved south, moved several times, and regrouped in the Hunhe River basin at the beginning of orthodoxy.

In the seventh year of orthodoxy (1442), Jianzhou Zuo Wei and Jianzhou Youwei were established in the Ming Dynasty, which together with Jianzhou Wei were called "Jianzhou Sanwei". During the Wanli period, the Ming Dynasty named Nurhachi as the commander-in-chief and General Dragon and Tiger. 1583- 1593, Nurhachi, after the 1 1 year's campaign, gradually unified the various departments of Jurchen centered on Hetuala (now Liaoning Xinbin). 1599- 16 16 years, the four Hulun systems were unified one after another. 16 16, Nurhachi was called Khan, and the country name was "Daikin". Hetuala was used to promote Beijing, which was called Houjin in history.

Hercynian Nuzhen, named after the place name of Yuan Dynasty, lives in the west of the East China Sea and distributes in Fuyu County of Jilin Province to Acheng County of Heilongjiang Province in the lower reaches of Songhua River.

The name of Haixi, first seen in the Yuan Dynasty, generally refers to the jurchen of Zhu Wei in Haixi. There are four jurchen in Haixi: Hada, Huifa, Wula and Yehe, as well as Yi Shan and Jiang Yi. The mountain is easy to make holes in the mountain, that is, mature women are really beautiful; Jiang Yi lived in Heilongjiang, that is, she gave birth to Nuzhen. Hada and Yehe belong to Yi Shan, while Huifa and Wula belong to Jiang Yi. Later, it moved to the Hulan River basin, and Hulan and Hulun (Hulun) tone sandhi, also known as Hulun IV. /kloc-It was unified by Nurhachi at the beginning of the 7th century.

Savage Jurchen, also following the old name of Yuan Dynasty, is a relatively backward part of Jurchen, so it is called "savage", which is distributed on both sides of the middle and lower reaches of Heilongjiang and east of Wusuli River.

Savage Jurchen, also known as the East China Sea Jurchen and the East China Sea Woji Department, is divided into four parts: Sahalian, Huerha, Valka and Kulka. Huerhab is the hometown of Jianzhou Jurchen. Later, Huerha Department stayed in place, while Jianzhou Jurchen moved away.

Jurchen nationality in Ming Dynasty was a reorganized nationality. The jurchen of Jianzhouwei and Maolianwei are mostly adherents of Bohai nationality, engaged in farming, living, growing grain and spinning, eating, drinking and having fun, which is not much different from that of Han nationality. Nvzhen in Haixi, mostly descendants of Wanyanbu in Jin Dynasty, also engaged in farming. They live by the mountain, and their relatives live together. Savage Jurchen, also known as Jurchen Savage, is a branch of Jurchen, Hezhe and Oroqen. The custom is the same as that of Hercynian Jurchen, but the difference is that "I don't plow crops, but I hunt for a living".

The formation of Manchu

Manchu was originally called Manchuria, and later it was divided into new (Manchu "Che Yi") and old (Manchu "Fu") Manchuria, which actually included almost all ethnic minorities in northeast China.

In the seventh year of orthodoxy (1442), Jianzhou Wei, Jianzhou and Jianzhou Youwei formed a powerful tribe under the rule of the Ming Dynasty. The appearance of "Jianzhou Sanwei" marks the formation of Manchu subject. Under the banner of the Jurchen nationality, not only the ministries of the Jurchen nationality, but also the ancestors of Hezhe nationality, Oroqen nationality and Xibe nationality adopted the name of the Jurchen nationality. From 15 to 17 century, Manchu became a new community. Therefore, the name of Manchu is based on the Jurchen in Jianzhou and Haixi, and it also includes most savage Jurchen, local Han nationality, Mongolian nationality and other ethnic groups, which is also an important factor that constitutes Manchu.

In a word, Su Shen, as the earliest citizen of Manchu, provided convincing physical evidence despite being vague in the history books. As for Su Shen and his descendants, they are both related and different. The formation and development of Yilou, Buji, Mohong and Nuzhen below Su Shen should not be regarded as the formation and development of Manchu itself. However, we can't separate the relationship between generations from Su Shen to Ming Dynasty from the formation of Manchu. Otherwise, it can't correctly reflect the long history of Manchu. Of course, Manchu really appeared as a nation at the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of17th century. This is not to say that Manchu people didn't come to the world until the end of the Ming Dynasty, but that a new ethnic community has been formed from Jurchen. The history of Manchu originated from the division and reorganization of Jurchen in Ming Dynasty. From Jurchen to Manchu, this is a leap in the history of national development and a major achievement of historical progress.

The Jurchen nationality was originally a nomadic people scattered in Songhua River basin in northeast China and Heilongjiang Province. It was called Little Zhen Shi in ancient times, and it was divided into seven parts in Sui and Tang Dynasties. It was renamed Jurchen in the Five Dynasties. In the Song Dynasty, it was divided into two parts: virgins and mature virgins. Mature Notre Dame was ruled by Liao State, but the Notre Dame was scattered in the northeast and was not controlled by Liao State. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Akuta, the leader of the Jurchen nationality, unified all the departments of the Jurchen nationality and changed the title to Jin, in order to fight against Liao, cooperate with the Song Dynasty to destroy Liao and dominate the north.

Later, the nomads from the south invaded the Song Dynasty, invaded Bianjing, and took away two cases of Qin Hui and more than 3,000 concubines. History said that the difficulty of Jingkang forced the Song Dynasty to move south and occupied the northern part of China. Wu Shu was once a famous general. He won the victory and invaded the south on a large scale, but was finally defeated by Han Shizhong and Yue Fei. Later, Qin Gui became the prime minister of the Southern Song Dynasty, with great power and power. It is reported that Qin Gui was also one of the prisoners in Jingkang, and was later released. He actually had an affair with Kim, which killed Yue Fei. Since then, he has always advocated peace between Song Dynasty and Jin Dynasty. In this favorable situation, the State of Jin constantly invaded and blackmailed the Southern Song Dynasty, and even attempted to occupy the Central Plains. But later the rulers were ruled by the mediocre Wei Yongji, and the rulers began to decline and were rebelled by the Mongols in Mobei.

Mongolia originally surrendered to the Jin dynasty, but the Jin dynasty always used the strategy of differentiation to incite various ministries on the grassland to attack each other, plus the policy of reducing the number of workers, and slaughtered every three years. Finally, under the leadership of Genghis Khan, Mongolia rose, cut gold in parallel, and finally died.

/kloc-distribution map of various parts of nuzhen from the end of the 6th century to the beginning of the 7th century/kloc-Click on the above picture to see a larger picture.

After the downfall of the Jin Dynasty, Jurchen still lived in the northeast. In the early Ming Dynasty, three health centers were set up in the northeast, which were divided into Jianzhou, Haixi and Yeren. When Jianzhou arrived in Nurhachi, it was strong. He unified the ministries of Jurchen, reused the title of Jin, and later renamed Jurchen Manchu to crusade against Ming Dynasty. Unfortunately, he died of war wounds. His son, Huang Taiji, succeeded to the throne and changed his name to Qing Dynasty for the sake of Emperor Taizong. Emperor Taizong first made peace with Ming and attacked North Korea to expand his military strength. Later, he invaded the south and killed the famous anti-Qing fighter Yuan Chonghuan. Soon, Emperor Taizong collapsed, and sai-jo Fu Lin succeeded to the throne at a young age and was regent by Wang Shu-dourgen. At this point, the Ming Dynasty rebellion broke out and was finally destroyed by Li Zicheng. However, Wu Sangui, commander of Shanhaiguan, was captured by Li Zicheng because of his love for Chen Yuanyuan, so he let the Qing soldiers enter Shanhaiguan in a rage and Manchu officially entered the Central Plains.

Soon, sai-jo collapsed. Michelle Ye, the holy father, succeeded to the throne, which opened three prosperous times of the Qing Dynasty: Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong. But in the later years of Qianlong, the prosperous times began to turn. During the Daoguang period, the Opium War broke out and was later invaded by foreign powers. Coupled with civil strife, Manchu rule was shaken, and the Han people rose. Emperor Xianfeng, Emperor Guangxu, etc. Tried to be strong one after another, but failed. In the third year of Xuantong (AD 19 1 1), the Manchu government was overthrown. The Qing Dynasty perished.

Manchu people still live in the northeast of China today.