Ask for a list of necessary knowledge about politics, political life and cultural life in senior high school!

20 12 basic contents of college entrance examination sites

Political life

Political life of citizens

1. China's national character

The significance and fundamental attributes of a country. (see textbook)

China's national character (see textbook P5)(★): China is a socialist country under the people's democratic dictatorship. The working class is the leading class, and the alliance of workers and peasants is the class foundation.

The essence and characteristics of the people's democratic dictatorship (★): The essence is that the people are the masters of the country; The most prominent feature is democracy for the overwhelming majority of the people and dictatorship for a very small number of hostile elements who are hostile to and undermine the socialist cause. This is a new democracy and a new dictatorship.

The extensiveness and authenticity of people's democracy (★): (1) extensiveness: It is manifested in the extensiveness of people's extensive democratic rights and the extensiveness of democratic subjects. As citizens of China, they all have equal rights to manage state and social affairs. (2) Authenticity: The people's right to be masters of the country is guaranteed by system, law and material, and the people can manage the country by themselves; It also shows that with the economic development and social progress, the interests of the broad masses of the people are increasingly fully realized.

2. Rights and obligations of China citizens

Political rights enjoyed by China citizens and political obligations that must be fulfilled;

(1) Necessity: China is a country where the people are the masters of their own affairs, and citizens have formed a new relationship with the country. The people are the masters of the country, and state power comes from the people. The state grants citizens a wide range of political rights and freedoms and stipulates the political obligations that citizens should perform.

(2) Content (★):

① Citizens' political rights and freedoms: first, the right to vote and to be elected; Second, political freedom: including freedom of speech, publication, assembly, association, procession and demonstration. Freedom and law are unified. There is no absolute freedom in the world, only freedom within the scope of law. Third, the right of supervision: refers to the right of citizens to supervise all state organs and state functionaries; Including the right to criticize, suggest, report, appeal and accuse. ② Political obligations of citizens: First, safeguarding national unity and national unity; Second, abide by the Constitution and laws; Third, safeguard national security, honor and interests. Fourth, military service and participation in militia organizations.

The Basic Principles and Main Contents of Citizens' Political Participation in China;

Basic principle (★):( 1) Adhere to the principle that all citizens are equal before the law. (2) Adhere to the principle of the unity of rights and obligations. (3) Adhere to the principle of combining individual interests with collective interests and national interests.

Main contents (★):( 1) Adhere to the principle that all citizens are equal before the law: ① Basic connotation: It means that citizens enjoy rights, perform obligations and apply the law equally, that is, law-abiding equality and judicial equality, but legislation is unequal. ② Contents: First, all citizens enjoy the rights stipulated by the Constitution and laws equally, and at the same time, they must equally fulfill their obligations stipulated by the Constitution and laws. In reality, the difference between citizens may affect the exercise and performance of rights and obligations, but it does not affect the number of rights and obligations. Second, the legitimate rights of any citizen are protected, and any citizen's illegal and criminal acts will be punished by law.

(2) Adhere to the principle of unity of rights and obligations: ① Unity of rights and obligations; First, the two are inseparable. They exist correspondingly in legal relations, and they are all means and ways to realize people's interests; Citizens are the subject of rights and obligations; The realization of rights requires the performance of obligations, and obligations guarantee the realization of rights. Second, the two complement each other. On the one hand, the state guarantees citizens to fully enjoy and exercise their rights; On the other hand, citizens consciously fulfilling their obligations will inevitably promote the development of the socialist cause and create more favorable conditions for citizens to enjoy and exercise their rights. ② Requirements: On the one hand, we should establish a sense of rights. Cherish civil rights; Exercise one's rights according to law; Respect the rights of others. On the other hand, we should establish a sense of obligation and consciously fulfill our civic obligations. (3) Rights and obligations are not equal. Rights can be waived, but obligations must be consciously fulfilled. Obligation is the premise and foundation of the realization of rights, but it does not mean that the obligations are fulfilled before the rights are enjoyed.

(3) Adhere to the principle of combining individual interests with collective interests and national interests. ① Basis: In China, the interests of state, collective and individual are basically the same. ② Requirements: When exercising rights and fulfilling obligations, the interests of the state, the collective and the individual must be combined. When there is a contradiction between personal interests and national interests, personal interests must be subordinated to national interests, which is a manifestation of citizens' patriotism.

The main contents of China citizens' participation in political life (see textbook P 12- 13): exercising political rights and fulfilling political obligations; Participate in social public management activities; Participate in the construction of political civilization; Pay attention to China's position and role in the international community.

3. Ways and means of China citizens' political participation (★): democratic election, democratic decision-making, democratic management and democratic supervision.

Democratic Election: Electoral System and Mode in China;

(1) Features of various election methods: (see textbook)

(2) The main basis for choosing the election method: according to the social and economic system, material living conditions, voter education level and other specific circumstances. According to the national nature of our country and the basic national conditions of the primary stage of socialism, our country implements the election mode of combining direct election with indirect election, and in most cases, implements differential election.

(3) Cherish the right to vote: ① The literacy of voters to participate in democratic elections, that is, their attitude and ability to participate in elections, is an important factor affecting the election results. Whether to exercise this right seriously is an important measure of citizens' sense of participation and responsibility. It is also the embodiment of citizens' political participation ability and an important symbol of citizens' political literacy.

Democratic decision-making-a way for citizens to participate in decision-making (★);

Content mode depends on function or purpose.

The system of reflecting social conditions and public opinion is an important prerequisite for decision-making organs to reflect their opinions to decision-making organs, make suggestions by telephone, letter, fax, e-mail and news media, broaden the channels of reflecting public opinion, and make decision-making organs reflect social conditions and public opinion.

Expert consultation system Experts and scholars use their own professional knowledge and relevant information to analyze and demonstrate major issues with strong professionalism and technology. The professional knowledge and relevant information of experts and scholars at the demonstration meeting can improve the scientific and feasible decision-making.

Social publicity decision-making organs publicize all decisions involving public interests, let citizens express their opinions after understanding them, and suggest that citizens have the right to know about decisions involving public interests, which is the premise and basis for citizens to participate in democratic decision-making, and is conducive to improving the transparency of decision-making and public participation.

A social hearing system shall be implemented for major issues closely related to public interests, and citizens shall fully express their opinions and make suggestions. The purpose of hearing is to make decisions and benefit the people.

The significance of citizens' direct participation in democratic decision-making (★): ① From the perspective of decision-makers, it is helpful for decision-makers to fully carry forward democracy, deeply understand people's feelings, fully reflect public opinion, widely concentrate people's wisdom and earnestly cherish people's strength. It is helpful for decision makers to take the fundamental interests of the people as the starting point and the end result of decision-making, and enhance the scientific nature of decision-making. (2) From the perspective of citizens, it is conducive to promoting citizens' understanding of decision-making, improving the consciousness of implementing decisions, and promoting the implementation of decisions. It is conducive to improving citizens' enthusiasm and confidence in participating in public affairs, exercising their ability to participate in decision-making and enhancing their sense of political responsibility.

Democratic Management: Villagers' Autonomy and Urban Residents' Autonomy in China and Their Significance

(1) Villagers' autonomy and urban residents' autonomy in China: ① Implementing villagers' autonomy and urban residents' autonomy is an important form for citizens to participate in political life in grassroots democracy; (2) The villagers' committee is a grass-roots mass autonomous organization with self-management, self-education and self-service, and an institution for villagers to manage village affairs democratically. (3) The residents' committee is a democratic management institution for self-management, self-education and self-service of urban residents, and an autonomous organization of urban residents.

Note: Villagers' committees and urban residents' committees are grass-roots mass autonomous organizations, not state organs or grass-roots political organizations.

(2) Significance of developing grass-roots democracy (★): Implementing villagers' autonomy and urban residents' autonomy, expanding grass-roots democracy, ensuring people to manage their own affairs according to law, and creating their own happy lives are the most extensive and profound practices of socialist democracy and the basic work of developing socialist democracy.

Democratic supervision-China citizens' democratic supervision right and legal channels of democratic supervision.

(1) channels and methods of democratic supervision of citizens in China (★);

① Channel: complaint reporting system; The system of people's congress deputies contacting the masses; Public opinion supervision system; (2) Ways: pointing out in person, writing letters, making phone calls, sending short messages, news media, internet and other forms.

(2) democratic supervision should have legal channels (citizens should exercise their supervisory power responsibly):

(1) Significance of citizens' exercise of supervision (★): Democratic supervision is conducive to eliminating corruption, overcoming bureaucracy and unhealthy practices, and improving the work of state organs and their staff; Conducive to safeguarding national interests and the legitimate rights and interests of citizens; Caring about state affairs and offering suggestions for socialist modernization will help to stimulate citizens' sense of ownership.

② Citizens should exercise their supervisory power responsibly (★): First, they should be brave in exercising their supervisory power; Second, we should be good at exercising supervision power, so as to exercise supervision power according to law; Be realistic; Can not interfere with the normal work of the supervisory organs, can not contain, impact state organs, intercept official vehicles.

(2) The Government of China

1. The nature, functions and responsibilities of our government:

(1) Nature: Our government is the executive organ of state power, the executor of people's will and the defender of people's interests.

(2) Main functions (★):

The function of safeguarding people's democracy and maintaining the long-term stability of the country (political function). Defend national independence and sovereignty; Combating illegal and criminal activities and protecting public and private property; Coordinate contradictions among the people and maintain social order and order. ② Economic function. Conduct economic regulation, market supervision, social management and public services. Promote economic development and improve people's living standards. ③ Cultural function. On the one hand, publicize Marxist theory and cultivate and carry forward the socialist core value system; On the other hand, organize and develop various social undertakings such as science, education, culture, health and sports. ④ Social public service function. Strengthen the construction of public facilities and public service system; Promote fairness and improve the social security system; Good background and excellent education; Protect the environment, etc.

(3) The fact that the government undertakes important functions does not mean that the government does everything. Only when the government performs its functions according to law and manages its own affairs can it mobilize all enthusiasm and creativity and truly benefit the people.

2. The purpose of the government and the basic principles of government work (★): Serving the people is the purpose of the government, and being responsible for the people is the basic principle of government work, which requires: (1) Adhere to the working attitude of serving the people. Firmly establish the idea of serving and being responsible for the people; (2) Establish a pragmatic work style. Serving the people should not only stay in words, but also be put into action. The work of the government should stand the test of practice, the masses and history. (3) Adhere to the working methods of coming from the masses and going among the masses. Through various channels and ways, solicit opinions and suggestions from the masses.

Note: Our government is a good government that facilitates the people and benefits the people. On the one hand, citizens accept the management of the government, on the other hand, they enjoy various services provided by the government. Citizens can get help and complaints. The government has set up a hotline, letters and visits departments, developed e-government, and established administrative arbitration, administrative reconsideration and administrative litigation systems to help the masses supervise, ask for help and complain and safeguard people's interests.

3. The exercise and supervision of government power

Why should the government administer according to law (★):( 1) Necessity: ① China is a socialist country under the people's democratic dictatorship, and the people are the masters of the country, and the power of the government is endowed by the people. Fundamentally speaking, the government insists on administration according to law, that is, it adheres to the purpose of serving the people wholeheartedly and embodies the principle of being responsible to the people; (2) The Constitution and laws are the embodiment of the unity of the party's ideas and the people's will, and the government's administration according to law is the implementation of the general plan of governing the country according to law; ③ Basic requirements for improving the level of administrative management. (2) Significance: ① It is beneficial to protect people's rights and freedoms; (2) it is conducive to strengthening the construction of a clean government, ensuring that the government and its public officials will not deteriorate and enhancing the authority of the government; (three) to prevent the lack and abuse of administrative power, improve the level of administrative management; It is conducive to driving the whole society to respect, abide by and safeguard the law and promote the construction of socialist democracy and legal system.

How does the government realize administration according to law (★): (1) Ways: ① Strengthen legislative work, improve the quality of legislation, and strictly regulate administrative law enforcement behavior; ② Establish a law enforcement system with clear powers and responsibilities; (three) to strengthen the construction of administrative law enforcement team, and constantly improve the ability and level of law enforcement; ④ Deepening the reform of administrative management system; ⑤ Adhere to scientific and democratic decision-making. (2) The fundamental way: building a government ruled by law.

How to improve the level of government administration according to law (★): (1) Ways: ① Strengthen legislative work, improve the quality of legislation and strictly regulate administrative law enforcement; ② Establish a law enforcement system with clear powers and responsibilities; (three) to strengthen the construction of administrative law enforcement team, and constantly improve the ability and level of law enforcement; ④ Deepening the reform of administrative management system; ⑤ Adhere to scientific and democratic decision-making. (2) The fundamental way: building a government ruled by law.

Why restrict and supervise government power (★);

(1) Necessity: Power is a "double-edged sword". If the government makes good use of its power, it can properly command the law, prohibit the law and benefit the people. Once the rights are abused by a few people and go beyond the boundaries of law, it may breed corruption and cause endless harm.

(2) Significance: ① It can improve the level of administration and work efficiency, and reduce and prevent work mistakes; (2) It can prevent the abuse of power and all kinds of corruption; (3) Be able to better conform to public opinion, gather public opinion, unite people's hearts and make correct decisions; (4) Only in this way can power be truly used by the people and a government responsible for and serving the people can be established.

Supplement: Why should government affairs be made public (implementing the Sunshine Project): This is determined by the nature of our government (slightly expanded); This is the basic requirement of building a government ruled by law: ① it is conducive to enhancing the transparency of government work and facilitating the masses to strengthen supervision over government work; (2) It is conducive to the masses to safeguard their legitimate rights and interests; ③ It is conducive to resolving social contradictions and maintaining social stability.

China's administrative supervision system: The key to restrict and supervise power is to establish and improve the restriction and supervision mechanism, relying on democracy and the rule of law. (1) Supervision system: ① Internal supervision: superior department, supervision department, audit department and legal department. ② External supervision: supervision by the NPC and its Standing Committee (organs of state power) and supervision by the masses through legal channels (administrative reconsideration, administrative litigation, etc.). ), judicial supervision, CPPCC's democratic supervision, news public opinion supervision and public supervision.

Note: improving the level of administration according to law is also conducive to making power available, felt and benefited by the people and establishing government authority.

4. The authority of the government

The authority of the government and its embodiment (P49): significance-the prestige and influence formed by the government in the process of managing public affairs and recognized by the people; Embodiment (★)-① It is a government that administers according to law; (2) A government that is clean, efficient, united, cooperative and serves the people wholeheartedly; (3) It is a prestigious and influential government; ④ It plays a positive role in guiding and promoting social and economic development, political civilization and cultural prosperity.

Source and establishment of China government authority: Source-The authority of the government is established through the moral image of the government and its public officials, the attitude, ability and level of administration according to law, and the effect of performing their duties. Establish (★)-① Insist that the right is used by the people; (2) Insist that love is for the people; (3) Adhere to the interests of the people.

(C) building a socialist political civilization

1. The people's congress system in China

The legal status and authority of the people's congress and its permanent organs;

(1) legal status (★): The National People's Congress is the highest organ of state power; Local people's congresses at all levels are local organs of state power at all levels; The Standing Committee is the permanent organ of the National People's Congress.

(2) Official power (★): The National People's Congress is the highest organ of state power. The National People's Congress and its Standing Committee exercise the highest legislative power (enacting laws or local regulations), decision-making power (deciding on major national or local issues), appointment and removal power (appointing and removing leaders and members of the two houses of government) and supervision power (supervising the implementation of the Constitution and laws and the work of the two houses of government). The National People's Congress occupies the highest position in China's state institutions.

Generation and functions of deputies to people's congresses:

(1) produce (★): democratic election. Indirect elections at or above the county level, and direct elections at or above the county level.

(2) Responsibilities (★): Deputies to the National People's Congress are members of state power organs. Rights: Deputies to the National People's Congress have the right of deliberation, voting, proposal and inquiry. Obligation: Deputies to the National People's Congress should keep close contact with the people, listen to and reflect their opinions and demands, strive to serve the people, be responsible to the people and accept their supervision.

The basic content of the people's congress system (★): all state power belongs to the people; The people elect deputies on the basis of universal suffrage and form people's congresses at all levels as organs of state power; Other state organs established by state power organs shall exercise their respective functions and powers according to law; Principles of organization and activities of democratic centralism.

The relationship between the people's congress and other state organs (★): ① The people's congress is the organ of state power, and other state organs are produced by it, supervised by it and responsible for it. The people's congress exercises state power in a unified way, but what it decides is not directly done by itself, but is specifically implemented by administrative organs and judicial organs.

Supplement: The people's congress is the fundamental political system suitable for China's national conditions: (1) The people's congress system is determined by the nature of the socialist country of the people's democratic dictatorship in China and is the most distinctive feature of China's socialist democracy. It takes the people as the masters of the country as its purpose, which truly ensures the people's participation in state management and fully embodies the people's will and interests.

(2) The people's congress system has unparalleled advantages. (See textbook) (3) Practice has proved that the state system of people's democratic dictatorship and the political power of people's congress system are the people's choice and historical necessity, and they are good systems suitable for China's national conditions. We must never copy the western political system model. (As a fundamental political system, it is also reflected in the basic content)

Principles of the organization and activities of the people's congress (new part compared with the draft for comment) (★): The most prominent feature of the organization and activities of the people's congress system in China is that the state organs practice democratic centralism. Democratic centralism is a system combining centralism on the basis of democracy and democracy under the guidance of centralism.

Tip: In China, all power belongs to the people, but it does not mean that the people can directly exercise state power. The organs where the people exercise state power are the National People's Congress and local people's congresses at various levels. The way people exercise state power is not direct, but indirect, that is, they exercise state power on behalf of the people by electing people's deputies to form people's congresses at all levels. People's representatives are the direct exercisers of state power.

2. China's political party system

The establishment of China's leadership and ruling position: The establishment of China's leadership and ruling position is not self-styled, but the choice of history and people, and it is also determined by the nature and purpose of the party. Serving the people wholeheartedly is its purpose. China is the vanguard of the working class in China, as well as the people of China and the Chinese nation.

Nature, Purpose and Guiding Ideology of China (★): (1) Nature: It is the vanguard of the working class in China, the vanguard of the people of China and the Chinese nation. (2) Purpose: Serve the people wholeheartedly; (3) Guiding ideology: Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and Theory of Three Represents.

Constantly improve China's leadership style and ruling style: (1) Meaning: (see textbook); (2) Ruling by law is the basic way of China's ruling: scientific ruling and democratic ruling should be embodied by ruling by law and guaranteed by ruling by law. Ruling by law is conducive to ensuring that the party always plays the leading core role of commanding the overall situation and coordinating all parties.

The relationship between the three: what is the relationship between scientific governance, democratic governance and legal governance? Scientific governance is the basic premise, democratic governance is the essence and the rule of law is the basic way. To realize scientific governance, we must fully carry forward democracy; To realize democratic governance, we must have scientific ideas, methods and systems; Ruling by law is the guarantee of scientific ruling and democratic ruling, which are interrelated and complementary.

Party system with China characteristics: The multi-party cooperation and political consultation system in China is a party system with China characteristics and a basic political system in China.

(1) Basic contents (★): ① All-round cooperation and friendly relations. China is the ruling party and the democratic parties are participating parties. They are close friends, work together and devote themselves to the cause of socialism. China's ruling is the fundamental premise of China's political party system. All democratic parties have the right to participate in political affairs entrusted by law: "one participation, three participation"; ② The political basis of multi-party cooperation: adhering to the leadership of China and the Four Cardinal Principles. China's leadership over the democratic parties is political leadership rather than organizational leadership; The basic principles of multi-party cooperation: long-term coexistence, mutual supervision, treating each other with sincerity and sharing weal and woe. ④ The basic activity criterion of multi-party cooperation: observing the Constitution and laws. ⑤ An important institution of multi-party cooperation: People's Political Consultative Conference. CPPCC is not only an important institution of multi-party cooperation, but also an important form of patriotic United front organization and socialist democracy. Focusing on the two themes of unity and democracy, CPPCC performs the functions of political consultation, democratic supervision and participation in the discussion of state affairs.

(2) Advantages (★): ① It is conducive to promoting socialist political civilization. Democratic parties participating in and discussing state affairs are conducive to promoting people's democracy; Democratic parties know that they hold leading positions in state organs at all levels, directly participate in the management of state power and affairs, and promote the democratization of political life; (2) It is conducive to promoting socialist material civilization and spiritual civilization. Democratic parties have a "talent pool" of multidisciplinary knowledge. (3) It is conducive to the realization of the great cause of peaceful reunification of the motherland. Democratic parties have close ties with compatriots in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan.

Supplement: To develop socialist democratic politics, the most fundamental thing is to adhere to the organic unity of the party's leadership, the people being the masters of the country and governing the country according to law. The organic unity of the three is not only the fundamental requirement of developing socialist democratic politics, but also the basic policy of promoting the construction of political civilization, and it is also the essential feature that distinguishes socialist political civilization from capitalist political civilization.

(1) The people's democratic dictatorship is the state system of our country, and its essence is that the people are masters of their own affairs. Safeguarding people's rights as masters of the country and maintaining their status as masters of the country are the essence and purpose of China's administration and the fundamental purpose of governing the country according to law.

(2) China is the leading core of socialist modernization. It is the fundamental guarantee for the people to be masters of the country and govern the country according to law.

(3) Governing the country according to law is the basic strategy of the party and the people to govern the country. Constitution and law are the unity of the party's ideas and the people's will. Adhering to the rule of law is the legal guarantee for the people to be the masters of the country, and it is the basic ruling mode of the party.

3. China's system of regional ethnic autonomy and religious policy.

China is a unified multi-ethnic country (see textbook);

The basic principle of dealing with ethnic relations and their interrelationships in China (★): China has formed a new socialist ethnic relationship of equality, unity and mutual assistance.

Basic principle (★): (1) The principle of ethnic equality. This is China's first principle in dealing with ethnic relations. (Note: Equality does not mean that there is no difference) (2) National unity. National unity is one of the important signs to measure a country's comprehensive strength; It is the guarantee of economic development and social progress; Is the foundation of national unity. Han chauvinism and national separatism must be opposed. (3) All ethnic groups prosper together. This is the fundamental principle for dealing with ethnic relations.

The relationship between the three principles (★): interrelated and inseparable. National equality is the political basis of national unity and the premise of common prosperity of all ethnic groups, and common prosperity of all ethnic groups is the material guarantee of national equality and national unity.

China's system of regional ethnic autonomy;

(1) The system of regional ethnic autonomy is a basic political system in China. Meaning: (see the textbook). 2 Premise: unified national leadership. ③ Scope: Areas inhabited by ethnic minorities. Core: autonomy, that is, the power to manage the internal affairs of ethnic autonomous areas independently. The organs of self-government that enjoy autonomy are the National People's Congress and the government. ⑤ Status: It is a local administrative region with limited autonomy rather than a "high degree of autonomy".

(2) Advantages of China's regional ethnic autonomy system (★): It is an inevitable choice suitable for China's national conditions, determined by China's historical characteristics and reality, and has a solid social and political foundation. (1) is conducive to maintaining national unity and security; (two) to protect the rights of ethnic minority people to be masters of their own affairs; ③ It is conducive to the development of socialist ethnic relations of equality, unity and mutual assistance; (4) It is conducive to the vigorous development of socialist modernization.

The basic content of China's religious policy: (1) All religions have patriotic traditions and all advocate serving the society and benefiting the people. (2) Implement the policy of freedom of religious belief, manage religious affairs according to law, adhere to the principle of independence and self-management, and actively guide religions to adapt to socialist society (religious believers and religious believers are not required to give up their religious beliefs).

Tip: China's basic system is the socialist system, the basic political system is the people's congress system, and the basic political system is the multi-party cooperation and political consultation system led by China and the regional ethnic autonomy system.

Contemporary international society

1. Members of the international community

Sovereign country: (1) Composition factors: population, territory, political power and sovereignty, and sovereignty is the most important factor of a country.

(2) The rights and obligations of a sovereign state. (see textbook)

International organization (★): (1) meaning; (2) classification. (see textbook)

United Nations (★): (1) Purpose. (2) principle. (see textbook) (3) Role: It has played an active role in maintaining world peace and security, promoting economic development, and implementing humanitarian assistance; There are also limitations.

2. Determinants of international relations

The significance of international relations. (see textbook)

Determinants of international relations (★): (1) The relationship between countries is determined by national interests. The common interests between countries are the basis of national cooperation, while the opposition of interests may lead to differences, frictions or even conflicts between countries. ② National interests are the necessary conditions for a country's survival and development, and the starting point and purpose of a country's foreign activities. However, no country should infringe upon the sovereignty and security of other countries and interfere in their internal affairs on the grounds of safeguarding its own interests. This is unfair, should be condemned and opposed, and will ultimately harm their own interests.

(2) National interests and ethnic nature determine the foreign policy of a country, and different foreign policies directly affect the relations between countries.

(3) National strength is an important factor affecting international relations. National strength is the foundation for the survival and development of a sovereign country, the ability to defend its own interests, achieve national goals and influence other countries, and an important measure to measure a country's position, role and influence in the international community.

Safeguard the national interests of China;

(1) Main contents of China's national interests (★): including security interests, political interests and economic interests.

(2) China is a socialist country where the people are the masters of the country, and the national interests are consistent with the fundamental interests of the people. Safeguarding China's national interests means safeguarding the fundamental interests of the broad masses of the people, which is just and just.

(3) While safeguarding its own interests, China respects the reasonable national interests of other countries and safeguards the common interests of people of all countries.

3. The basic trend of world political and economic development

Theme of today's times (★): (1) Peace and development are the themes of today's times. Peace is the mainstream, the balance of international power is developing in a direction conducive to maintaining world peace, and the international situation is generally stable. But the world is still restless; Development is the main line, but the gap between north and south is getting bigger and bigger, and the imbalance between north and south development is the most prominent problem. (2) Hegemony and power politics are the main obstacles to solving the problems of peace and development, and the fundamental way to oppose hegemonism and power politics is to establish a new international political and economic order.

World multipolarization is developing in twists and turns; The world is forming several political and economic power centers; The formation of world multipolarization will be a long and tortuous process. Moving towards multipolarization is the requirement of the progress of the times and conforms to the interests of people of all countries. Multipolarization is conducive to the democratization of international relations and to world peace and development. Developing countries are an important force in safeguarding world peace and promoting common development, and they are China's allies in the international arena.

China government's proposal on establishing a new international order (★);

◇ Respect each other politically and consult together, instead of imposing your will on others;

◇ Promote each other economically and develop together, and should not cause disparity between the rich and the poor;

Learn from each other in culture and prosper together, rather than excluding other national cultures;

◇ Trust each other, safeguard security together, establish a new security concept of mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and cooperation, and resolve disputes through dialogue and cooperation instead of resorting to force or threat of force.

China's independent foreign policy of peace

Basic goals, purposes, positions and principles of China's foreign policy: Basic goal (★): to safeguard China's independence and sovereignty and promote world peace and development. Purpose: To maintain world peace and promote common development. Basic position: independence. Resolutely defend the country's independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity, and decide on its own attitudes and opinions on international issues. Basic principles: Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence

China's Road to Peaceful Development: (See the textbook for details)

cultural life

Culture and life

65438+

Connotation and characteristics of culture: connotation-all human spiritual activities related to economy and politics and their products; Characteristics-the unique phenomenon of human society, culture is the product of human social practice, and culture is a kind of accomplishment of human beings.

The social function of culture (integrated into four pairs according to the description of the test questions);

● The relationship between culture and social development (the influence of culture on social development) (★);

As a spiritual force, culture can be transformed into material force in the process of people's understanding and transformation of the world, which has a far-reaching impact on social development (P9); ② Advanced and healthy culture will promote social development (because advanced and healthy culture can provide correct direction guarantee, inexhaustible spiritual motivation and strong intellectual support for economic construction), while backward and decadent culture will hinder social development (P10); (3) Only when a nation is rich in material and spirit can it stand among the nations of the world with self-respect, self-confidence and self-improvement (P9).