The use of periscope

Periscope is the eyes of submarine and the only window for submarine commanders to observe the outside world. Early submarines had glass navigation windows on the hull. When the submarine surfaced, the crew could look out through the porthole. From 65438 to 0854, the German white horse David designed a submarine observation tube with two mirrors, through which the submarine can observe from a certain angle. 1872, the prism periscope and telescope were invented, which rose out of the water during reconnaissance and descended into the ship when not in use. Modern periscope is 10 ~ 15 meters long, and the minimum diameter at the top is only 30 cm, which can greatly reduce the exposure rate during reconnaissance. Submarine periscope is a widely used military optical instrument. Its main functions are: observing and searching for sea and air targets; Determine the orientation, distance, speed and side angle of the target, set the torpedo launch advance angle, aim at the enemy ship and carry out torpedo attack; Reconnaissance and take photos of targets, or record and take photos of combat effects; Used in astronomical navigation to measure the height of celestial bodies (sun, moon and stars) to determine the position of ships; When navigating landmarks, it is used to determine the orientation and distance of landmarks on the shore; Using electronic technology and radio technology, satellite navigation, radio communication, electronic reconnaissance and electronic interference are completed by installing an antenna and a receiving system on the lens barrel. Therefore, periscope is not only an observation equipment, but also has the functions of torpedo shooting sight, rangefinder, camera, navigator and radio observation communication equipment. According to the requirements of tactical use, periscope can be divided into three types: attack periscope is used to observe and search the target and determine its orientation, distance, speed and side angle; Multi-purpose periscope for astronomical navigation, satellite navigation, reconnaissance photography, electronic reconnaissance, electronic interference and communication; The periscope of missile nuclear submarine is specially used for astronomical navigation, and the underwater observation periscope, TV periscope and other special periscope used by deep submersible.