Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Photography and portraiture - The Entanglement between Xiangxi and Xiangdong —— On the Origin of Hunan from the Geographical Environment
The Entanglement between Xiangxi and Xiangdong —— On the Origin of Hunan from the Geographical Environment
How did Hunan come from? From a historical point of view, Hunan has a long history, not to mention the ancient legend of the Three Temples and the ancient bronze country of Tanhe River in Ningxiang, which can trace the history of Hunan back to the Shang Dynasty. But if Hunan is divided into administrative divisions, it will be a long time later. It was not until 1724 in the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty that there was a complete meaning of "Hunan Province", which can be regarded as one of the youngest provinces in China. However, to trace the origin of Hunan's history, we might as well push the boat with the current. Four rivers in Hunan. Image source/Earth Knowledge Bureau is located in Hunan, and the four major river basins of Hunan, Guizhou, Yuan and Li are bounded by Xuefeng Mountain in the watershed of Zi and Yuan, forming two regions in the east and west. The Yuan and Li basins in the west belong to the eastern edge of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, the Hunan and Zi basins in the east are mostly hilly areas in the south of the Yangtze River, and the Dongting Lake Plain is in the lower reaches of Xiangjiang River. As the saying goes, "the mountain is high and the water is long", and the river is a traffic artery, not a traffic obstacle. Because there can be wooden boats and bamboo rafts on the water, it is much more difficult to climb mountains and cross mountains. As a result, the geographical separation between Hunan and Chengdu caused by the difference between Hunan, Chengdu, Yuan and Li led to the long-term administrative division of Hunan. Hunan's cultural and political regions are thus naturally divided. Xiangzi River Basin, especially Xiangshui, has been in the forefront of Hunan's development for a long time. Changsha section of Xiangjiang River. Hunan-funded river basin, especially Xiangshui, is in the forefront of "four waters" in development. Photography/Konoha In the era when the capital was located in the north and the traffic with Lingnan was the north-south trunk line, Hunan became a convenient place because of the Xiangshui Waterway. Culture spreads in the farthest direction at the fastest speed along river valleys and main roads; Near the traffic line, spread to both sides. Xiangshui, bearing this speed and direction, is also the center line of this "two sides". In its coastal areas, the atmosphere is the first, goods are connected, and talents come out; Stay away from it, the momentum is weak and desolate. The Chu people went upstream and built Qianzhong County and Changsha City. From the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the earliest indigenous people living in Hunan had natural differences. The Xiangzi River basin is similar to the Guyue nationality in Jiangxi. The Yuanli River Basin is similar to the ethnic minorities in southwest China. In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Hunan belonged to the sphere of influence of Chu, and of course there was a process of development. Before entering today's Changsha, the capital of Hunan Province, Chu people set out from their national capital (now Jingzhou, Hubei Province) and set up a county in central Guizhou, which governs Huaihua, Changde, Zhangjiajie, Xiangxi and some parts of Guizhou. Later, the county was occupied by Qin, and the county was located in Yuanling. The ruins of the county town in central Guizhou, Yuanling, have lost sight of the momentum of that year. Photography/konoha. The ruins of the ancient city of Qianzhong County, which is located at 10 km west of Yuanling, covers an area of 1 10000 square meters, surrounded by water on three sides, and has a charming momentum. There are more than 40 giant tombs from the Warring States to the Han Dynasty, each of which is a mountain, half as many as the Mawangdui tomb in Changsha, and there are more than 1000 civilian tombs in the Warring States and the Han Dynasty around it. This ancient city pool and more than 1000 ancient tombs constitute a historical picture of ancient Xiangxi. Changsha is the next goal of the Chu people. Thousands of miles of Xiangjiang River winds northbound, and after crossing the mountains and reaching Changsha, it suddenly becomes clear. The Chu people turned to Xiangjiang River via the Yangtze River, came to this small mountain basin with long beach, and established Changsha City. Changsha is not only a strategic stronghold for Chu to cross Dongting and March into Lingnan, but also borders Jiangxi in the east. During the confrontation between Chu and Vietnam 100 years, it was the most important military base defense in southern Xinjiang of Chu. Today's Wuyi Square area was once the center of the city of Changsha in the Han Dynasty. Photography/Muye Changsha has always been regarded as a city built by Wu Rui in the Western Han Dynasty. However, according to archaeological findings, Mr. Liang Xiaojin speculated that there should be a city in the Warring States and Chu States, and speculated that the scope of Changsha at that time was: between today's Huangxing Road and Cai E Road in the east, Pozi Street in the south, Xiahe Street in the west, and between today's Wuyi Road and Zhongshan Road in the north. This range is more than 700 meters long from east to west and about 600 meters wide from north to south, which is larger than the ancient city of Qianzhong County. The city of Chu people laid the foundation for the development of Hunan city. Since then, Hunan has long been divided into two parts. One is the Yuan and Li river basins centered on Qianzhong County. One is the Xiangzi River Basin with Changsha as the center. It was not until the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty that they became one. After the demise of the Qin Dynasty, Changsha became a short-lived country with four counties and ushered in the Han Dynasty in history. In the second year of Emperor Gaozu (205 BC), the Han Dynasty moved the county government in central Guizhou to today's Changde City (the old city is 30 kilometers northeast of Changde City today) and renamed it Wuling County, which established Changde's position as a central city in western Hunan. However, Wuling County became the territory of Changsha at this time. Changsha, the center of Xiangzi River Basin, ushered in the first bright moment in history-Changsha State. At the beginning of Han Dynasty, the territory of Changsha basically inherited the scope of Changsha County and Wuling County in Qin Dynasty, with the Yangtze River in the north and jiusan in the south, covering most of Hunan today. The world-famous Mawangdui Han Tomb is the family tomb of Changsha Prime Minister Li Cang. It was also in the Western Han Dynasty that Changsha, one of the vassal states in the early Han Dynasty, was established, which was clearly recorded in the history books. It is still centered on Wuyi Square, but it is slightly larger than the small town in the Warring States period. Since then, Changsha has never moved for more than two thousand years. When Liu's Changsha State was established, the "territory" he controlled was not as good as before. Not only Wuling county was divided, but also Guiyang county and Lingling county were set up in the south and southwest of Changsha, which gave Chenzhou and Yongzhou development opportunities today. In 202 BC, when Liu Bang established the Han Dynasty, Guiyang County was established, but it was actually under the jurisdiction of Changsha State. County governance is in today's Chenzhou urban area, and the scope basically includes all districts and counties in Chenzhou today, as well as a part of northern Guangdong. 1996, 200 1, the cultural relics department of Chenzhou City discovered the ruins of Hanguiyang County, the first section of the south moat and the intersection of the west moat and the southwest moat. The opening of the moat is about 30 meters, the bottom is about 3 meters and the depth is about 4-5 meters. This is the weather for big men in Chenzhou. In BC 166, Emperor Wendi analyzed that Lingling County was established in Changsha, but at this time the center of Lingling County was not in Yongzhou, but in Quanzhou, Guangxi. It was not until the first year of Jianwu (25 years) that Lingling County moved to Lingling District of Yongzhou today. In 2 15 AD, when Sun Quan and Liu Bei enfeoffed Jingzhou, Wuling, Lingling, Changsha and Guiyang (Changsha was abolished as a county in the Eastern Han Dynasty) formed the territory of Hunan in the Han Dynasty and became the predecessors of Changde, Yongzhou, Changsha and Chenzhou today. Until the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, "taking four counties" and "fighting Changsha" became the classic bridge of the story of the Three Kingdoms. The four counties were first owned by Liu Bei, and later all were occupied by Sun Quan. The upcoming Six Dynasties will become the "blowout" era of Hunan's new administrative regions and cities. Hengyang and Yueyang stand out in Dongting Lake. As early as the Zhou Dynasty, Simi City was built in Yueyang. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Lu Su built Baqiu City on Dongting Lake in Yueyang Tower today. During the Chibi War, Cao Jun advanced and retreated through Baqiu. After the war, Baqiu was the junction of Sun and Liu, and Zhou Yu died suddenly here. After Lu Su took over, he led 10,000 people to station in Baqiu, trained the water army in Dongting Lake, and built Baqiu City and Jianjun Tower, which is said to be the predecessor of Yueyang Tower today. Dongting Lake today. Control Dongting, seize the Xiangjiang position, and make Yueyang rise in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Photography/In the first year of Yuankang, Emperor Muye Jinhui (29 1) was relocated to Jianchang County, which was located in Baqiu City that year. Today, Yueyang officially became a county-level city, and later it became the famous "Baling County" and was renamed again. This is how Tengshou Baling in Yueyang Tower came about. Baling County is an important naval base, and at the same time it is a port for Hunan to deliver water to the north of the Yangtze River. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, it was already "grain transporting bamboo and wood, which caused great losses. As for the genus Youmi pickles, it has to be operated. " Yueyang has thus become a water transport hub with one river and four waters, and it is a veritable "gateway to the north of Hunan". Similarly, Hengyang, known as the "wild city", has benefited from the establishment of administrative divisions because of the split era. According to legend, the geese in the north migrated to the south in droves because they were afraid of the cold wind outside the Great Wall. They flew over Qian Shan and came to this place with mild climate and beautiful scenery. They camped and stopped to live, which is the origin of "Wild City". This allusion has been used many times in poems of past dynasties. For example, when Fan Zhongyan was guarding Yan 'an in the Northern Song Dynasty, he used the phrase "Hengyang geese went without paying attention" in "Fisherman's Passion". Yueyang and Hengyang also occupy an important position in Xiangjiang River Basin. Image source/Earth Knowledge Bureau Hengyang has a history of more than 2,500 years since Lingxian County in the Western Han Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, today's Hengyang City belongs to Xiangdong County, and Lingxian County of Xiangdong County is in Zhuhui District. The site of Lingxian County was discovered in 1952. Cities are the pattern of big cities and small towns. The mayor of a big city is about 650 meters wide, and the small town is in the northwest of the big city, with a length of about 350 meters and a width of about 250 meters. Archaeologists speculate that the ancients in the Han Dynasty mainly lived in big cities, and people retired to small cities in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and important buildings such as yamen in the Warring States and Han Dynasties were also in small cities. Archaeologists have collected a large number of pottery pieces from the Han Dynasty, such as pipe tiles, slab tiles, tiles, pots, pots and beans, as well as five baht of copper, copper slag and iron swords. This is the "Hengyang City" where the ancients lived. They lived in this narrow area and were buried in the surrounding hills after their death. Now a large number of Warring States and Han Dynasties have been found in the hills. Xiangzi and Ethan were always separated, and the Sui Dynasty unified the Central Plains. In view of the excessive number of counties in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, many counties were abolished, and the original counties (equivalent to today's provinces) merged with counties (equivalent to today's prefecture-level cities), collectively known as "States", such as Tanzhou (Changsha), Yuezhou (Yueyang) and Langzhou (Langzhou). Compared with Xiangzi Valley, Yuanli Valley was silent for too long in the long history after Qin and Han Dynasties, and finally ushered in some development opportunities in the Tang Dynasty. Xiangxi and Guizhou in Tang Dynasty both belong to Qianzhong Road, which is the administrative area east of Qianzhong Road. Image source/"Atlas of Chinese History" In the Tang Dynasty, many countries were set up in ethnic minority areas. Yi, also ",Yi means netting and controlling. These Jimmy States have a smaller jurisdiction than normal States. The Tang government recognized the local indigenous nobles, made them princes, and brought them into the management of the court, which was the predecessor of the toast system. Huangzhou, located in today's Xinhuang, is Jimmy State. Even if Jimmy Prefecture is not a minority area, there are many states established in the Tang Dynasty, such as Jinzhou in Mayang and parts of tongren city in Guizhou, as well as Hongjiang and Xuzhou in Zhijiang. These names, which seem strange today, have brought these ethnic minority areas in western Hunan to the historical front with a new identity. These cities in the landscape of western Hunan have become the source of some important towns in later generations. For example, the center of Xuzhou is in Hongjiang Ancient Shopping Mall, which leads directly to Dongting, the Yangtze River, Wushui and Suishui. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Xuzhou has become a material distribution center in Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Hunan and Sichuan provinces, and it is a huge town with thousands of fireworks. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Hunan Observatory was located in Hunan Valley, first in Hengyang and then in Changsha. This is the earliest word "Xiang" in history, but it still only governs a part of the Xiang river basin, excluding Dongting Lake in northern Hunan, Xiangxi and even Chenzhou before. If "Hunan" refers to the south of Dongting Lake, it is worthy of the name, but it is still far from the present territory of Hunan Province. On the contrary, the territory of Machu in the next five generations was closest to today's Hunan Province. Machu was the only regime in ancient China with Hunan as the main body, covering most areas of Hunan Province today, including a few areas in Guangdong, Guangxi and Guizhou. According to the situation map of Five Dynasties and Ten Countries, Ma Chu was the only political power in history with Hunan as the center. In 939 AD, in Xizhou (now Yongshun, Longshan, Baojing and other places), the secretariat and Tusi Peng led more than 10,000 ethnic minorities to revolt, and Ma Xifan, the king of Chu, sent troops to make a conquest, and both sides won or lost. Ma Xifan realized that he could not destroy Peng Shizhou, agreed to make peace, acknowledged Peng Shizhou's privilege in Xizhou, and began Peng's eight hundred years of chieftain rule in Xiangxi. It was not until the sixth year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty (1728) that the chieftain system in Xizhou was terminated. The bronze pillar of the Western Zhou Dynasty, which recorded this event, is still preserved in Yongshun furong town and is a national key cultural relic protection unit. In other words, during the Machu period when Hunan was briefly "unified", parts of western Hunan were still autonomous, and this situation remained until the Qing Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, the division between Xiangzi River Basin and Yuanshui River Basin in Hunan Province was maintained, with the lakeside area on the south bank of Dongting Lake as the dividing line, and it was divided horizontally from northeast to southwest. The area south of Dongting Lake belongs to Jinghu South Road, including Changsha, Xiangtan, Zhuzhou, Hengyang, Yongzhou, Chenzhou and Shaoyang. In the north, it includes most of the lakeside areas and the Shui Yuan and Lishui river basins. For example, Yueyang, Changde, Huaihua and Xiangxi today belong to Jinghu North Road. Jinghu North Road is also the source of the name "Hubei". Although Xiangxi and Southwestern Hunan were developed in the Tang and Song Dynasties, they were still regarded as "barren land" by the imperial court. Several famous relegated literati in the Tang Dynasty were relegated here, such as Liu Zongyuan relegated Yongzhou, Liu Yuxi relegated Langzhou (Changde) and Wang Changling relegated Longbiao County (now Hongjiang). The "unified" Hunan has a history of less than 300 years from the Ming Dynasty. It is more convenient to set up the administrative divisions of Hunan and Hubei, and Hunan and Hubei are combined into one, collectively known as "Huguang Province". Changde, as one of the two geographical units in Hunan, is the largest center in Yuanli District at this time. In the Ming Dynasty, Yunnan and Guizhou were developed, and Changde became "the only way to enter Yunnan". According to historical records, people who advocate luxury transcend the feudal dynasty's clothing hierarchy and violate the national law. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, businessmen and official tourists who entered Yunnan settled here and traded in shops, even comparable to Hankou. Huguang province in Ming dynasty. Image source/Earth Knowledge Bureau In the late Ming Dynasty, the administrative divisions of Hunan were more complicated. Today, the official name "Governor" that people often hear became the highest official of a province in the Qing Dynasty, but it was only temporary in the Ming Dynasty. The governor means "travel around the world, care about the army and comfort the people". Therefore, Zhijiang is related to the final formation of Hunan Province. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, in 1599, a "PianYuan Governor" was established in PianQiao Town (now Shibin) in Guizhou, and the ethnic minorities in this area soon moved to Yuanzhou (now Zhijiang, Hunan) and junior high school towns. This is an institution with a strong military nature, but in terms of administrative divisions, Hunan and Hubei are still a province under the jurisdiction of political envoys of Huguang, and the two are not consistent. At this time, Zhijiang can be regarded as the sub-center of Yuanshui District, which is located in the upper reaches of Yuanshui River and at the T-junction of Yunnan-Guizhou traffic, which is its advantage; Its disadvantage is that the local economy is depressed and it relies on foreigners to prosper. It was abolished from the establishment of the governor of the partial hospital here to the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, and it flourished in a hurry for two hundred years. 1663, Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty moved Huguang's right envoy and remote governor to Changsha, while Huguang's governor and Huguang's left envoy were still stationed in Wuchang, and Huguang was divided into two provinces, north and south. Changsha, Hengzhou, Yongzhou, Chenzhou, Changde and Yuezhou, and Chen and Jing were under the jurisdiction of the former governor, and the administrative areas began to be consistent with the military region. Hunan Province in the Qing Dynasty defined the "territory" of Hunan Province today, but the provincial administrative regions of Xiangxi Prefecture are slightly denser than today. Image source/"History of China 1666", Minister Hu Guangyou was renamed Minister of Hunan in Changsha; 1724, the remote governor was renamed as the governor of Hunan Province, and its jurisdiction was almost the same as that of Hunan Province today. Hunan Province in a complete sense was basically established here and became the official province in ancient China. Since then, after the late Qing Dynasty, the Republic of China and New China, the internal divisions of Hunan Province have been adjusted frequently, but the "boundary" has remained basically unchanged. Hunan province is less than 300 years old now. This is a thick and ancient province, but it is also a young province. END This article was published by CityMemory, written by | Konoha, edited by | Cheng Xiaoyi (micro signal: chengshijiyiwh). All the pictures without source come from the Internet. City Memory Museum makes the city an open museum.
- Previous article:20 18 What are the activities in park shanghai on Children's Day?
- Next article:The meaning and symbol of streams
- Related articles
- 8. How to treat and evaluate the short films shown in China in the early days?
- What role does the veil play in photography?
- Can Fujian civil servants apply for the advertising major in the provincial examination of news and communication civil servants?
- Kneel for high marks ~ a big event in Tianya community
- Novice photographers go out to take pictures. What kind of scene comparison is recommended?
- How about Tangshan Smart Intercommunication Technology?
- Formula and cooking skills of Heze mutton soup
- I want to buy a digital camera, and I hope to recommend the specific requirements.
- Discussion on teaching mode of foreign film and television production
- What does photo composition mean?