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Beijing; Terrain The city’s average altitude is 43.5 meters. The altitude of Beijing plains is 20-60 meters, and the altitude of mountains is generally 1,000-1,500 meters. Dongling Mountain is the highest peak in Beijing, with an altitude of 2,303 meters.

Climate Beijing's climate is a typical warm temperate semi-humid continental monsoon climate, with hot and rainy summers, cold and dry winters, and short spring and autumn. The annual average temperature in 2007 was 14.0℃ (Beijing Meteorological Bureau). -7 to -4℃ in January, 25 to 26℃ in July. The extreme minimum is -27.4℃, and the extreme maximum is over 42℃. The frost-free period lasts 180 to 200 days throughout the year, and is shorter in the western mountainous areas. The average rainfall in 2007 was 483.9 mm, making it one of the areas with the highest rainfall in North China. The seasonal distribution of precipitation is very uneven. 80% of the annual precipitation is concentrated in the three months of June, July and August in summer, and heavy rains often occur in July and August. In the past, there were frequent sandstorms in spring in Beijing and North China, and the number of days when the urban air quality reached Level 2 or better than Level 2 was 246 days (in 2007), 5 days more than the previous year, accounting for 67.4% of the total days in the year.

Introduction Beijing (Běijīng Shì), referred to as Beijing, is the capital of the Republic of China, one of the four central municipalities in China, and the national political, economic, transportation and cultural center [13]. Beijing is located at the northern end of the North China Plain. Part of its southeastern part is connected to Tianjin City, and the rest is surrounded by Hebei Province. In terms of urban population, Beijing is China's second largest city after Shanghai, and it is also the main hub of China's land and air transportation. Beijing has successfully hosted the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.

Beijing has a history of more than 3,000 years as a city and more than 850 years as a capital. It is the city with the most world cultural heritage in the world. It is also a famous historical and cultural city and one of the eight ancient capitals in China. As early as 700,000 years ago, a primitive human group "Peking Man" appeared in the Zhoukoudian area of ??Beijing. The first recorded name of Beijing was "Ji".

Only a handful of cities in the world have served as the political and cultural center of a country for as long as Beijing. It has gathered Chinese culture since the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and has many historical sites and cultural landscapes. "Encyclopedia Britannica" describes Beijing as "One of the world's great cities". Beijing is welcoming more than 147 million tourists every year with its ancient and fashionable new look.

Attractions

Temples

Beijing’s religious temples are all over the capital. The famous existing ones include: Buddhist Fayuan Temple, Tanzhe Temple, Jietai Temple, Yun Jusi, Badachu, etc. Taoist Baiyun Temple, etc. Islamic Beijing Niujie Mosque, etc. Tibetan Buddhism (Lamaism) Lama Temple, etc., Catholic Xishku Catholic Church, Wangfujing Catholic Church, etc. Christian churches such as Gangwa City Church and Chongwenmen Church.

Hutong

Hutong is one of the most characteristic residential buildings in Beijing. It originated in the Yuan Dynasty. The word "Hutong" means "small street" in Mongolian. Beijing is dotted with more than 7,000 alleys, each with its own story. Hutongs have various names, some are named after people, such as Wen Chengxiang Hutong; some are named after markets and commodities, such as Goldfish Hutong; some are named after Beijing dialects, such as Menghutan Hutong. After investigation, the oldest alley in Beijing is Sanmiao Street, which has a history of more than 900 years; the longest alley is Dongxijiaomin Lane, with a total length of 6.5 miles; the shortest alley is only more than ten meters long; and the narrowest alley is Qianshi Hutong in the Dashilan area of ??Qianmen is only 0.7 meters wide; while Nanluogu Lane in Dongcheng District has now become one of Beijing's eight characteristic commercial streets.

Siheyuan

Siheyuan is a house built on the four sides, southeast and northwest, enclosing a courtyard. The outer walls of the courtyard form the side walls of the alley. The north room in the courtyard is the main room, and the east and west sides are wing rooms. Except for the door, there are no windows or passages connected to the alley. The courtyard is quiet and closed, and is a traditional residence in old Beijing. The former residences of celebrities and royal palaces scattered in the urban area are generally relatively authentic courtyard houses, such as Prince Gong's Mansion on Qianhai West Street. In recent years, more and more high-rise buildings have been built in Beijing, and courtyards are no longer common. Now there are only two relatively complete courtyard areas in the Second Ring Road.

Central Axis

The Beijing Central Axis is the central axis that identifies and clarifies the city of Beijing. Beijing’s urban planning is characterized by left-right symmetry with the palace city as the center. The central axis of Beijing starts from Yongding Gate in the south to the Bell and Drum Tower in the north, and is about 7.8 kilometers long. From south to north, they are: Yongding Gate, Qianmen Arrow Tower, Zhengyang Gate, Zhonghua Gate, Tiananmen, Duanmen, Meridian Gate, Forbidden City, Shenwu Gate, Jingshan, Di'anmen, Back Gate Bridge, Drum Tower and Bell Tower. Starting from the Yongding Gate at the southern end of this central axis, there are the Temple of Heaven, the Xiannong Altar, the Taimiao Temple, the Sheji Altar, the Donghua Gate, the Xihua Gate, the Anding Gate, and the Desheng Gate, which are symmetrically distributed around the central axis. Mr. Liang Sicheng, the famous Chinese architect, once said: "Beijing's unique and magnificent order was created by the establishment of this central axis." Yongding Gate, Zhonghua Gate, and Di'an Gate were all built after the founding of the People's Republic of China. It was demolished and the Yongding Gate Tower was rebuilt in recent years.

City

Beijing City is the general name for the capital defense buildings of the Ming and Qing dynasties, the last two dynasties in Chinese history. It consists of the palace city, the imperial city, the inner city, and the outer city, including the city wall. , city gates, urns, turrets, enemy towers, moats and other facilities, it was once the most complete ancient city defense system in China. Beijing City Gate is the general name for all the city gates in Beijing during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. According to differences in grade and building specifications, they are divided into four categories: palace city gates, imperial city gates, inner city gates, and outer city gates. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Beijing had four palace city gates (called six), four imperial city gates (called six or seven), nine inner city gates, and seven outer city gates. It is known among the people that The saying of "nine inside, seven outside, seven imperial cities and four". After the fall of the Qing Dynasty, the city of Beijing was gradually demolished. In addition to the well-preserved palace city, only the Tiananmen Gate of the imperial city is now preserved. Only the Zhengyang Gate, the Deshengmen Archery Tower, the Southeast Corner Tower and a section of the Chongwen Gate remain in the inner city. The outer city was completely destroyed, and only Yongding Gate was rebuilt.

The Eight Scenes of Yanjing

The Eight Scenes of Yanjing refer to the eight scenic spots in Beijing in the old days, including the Smoked Trees in Jimen (Xitucheng), the Dawn Moon in Lugou (Lugou Bridge), and the Sunset in Jintai ( Jintai Road), Qiongdao Chunyin (Beihai Park), Juyong Pincui (Badaling), Taiye Autumn Wind (Zhongnanhai), Yuquan Baotu (Yuquan Mountain) and Xishan Qingxue (Xiangshan, Badachu). The description of the Eight Scenic Spots in Beijing was first seen in the Jin Dynasty ancient book "Mingchang Yi Shi". Since then, local chronicles of the past dynasties, including "Wanshu Miscellanies" (Ming Dynasty) and "Chenyuan Zhilue" (Qing Dynasty), have mentioned the eight scenic spots in Yanjing. The early Yanjing The Eight Scenes of Beijing were slightly different from the subsequent Eight Scenes of Yanjing. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, Emperor Qianlong personally presided over the revision of the description of the Eight Scenes of Yanjing and ordered the construction of the Imperial Book of the Eight Scenes of Yanjing. The landscape and description of the Eight Scenes of Yanjing were not fixed until then.

Beijing’s cultural life is rich and colorful, with various types of performances and international exhibitions. Peking Opera is known as China's "national quintessence" and has a history of more than 200 years. Its gorgeous costumes, beautiful singing, and ever-changing facial makeup are impressive. The famous China National Center for the Performing Arts, Chang'an Grand Theatre, Huguang Guild Hall, Lao She Teahouse, China Peking Opera Theatre, Mei Lanfang Grand Theater, Poly Theater, etc. all often have traditional Peking Opera performances. Beijing’s nightlife is also rich and colorful. Houhai, Sanlitun, and Nanluoguxiang bar streets are good places to go.

Siheyuan is the most important residential building in old Beijing. The narrow alleys formed between the courtyards with green tiles and gray bricks are the famous old Beijing hutongs. The most distinctive thing about Beijing is the Hutong tour in Shichahai. Riding on a tricycle with jingling wind chimes, passing through the winding alleys, and walking into the charming courtyard houses will make people truly appreciate the charm of old Beijing.

Beijing is rich in tourism resources, with more than 200 tourist attractions open to the public, including the world's largest imperial palace, the Forbidden City, the Temple of Heaven, the Royal Garden Beihai, the Royal Gardens Summer Palace and Old Summer Palace, and The Badaling Great Wall, the Mutianyu Great Wall and the world's largest courtyard, Prince Gong's Mansion, are some of the famous places of interest. There are 7,309 cultural relics and historic sites in the city, including 6 world heritage sites, 2 national key scenic spots, 1 national historical and cultural city (Beijing), 1 Chinese historical and cultural village (Cuandixia Village), 99 national Key cultural relics protection units (including the Great Wall and the Beijing section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal), and 326 municipal-level cultural relics protection units.

World Heritage

The Palace Museum (World Cultural Heritage, 1987), the Great Wall (World Cultural Heritage, 1987), Zhoukoudian Peking Man Site (World Cultural Heritage, 1987), Temple of Heaven (World Cultural Heritage, 1998), Summer Palace (World Cultural Heritage, 1998), Ming Tombs (World Cultural Heritage, 2003)

Ethnic Characteristics Beijing contains 56 ethnic groups in China. [9] Among them, the Han nationality accounts for 95.7%, and the Hui, Manchu, Mongolian and Korean populations each have a population of over 10,000. According to the fifth national census data in 2000, Beijing *** has a minority population of 585,000, accounting for 4.3%; of which the minority population living in the suburbs of the city is 411,000, accounting for the total minority population living in Beijing 70.2%. Among the 18 districts and counties in Beijing, the three districts and counties with the largest minority population are Chaoyang District (115,000), Haidian District (101,000) and Fengtai District (49,000).

Lhasa Terrain Lhasa is located in the middle of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with an altitude of 3,650 meters. It is one of the highest cities in the world. The terrain is high in the north and low in the south. The central and southern parts are the valley plains of the middle reaches of the Lhasa River, a tributary of the Yarlung Zangbo River, and the terrain is flat.

Nyenchen Tanglha Mountain

100 kilometers north of Lhasa, stands the world-famous Nyenchen Tanglha Snow Mountain, with Namtso to the north, and the highest point on the top of the mountain is 7,117 meters above sea level.

The Nyainqentanglha Mountains stand in the central part of the Tibetan Plateau, about 600 kilometers from west to east. It borders Gangkukashe to the west, and extends to the southeast to connect with the Bosula Ridge of the Hengduan Mountains. The middle part is slightly convex to the north. It is the watershed of two major river systems, the Yarlung Zangbo River and the Nu River. It also divides the Tibet Autonomous Region into three major regions: northern Tibet, southern Tibet, and southeastern Tibet. Datanggula Pass, with an altitude of 5,231 meters, is the natural dividing line between Qinghai and Tibet provinces and the highest point of the Qinghai-Tibet Line 109 National Highway.

"Nyenchen Tanglha" means "Lingying Grassland God" in Tibetan, which shows that Tibetans respect and hope for it.

These four peaks and their surrounding areas were once subjected to strong Quaternary glaciation, forming today's steeper mountains, especially the northwest slope which is extremely steep. The mountain is straight and dangerous.

Yaowang Mountain

Yaowang Mountain is the best angle to photograph the Potala Palace, especially halfway up the mountain. In the early morning of the travel season, there are often dense crowds of photographers and photography enthusiasts gathering on Yaowang Mountain waiting for the first ray of light to illuminate the Potala Palace.

Yaowang Mountain, whose hidden name is Jiabori, means "mountain at the corner of the mountain". On the right side of the Potala Palace in Lhasa. At an altitude of 3725 meters, there is a trail to the peak.

Yaowang Mountain is close to the Red Mountain where the Potala Palace is located. A main arterial road in the city passes between the two mountains. In the past, the two mountains were connected by a white pagoda, with a doorway on the bottom floor, which was the gateway to Lhasa. In the 1960s, Lhasa was expanded, the pagodas were demolished, and an asphalt road dozens of meters wide opened the distance between the two mountains. Some people thought that the divine vein was broken, and they tried to use prayer flags to connect the two mountains. Every year when the Tibetan calendar comes, devout believers come here to hang new flags. It has now been reconnected with a tower.

Mila Mountain

Mila Mountain passes through Mozhugongka County. Mount Mira is more than 4,700 meters high and stands east of Lhasa. Although Mount Mira is just a small mountain among the thousands of mountains on the Tibetan Plateau, it forms a north-south line with Potala Mountain in the south. It is a watershed that runs across the east-west Brahmaputra Valley and has become an important boundary between the landforms, vegetation and climate on the east and west sides of the Brahmaputra Valley.

The Lhasa River is the mother river of Lhasa City and has a great influence on the development of Lhasa. Lhasa citizens love this river very much. Every weekend or holiday, groups of Lhasa people drive there. Or walk to the banks and valleys of the Lhasa River, set up tents, fish, play in the water, or bathe, drink butter tea, eat various delicacies brought from home, and enjoy the bright sunshine and leisurely atmosphere of Lhasa. Han Chinese picnic.

The Lhasa River originates from the Khonmagou Valley in Phuntsok La, Gialili, at the southern foot of Nyenchen Tanglha Mountain. It flows through Nagqu, Damxung, Linzhou, Mozhugongka, Dazi, Chengguan, and Doilungdeqing to Qushui County. It is a large tributary in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River, with a total length of 495 kilometers and a drainage area of ??31,760 square kilometers; the maximum flow is 2830 cubic meters m/s, the minimum flow is 20 cubic meters/s, and the annual average flow is 287 cubic meters/s; the altitude ranges from 5500 meters from the source to 3580 meters at the mouth, making it one of the highest rivers in the world. This river belongs to the snowmelt and heavy rain type, and the amount of water changes with the temperature and precipitation.

Most of the Lhasa River basin is mountainous, with towering peaks and steep slopes. The terrain slopes from north to south. The Nyenchen Tanglha Mountains must have small-scale modern glaciers. Most of the tributaries on the right bank of the basin originate from glaciers. Most left bank tributaries originate from lakes or swamps.

The Lhasa River has a "V" shape in the valley above Tanggu in Linzhou County. The valley becomes wider down to Mozhugongka County, about 1-1.5 kilometers wide. A floodplain in the middle of the river begins to appear, and the vegetation on the floodplain is good. , this section of the river is relatively regular, with three consecutive terraces distributed on both sides: the third terrace is 40-50 meters above the river water level, and its surface is sandy topsoil 50-80 cm thick, with lush grass growing on it, which is a natural Good pasture; the second terrace is 20-30 meters above the river water level; the first terrace is 10-20 meters above the river water level, most of which have been reclaimed into cultivated land.

On both sides of the river are river valley alluvial plains, with a width of 1-10 kilometers and a cultivated land area of ??about 570,000 acres. These areas have a mild climate, flat terrain, thick soil and abundant water resources, and are Tibet's main grain producers. one of the districts.

Climate Lhasa City is located in the southeastern part of the Tibet Autonomous Region, on the north bank of the Lhasa River, a tributary of the Brahmaputra River. The geographical coordinates are 91°06′ east longitude and 29°36′ north latitude. The climate belongs to the plateau temperate semi-arid climate zone, with 3,000 hours of sunshine per year, 1,800 hours more than Chengdu, the capital of neighboring Sichuan Province, and 1,100 hours more than Shanghai, the largest eastern city in China. It ranks among the best among cities in the country, so it has It is known as "Sunlight City".

The annual precipitation is 200-510 mm, concentrated from June to September, with many nights of rain. The highest temperature is 28℃ and the lowest temperature is minus 14℃. The air is thin, the temperature is low, the daily temperature difference is large, winter and spring are dry and windy, and the annual frost-free period is 100-120 days. Relatively speaking, the climate is warm and humid from March to October, which is the best travel season in Tibet, and the annual May Day holiday is usually the beginning of the travel season.

Introduction Postcode: 850000

Area code: 0891

English name: Lhasa

Chinese Pinyin: Lasa

License plate number: Tibetan A

Lhasa has 7 counties under its jurisdiction (Damxung County, Doulungdeqen County, Qushui County, Mozhugongkar County, Dazi County, Nyimu County and Linzhou County) and 1 district (Chengguan District) ). The city has a total area of ??nearly 30,000 square kilometers, and the urban area is 59 square kilometers. The city's total population is nearly 550,000, of which the urban population is nearly 270,000. There are 31 ethnic groups including Tibetan, Han, and Hui, with the Tibetan population accounting for 87%.

"Lhasa" means "Holy Land" or "Buddha Land" in Tibetan. It has long been the political, economic, cultural and religious center of Tibet. The magnificent and magnificent Potala Palace, It is a symbol of the supreme theocracy.

As early as the seventh century AD, after Songtsen Gampo annexed neighboring tribes and unified Tibet, he moved the capital from Yalong to Luozi (now Lhasa) and established the Tubo Dynasty.

On May 23, 1951, Tibet was peacefully liberated, and the city of Lhasa entered a new era. In 1960, the State Council officially approved Lhasa as a prefecture-level city, and in 1982 it was designated as one of the first 24 national historical and cultural cities to be announced.

Lhasa was called "Rasa" in ancient times. In Tibetan, "goat" is called "ra" and "earth" is called "sa". According to legend, when Princess Wencheng of the Tang Dynasty married to Tubo in the seventh century AD, it was still a grassy beach. Later, in order to build Jokhang Temple and Ramoche Temple, goats' back soil was used to fill the pond. After the temples were built, the number of missionary monks and people coming to worship increased. Many hotels and residential houses were built around the Jokhang Temple. The prototype of the old city centering on the Jokhang Temple was formed. At the same time, Songtsan Gampo expanded his palace in Hongshan (today's Potala Palace). As a result, palaces were built one after another on the plains of the Lhasa Valley, and a famous plateau city that was famous both at home and abroad was formed. "Resa" gradually became a "holy place" in people's hearts and became the center of Tibetan religion, politics, economy, and culture at that time. In most people's minds, Lhasa is composed of the Potala Palace, Barkhor Street (Bajiao Street), Jokhang Temple, Sera Temple, Drepung Temple and the Lhasa River. However, Tibetans believe that "Lhasa" in the strict sense should be It refers to the Jokhang Temple and the Barkhor Street built around the Jokhang Temple. Only when you reach the Jokhang Temple and Barkhor Street can you reach the real Lhasa. Today, the east area of ??Lhasa still maintains the essence of the ancient city of Lhasa.

Lhasa New City is centered on the Potala Palace and Barkhor Street, extending to Sera Monastery in the north and Doulung Dechen County in the west. Looking across the city of Lhasa, the Post and Telecommunications Building, News Building, Lhasa Hotel, Tibet Hotel and other buildings of various colors are dotted around, intersecting with each other, continuous, and glowing. Standing on the top of the Potala Palace and overlooking the entire city of Lhasa, the entire urban area of ??Lhasa is full of new-style buildings hidden among green trees. Only the Barkhor Street area is full of prayer flags and mulberry smoke. Here, there are densely populated houses and streets with quite ethnic styles, and people from all over Tibetan areas gather. Many of them still wear the traditional clothes of their own people. The prayer wheels and rosary beads that never seem to leave their hands clearly show that Buddhism actually It has become a way of life.

Henyimu, Doilungdeqen, Linzhou, and Mozhugongka townships in Damxung County in northern Lhasa belong to the southern edge of the northern Tibetan grassland. They have abundant water and grass, prosperous animal husbandry, and are rich in beef and mutton meat, butter, cow down, Wool; the central part is the famous Lhasa Valley, and the southern part is the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River. It is one of the better agricultural areas in Tibet and is rich in highland barley, wheat, rapeseed and beans. The "Lhasa No. 1" broad bean is even more famous at home and abroad. There are many geothermal hot springs with economic value and medical effects around Lhasa. The Qusang Hot Spring in Doilungdeqen County and the Dezhong Hot Spring in Mozhugongka County are famous throughout the Tibetan area.

The urban area of ??Lhasa is located in the alluvial plain of the river valley and is one of the highest cities in the world. The terrain slopes from east to west, and the climate belongs to the plateau temperate zone semi-arid monsoon climate zone. The annual sunshine hours are more than 3,000 hours, so it is known as the "Sunshine City". The annual precipitation is 200-510 mm, concentrated in June-September, with many nights of rain, which is called the rainy season. The highest temperature is 28℃ and the lowest temperature is minus 14℃. The air is thin, the temperature is low, the daily temperature difference is large, winter and spring are dry and windy. The annual frost-free period ranges from 100 to 120 days.

Attractions Potala Palace, Jokhang Temple and Norbulingka are listed as world cultural heritage.

The main tourist attractions include Drepung Monastery, Sera Monastery, Ramoche Monastery, Zongjiao Lukang, Tibetan Tombs, Tsurphu Monastery, Lhasa Mosque, Qugong Ruins, Tibet Museum, Yaowang Mountain, Zhizhi Gonggaju temple complex, etc., and the main commercial areas include Barkhor Street, Yutuo Road Pedestrian Street, Lhasa Department Store, etc.

National Characteristics The total population of Lhasa is nearly 550,000, of which the urban population is nearly 270,000.

In 2000, according to the fifth national census, the city's total population was 474,499. Among them: 223,001 people in Chengguan District, 50,895 people in Linzhou County, 39,169 people in Damxung County, 27,375 people in Nyam County, 29,690 people in Qushui County, 40,543 people in Doilung Deqen County, 24,906 people in Dazi County, and 38,920 people in Mizhugongka County.

At the end of 2003, the city’s total population was 420,000.

Tibetan New Year

The determination of the Tibetan New Year is closely related to the use of the Tibetan calendar. The official use of the Tibetan calendar was more than 950 years ago, that is, the lunar calendar It started in the year of Dingmao (AD 1027). Since then, the usage of the Tibetan calendar has been inherited.

The Tibetan people have been preparing for the New Year since December of the Tibetan calendar. At this time, every household begins to soak highland barley seeds in pots. On New Year’s Eve, each family places various foods in front of the Buddha statue, in order to have enough food during the festival. , rich food, on this night, the whole family was busy until late at night. On the first day of the lunar calendar, which is the first day of the Tibetan New Year, the first thing they do is to send people from each family to the river to carry back the first bucket of water in the new year - auspicious water. Starting from the second day of the lunar calendar, relatives and friends visit each other , New Year greetings, this activity lasts for three to five days. During the Tibetan New Year, in the square or on the open grass, everyone forms a circle and dances Guozhuang Dance and Xianzi Dance. Accompanied by musical instruments such as lyre, cymbals, gongs, etc., people hold hands and People stepped on the ground to celebrate the festival and sang happily, while children set off firecrackers. The entire area was immersed in a joyful, festive and peaceful festival atmosphere.

Religious Festival

Niu King Festival: The Niu Tuning Festival is the Tibetan people’s understanding of the important position of cattle in agricultural production. They have developed strong feelings for cattle in their daily labor. As a result, a large number of cow culture phenomena emerged. They regarded cows as gods and regarded cows as the best sacrifices to the gods, so the Cow King Society also appeared. The Ox King Meeting starts on the 15th day of the eighth lunar month and usually lasts for more than ten days, sometimes even for a month. The number of people often reaches more than a thousand. During the Ox King Festival, people ask Heiba ??(shaman) to chant sutras, blow yak horns, slaughter dozens of yaks or hundreds of sheep, and enjoy carnival and drinking, which is extremely lively. Due to the huge cost of the Ox King Meeting, this large-scale Ox King Meeting has only been held once in the past hundred years. The members participating in the Ox King Meeting all have the same blood relationship, and it is also included in the cultural festivals of ancestor worship. ?

Chuanzhao Dharma Assembly: It is the largest religious festival in Tibet. By then, monks from the three major monasteries of Drepung Monastery, Sera Monastery and Ganden Monastery in Lhasa will gather at the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa. This puja was continued from the prayer meeting held by Master Tsongkhapa, the founder of the Gelug Sect, in Lhasa in 1409. The Geshe degree examination was also held. Buddhist believers from other parts of Tibet also came to worship the Buddha. Since then, the scale has been continuously expanded and enriched, making the prayer meeting a fixed religious festival and still very popular. Its scale is no less than when it was first founded and continues to this day.

Butter Lantern Festival

The fifteenth day of the first lunar month in the Tibetan calendar (February 19, 2000) is also the last day of the Chuanzhao Dharma Assembly. It is a large-scale and colorful butter flower festival held by the Tibetan people. Festival of Lights. During the day, people go to various temples to pray to the Buddha; at night, a butter lantern festival is held on Barkhor Street in Lhasa. Various flower stands are set up all over the street, filled with colorful images of gods, people, birds, animals, flowers and trees, and puppet performances. After the lanterns are lit, it looks like stars descending, twinkling and brilliant. Local officials and people from all over Tibet also came to see the lanterns. At night, farmers in the suburbs hold singing, dancing and antiphonal singing competitions, which sometimes last for several days before ending. This is the most lively and happiest festival in Lhasa.

Sagadawa Festival

The fifteenth day of the fourth month of the Tibetan calendar (June 16, 2000) is the birthday, enlightenment and death of Sakyamuni, the founder of Buddhism. . It is also a traditional festival of the Tibetan people. April in the Tibetan calendar is Buddha Day, so it is called "Sagadawa" in Tibetan. On this day of the Tibetan calendar every year, Tibetan men and women dressed in festive attire, according to their traditional customs, gather in groups at the Dragon King Tan behind the majestic Potala Palace to hold this sacred festival. After long-term development, Sagada Wa Festival has gradually evolved into a mass festival for Tibetan people to visit gardens in spring and summer and to wish for a good harvest in agriculture and animal husbandry. During the festival, some people set up colorful tents, and some put out highland barley wine and butter tea. The whole family sang and laughed and took a nap by the lake. Then, the Tibetan young people gathered in a circle to celebrate the Di Dun Festival, singing happily and harmoniously. Tibetan opera troupes and other cultural and artistic groups from Lhasa City now also come to perform theatrical performances to add to the excitement of the festival.

The Bathing Festival

The first ten days of the seventh month of the Tibetan calendar (September 2000) is a traditional festival for the Tibetan people, with a history of at least seven or eight hundred years in Tibet. At this time, the Tibetan people believed that the water from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau had eight major advantages according to Buddhism: one was sweet, two was cool, three was soft, four was light, five was clear, six was not smelly, seven drinks did not hurt the throat, and eight drinks did not hurt the abdomen. Therefore, July is known as the best time for bathing. The Tibetan Bathing Festival lasts for five or six days. During the festival, no matter in towns or villages, rural areas or pastoral areas, people carry tents and food such as butter tea, highland barley wine, tsampa, etc., and come to the banks of the Lhasa River, the Yarlung Zangbo River, and the Qianjiang River on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. People around the lake are rushing to get into the water and enjoy playing and swimming in the water. The Bathing Festival is a masterpiece of Tibetan people's folk culture. It spans a long time and spreads over a wide area. It is still full of vitality and vitality to this day. It has also absorbed a large amount of entertainment culture, so that today's Bathing Festival has evolved into a religious, A comprehensive social festival integrating entertainment, fitness and social education.

Shoton Festival

Shoton Festival is one of the largest traditional festivals in Tibet. "Shoton" means yogurt. Before the seventeenth century, Shoton Festival was a pure For religious festivals, according to the Gelug regulations of Tibetan Buddhism, the sixth month of the Tibetan calendar is a forbidden period every year. Monks and nuns in monasteries of all sizes in Tibet are not allowed to go out to avoid stepping on insects. On the day when the ban is lifted on July 1st of the Tibetan calendar, they One after another went down the mountain, and at this time the farmers and herdsmen would take out the prepared yogurt and offer it to them. This is the origin of Shoton Festival. ?

During the festival, Tibetan people gather in small groups, men, women and children, carrying various baggage and highland barley wine barrels. Some even set up tents, spread card mats and carpets on the ground, and put on Festival foods such as highland barley and dishes are pouring into Norbulingka. In recent years, various agencies and units in the autonomous region have arranged large-scale cultural and artistic activities, academic seminars, and economic and trade exchange meetings during the Shoton Festival, making the scene even more lively.

Horse Racing Festival

Horse racing is a very favorite activity for the Tibetan people. It is not only a place for gathering and exchanging agricultural and animal husbandry production experience in their spare time, but also a A display of the people's spirit. Horse racing activities are almost indispensable in all Tibetan festivals that have been passed down among the people. Horse racing not only appears as a motif in the festival, but more importantly, the Tibetan people, based on their strong belief in horses, have formed such a traditional national "horse racing festival", and this event has a long-standing history.

"Wangguo" Festival

"Wangguo" Festival is an annual festival for Tibetan people to wish for a good agricultural harvest. "Wang" in Tibetan means field, land, "Guo" means turning in circles, "Wangguo" is the transliteration, and the pronunciation means turning around the field, which is a festival of "turning the crop field". ?

The "Wangguo" Festival is widely popular in Tibetan agricultural areas. The "Wangguo" festival is very popular in the rural areas in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River and on both sides of the Lhasa River. It is also held in other places, but the festival names are different. In the Lazi and Dingri areas, it is called "Yaji", which means comfortable summer; Gongbu Bala Snow Mountain is surrounded by a semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral area, called "Bangsang", which is an auspicious grassland. The time is almost the same, and it is held before the crops are ripe and ready to be harvested. Before liberation, Tibetans celebrated the Wangguo Festival before the arrival of the season when the "King of Birds", the wild geese, flew south. The Wangguo Festival is an important cultural phenomenon of the Tibetan people, and its origins, rituals, and local or sexual characteristics are colorful.

Every year on this day, Tibetan people wear festive costumes, some carrying colorful flags, and some carrying harvest towers made of highland barley and wheat ears. The harvest towers are tied with white "hada". Holding slogans, some beat gongs and drums, sang songs and Tibetan operas, some carried a statue of Chairman Mao, and circled the field. After the circle, people carried tents and highland barley wine, talking about ancient roads and modern times, and drinking carnivally. Traditional horse racing, archery, yak racing, horseback riding, singing and dancing, and Tibetan opera competitions are also held. The commercial department also organizes material exchanges, supplies special ethnic commodities and daily necessities, and purchases local products. After the Fruit-Wang Festival, the intense autumn harvest sowing begins.

Kunming’s terrain is in the middle of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, with the city center at an altitude of 1,891 meters. It is adjacent to Dianchi Lake in the south and surrounded by mountains on three sides.

Climate Kunming is warm as spring all year round, with small temperature differences throughout the year. The annual average temperature in the urban area is around 15℃, the average monthly temperature in the hottest period is 19℃, and the average monthly temperature in the coldest period is 7.6℃.

The annual extreme temperature is as high as 30.4℃ and as low as -7.8℃.

Due to the suitable temperature and humidity, long sunshine and short frost period, the flowers bloom all year round and the vegetation remains green all year round. This is how Kunming is known as the "Spring City".

Kunming has a large daily temperature difference. There are four seasons in one day. When it rains, it becomes autumn. In winter and spring, the daily temperature difference can reach 12~20℃. Don’t forget to bring a sweater when you go. Or jacket. In addition, the rainy season in Kunming mostly occurs from May to November. As long as it rains, the temperature will drop. Visitors are advised to bring a windbreaker when traveling at this time.

Introduction Kunming (Kūnmíng), the capital of Yunnan Province, is the political, economic, cultural, scientific and technological, and transportation center of Yunnan Province and the only megacity in the province. The city has a history of more than 2,400 years and receives 27.35 million tourists annually. It is a famous historical and cultural city and an excellent tourist city in China. Kunming is located in the southwest border of my country and in the middle of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. The urban area is 2,100 kilometers away from the capital Beijing, 250 kilometers from the China-Vietnam border to the south, 395 kilometers from the China-Myanmar border to the west, and 300 kilometers (straight-line distance) from the China-Laos border to the southwest. It is It is one of China's important gateways to ASEAN and one of the international tourist cities. Kunming is geographically located in the subtropical zone at northern latitudes. However, most areas within the territory do not have severe heat in summer or severe cold in winter. Flowers are in full bloom and the climate is pleasant. It has typical temperate climate characteristics. The urban temperature ranges from 0 to 29°C, and the annual temperature difference is the smallest in the country. It is famous both at home and abroad as the "Spring City".

Attractions · Daguan Tower · Yunnan Ethnic Village · Yuantong Temple · Tanhua Temple · Haiyuan Temple

· Xishan-Longmen · Qiongzhu Temple

· Dianchi Lake · Daguan Tower·Jiuxiang Scenic Area·Expo Park

·Stone Forest Scenic Area·Green Lake·Yuantong Mountain

·Golden Palace Scenic Area·Kunming Black Dragon Pond·Yulong Bay·Yunnan Army Lecture Wutang Jiaozi Snow Mountain

Customs and customs Kunming is a multi-ethnic city with 26 ethnic groups living in it. The Han, Yi, Hui, Bai, Miao, Hani, Zhuang, Dai, Lisu and other ethnic groups. In the long-term production and life, various ethnic groups have influenced each other and integrated, while at the same time maintaining their own national traditions and continuing many unique lifestyles, folk customs, culture and art. Compatriots of all ethnic groups living in Kunming are warm and hospitable, good at singing and dancing, and have simple folk customs. Whether it is their etiquette in dealing with others, unique food, colorful costumes, different styles of residential buildings, and interesting weddings, they can all It makes people feel the distinctive national characteristics.

Among the many ethnic festivals, the Yi people's "Torch Festival", the Bai people's "March Street", "Rao Sanling", the Dai people's "Water Splashing Festival", the Miao people's "Stepping on the Flower Mountain", the Su The "Knife Rod Festival" of the Su people has long been famous, and the festival activities are rich and colorful. During every festival, people of all ethnic groups will put on their own hand-embroidered and dyed ethnic costumes and gather together from all directions to hold activities such as wrestling, bullfighting, and antiphonal singing. According to the seasons of the year, many customs are very popular among the people, such as the Xishan Tune Festival on the third day of the third month of the lunar calendar, the spring outing in the Golden Palace on the ninth day of the first lunar month, the climbing of Luo Peak on the Double Ninth Festival, and the grand moon viewing on the night of the Mid-Autumn Festival.

Kunming has a wide variety of local literature and art, such as Yunnan opera, lantern opera, folk songs and minor operas, ethnic minority operas, folk narrative poems, folk legends, etc., which have been developed and spread for hundreds of years and are loved by the broad masses of the people.

Ethnic Characteristics Kunming’s population is mainly Han, accounting for 86.52% of the city’s permanent population.

The population of various ethnic minorities accounts for 13.48% of the city's permanent population. Among the ethnic minority populations, the Yi ethnic group has the largest population, followed by the Miao and Hui ethnic groups, and the smallest populations are the Jinuo ethnic group, the Dulong ethnic group and the De'ang ethnic group.