What lens does a SLR camera use to shoot scenery?

Although there are high-quality lenses, ordinary lenses and inferior lenses, the choice of lenses should be based on their own economic basis.

It doesn't mean that high-quality lenses can take ideal photos, but ordinary inferior lenses can't. In fact, shooting technology is the main factor.

Standard lens: Take the interchangeable lens suitable for 35 mm SLR camera as an example. The standard lens usually refers to a photographic lens with a focal length of 40 to 55 mm, which is the most basic photographic lens among all lenses. Sigma AF 30/ 1.4 EX HSM DC lens

The standard lens gives people a vivid visual effect picture, so it is often used in actual shooting. On the other hand, because the picture effect of standard lens is very similar to the visual effect of human eyes, the picture effect taken with standard lens is very ordinary, even very "plain", and it is difficult to obtain the dramatic effect of rendering the picture like wide-angle lens or telephoto lens. So it is not easy to take vivid photos with standard lenses. Even experienced photographers think it is not easy to use standard lenses well. However, the visual effect of the standard lens has a natural sense of closeness, and the distance between the standard lens and the subject is moderate, so it is widely used in ordinary scenes, ordinary portraits, snapshots and other photography occasions. The most common commemorative photos are taken with standard lenses. In addition, what photographers often overlook is that the standard lens is also a lens with good imaging quality, which is very effective for showing the details of the subject.

long shot

The telephoto lens has a viewing angle of less than 20 degrees and a focal length of several tens or hundreds of millimeters. Long focal length lenses are divided into ordinary telephoto lenses and ultra-telephoto lenses. The focal length of ordinary telephoto lens is close to that of standard lens, while the focal length of ultra telephoto lens is much larger than that of Sony 2X enlarger lens.

Standard lens. Take 135 camera as an example, the photographic lens with a focal length of 85mm-300mm is a normal telephoto lens, and the lens with a focal length of more than 300mm is a super telephoto lens. A telephoto lens has a long focal length, a small viewing angle and a large image on the negative. Therefore, at the same distance, you can take larger images than the standard lens. Suitable for shooting distant objects. Because its depth of field is smaller than the standard lens, it can blur the background more effectively and highlight the focused subject, and the subject is generally far away from the camera, which makes the portrait more realistic in perspective, so people often call the telephoto lens a portrait lens. The telephoto lens is often used in professional photography because of its long lens barrel, heavy weight, relatively expensive price and small depth of field, and it is difficult to focus in practical use. When shooting with a long focal length lens, you should generally use a high sensitivity and a fast shutter. For example, when shooting with a 200mm long focal length lens, the shutter speed should be above 1/250 seconds to prevent camera shake when shooting with a hand-held camera. In general, in order to keep the camera stable, it is best to fix the camera on a tripod. Try to find something to help stabilize the camera without a tripod.

wide-angle lens

Take a 35mm single lens reflex camera as an example. A wide-angle lens usually refers to a lens with a focal length of 17 to 35mm. The basic characteristics of a wide-angle lens are its large viewing angle and wide field of vision. The range of scenery observed from a certain viewpoint is much larger than that seen by human eyes at the same viewpoint; The depth of field is long, which can show a fairly clear range; It can emphasize the perspective effect of the picture, be good at exaggerating the foreground and express the sense of distance of the scene, which is conducive to enhancing the appeal of the picture. Basic characteristics of wide-angle lens: 1. Wide viewing angle, covering a wide range of scenery. The so-called wide viewing angle range means that at the same viewing point (the distance from the subject is constant), the scene is viewed with wide-angle, standard and telephoto lenses with three different focal lengths. As a result, the former shoots more up, down, left and right scenes than the latter. When the photographer has no retreat, it is difficult to take a complete picture (such as taking a group photo) with a standard lens of 50 mm ), using a wide-angle lens can easily solve the problem. Furthermore, for example, shooting a vast Yuan Ye or a tall building in a city, perhaps only a part of the scenery can be photographed with a standard lens, which cannot show the breadth or height of the scenery. Shooting with a wide-angle lens can effectively show the open momentum of large scenes or majestic buildings. 2. Short focal length and long depth of field. Photographers usually rely on the short focal length and long depth of field of wide-angle lenses to bring the whole scene from near to far into a clear range of expression when shooting a wide scene. In addition, when shooting with a wide-angle lens, if a smaller aperture is used at the same time, the depth of field of the scene will become longer. For example, if a photographer shoots with a 28 mm wide-angle lens, the focus is on a subject about 3 meters, and the aperture is adjusted to F8, then from 1 meter to infinity, it almost enters the depth of field. It is precisely because of this long depth of field that wide-angle lenses are often used by photographers as fast-moving lenses with strong maneuverability. On some occasions, the photographer can quickly capture the picture by manipulating the wide-angle lens without focusing on the subject. 3. You can emphasize the prospect and highlight the contrast between far and near. This is another important performance of wide-angle lens. The so-called emphasis on foreground and far-near contrast means that wide-angle lens can emphasize far-near contrast more than other lenses. In other words, the photos taken with wide-angle lens are closer and farther, which makes people feel that the distance has been widened and has a strong perspective effect in the depth direction. Especially when shooting with a super wide-angle lens with short focal length, the effect of being near big and far small is particularly remarkable. 4. It can be exaggerated and deformed. Generally speaking, it is taboo to use a wide-angle lens when the subject is exaggerated and deformed. In fact, it is not necessarily undesirable for the subject to exaggerate and deform appropriately. Experienced photographers often use wide-angle lenses to deform the subject moderately and take some unusual photos of very inconspicuous scenes that people ignore. Of course, using a wide-angle lens to express exaggeration and distortion should be based on the needs of the subject matter, and the second should be few and precise. No matter whether the theme is necessary or not, it is not worthwhile to abuse the exaggerated deformation of wide-angle lens and blindly pursue the bizarre effect in form.

fish-eye lens

Take the interchangeable lens suitable for 35mm SLR camera as an example. Fish-eye lens is a kind of ultra-wide-angle photographic lens with short focal length, and its focal length is about 6- 16mm. "Fish-eye lens" is its common name. In order to make the lens reach the maximum photographic angle, the front lens of this kind of photographic lens protrudes to the front of the lens in a parabolic shape, which is quite similar to the fish's eyes, hence the name "fisheye lens". The size of fisheye lens is very large. Take the fisheye lens for a 35mm single lens reflex camera as an example. The fisheye lens is installed on the body of a smaller 35mm single-lens reflex camera, which has a feeling of "big head (lens) and small body (body)", and the weight of the fisheye lens is not light (for example, the manual focusing fisheye lens of Nicol 6mm /F2.8 weighs 5,200g). As mentioned above, the front lens of the fisheye lens has a large diameter and is thrown in front of the lens, so this lens cannot be equipped with a filter like a normal lens. Fisheye lenses usually use a built-in filter. According to the shooting needs, the photographer manipulates the filter conversion ring on the lens to convert the required filter into the shooting light path of the lens. The front lens of fisheye lens is a very important lens in the whole lens. Because it is thrown in front of the camera, the photographer should pay special attention not to collide with the camera when shooting (especially when shooting close to the subject). In addition, when some old fisheye lenses are connected to a 35mm single-lens reflex camera, the back of the lens is deeply inserted into the camera body, and the mirror of the camera must be turned up and locked, and the pentaprism viewfinder of the camera will not be used, so it is necessary to set an additional viewfinder on the camera to take pictures.

Low power photographic lens

Macro photographic lens refers to a special photographic lens that can be used for macro or close-up photography without installing close-up accessories such as close-up mirror, close-up collar and close-up track leather cavity. Macro camera lens is a kind of camera lens for shooting tiny objects or retaking small pictures. This kind of lens has quite high resolution, minimum distortion and aberration, high contrast and good color reproducibility. Macro camera lens has good close-range resolution, which can keep the image quality unchanged in the whole focusing range. General photographic lenses are mainly used to shoot scenes within the usual focal length, and cannot be directly used for close-ups. To shoot close-ups with general photographic lens, close-up accessories such as close-up lens, close-up collar or close-up leather cavity must be added to the lens before it can be taken. However, after adding close-up accessories such as close-up lens, close-up collar or close-up leather cavity to the general photographic lens, it is in the "close-up" state and cannot be quickly restored to the normal photographic state from the "close-up" state. In other words, it is difficult to take close-ups alternately by using general photographic lenses and close-up accessories. Macro photography lens is different. Its close-up does not depend on other close-up accessories, and all close-up operations are carried out on the lens itself. It can connect the focal length from close-up to infinity, so that it can be quickly adjusted from close-up to ordinary photography, which provides convenience for photographers to alternately take close-up photography and ordinary photography. Macro photographic lenses generally have two structures. One macro photography lens adopts the structure of built-in telescopic lens barrel, and the other adopts the structure of exchanging the front and rear positions of optical lens groups in the lens. The former, in ordinary photography, the photographer can focus normally only by turning the focus ring of the lens. If he wants to take a close shot, as long as the focus ring that has been rotated to the nearest focus position continues to rotate, he can move the entire optical system of the lens forward synchronously with the built-in lens barrel, thereby increasing the image distance and achieving the purpose of close shot. The latter obtains higher image magnification by changing the front and rear positions of the optical lens group in the lens, thus achieving the purpose of close-up. Common macro photography lenses include Nicole Micro 55mm/F2.8 manual focusing macro photography lens, etc.

Extended range lens

Extended-range mirror, also known as telescopic conversion mirror or focal length expander, is a special optical device, which consists of several optical lenses, and its function is to increase the focal length of the original lens. Because the rangefinder is an optical system with concave lens function, it can't image alone. Only when it is used with a conventional lens with convex lens function can a clear object image be obtained. The rangefinder has many magnifications. Common ones are 2 times (commonly known as magnifying glass), 1.7 times, 1.4 times and 1.6 times, and a few are 3 times. The number of lenses usually ranges from four to seven. One side of the rangefinder is a bayonet, which, like the bayonet of the lens, is used to connect the camera body; On the other side is a snap ring, which, like the snap ring on the SLR fuselage, is used to connect the lens. When in use, first remove the lens from the SLR, connect the rangefinder to the fuselage, and then connect the lens to the rangefinder, that is, the rangefinder is between the fuselage and the lens. Range extenders with different magnification can extend the focal length of the original lens to different ranges. For example, a 2-fold zoom lens can turn a 50mm standard lens into a 100mm medium focus lens; And 1.4 times can only turn it into a 70mm lens. However, the rangefinder can only be used for lenses over 50 mm. If it is used with wide-angle lenses, angle occlusion may occur. After connecting the rangefinder, some parameters on the original lens will not change, such as the shortest focusing distance. If the shortest focusing distance of the original lens is 0.5 meters, and it is still 0.5 meters after adding the rangefinder, a larger image can be obtained due to the increase of focal length.

zoom lens

The focal length can be changed in a certain range, so as to obtain different wide and narrow field of view angles. Camera lenses with different image sizes and different scene ranges are called zoom lenses. Zoom lens can change the shooting range by changing the focal length without changing the shooting distance, so it is very beneficial to picture composition. Because a zoom lens can also serve as several fixed-focus lenses, it not only reduces the number of photographic equipment to carry when traveling, but also saves the time for changing lenses. The biggest feature of zoom lens, or its greatest value, is to realize the function that the focal length of the lens can be changed according to the photographer's wishes. Different from the fixed focal length lens, the zoom lens does not change the focal length of the lens by changing the lens quickly, but by pushing and pulling or rotating the zoom ring of the lens. Within the zoom range of the lens, the focal length can be changed infinitely, that is, any focal length within the zoom range can be used for photography, which creates conditions for realizing the diversification of composition. Any first-order focal length of the zoom lens itself is the same as other fixed-focus lenses with the same focal length. However, the zoom lens does not limit which level of focal length the photographer uses, so it is much more convenient and flexible to use and operate. It saves the trouble of carrying and replacing multiple lenses with different focal lengths when shooting outside. Even before the camera shutter, the photographer can choose the subject by changing the focal length of the lens, and cut the picture, so as to better arrange the picture composition before shooting. The speed of changing the focal length of a zoom lens by changing the lens is incomparable to that of a fixed focal length lens. The zoom lens of 35mm automatic pocket camera or partial 35mm single lens reflex camera also adopts electric zoom mode. Electric zoom is not only labor-saving and convenient, but more importantly, it realizes uniform zoom, which is very beneficial for photographers to cut the picture and determine the composition through small changes in focal length. The zoom lens can also produce an "explosion effect" by zooming at the moment when the camera shutter is opened. Some cameras also rely on the automatic control of the focal length transformation of the zoom lens to realize the automatic composition function. The latest 35mm single-lens reflex camera is also equipped with the function of automatically memorizing the lens focal length, which allows the photographer to set the camera to memorize one or more lens focal lengths with high frequency, and can change the lens focal length to the previously memorized focal length at any time. Of course, compared with fixed focal length lens, zoom lens has complex structure and bulky components. Non-brand zoom lens, the image quality is definitely not as good as the corresponding fixed-focus lens.

Tilt shift lens

Shift-axis camera lens is a kind of camera lens that can adjust the perspective of the captured image or focus the whole area. The main feature of axis-shifting camera lens is that the main optical axis of the whole camera lens can be translated, tilted or rotated on the premise that the plane position of the camera body and the film remains unchanged, so as to adjust the perspective relationship of the shot image or focus the whole area. The reference clear image field of the camera lens with shifting axis is much larger, which is to ensure that the camera lens can still get a clear image after its optical axis is translated, tilted or rotated. Axis-shifting photographic lens is also called "TS" lens ("TS" is English "Tilt &；; The abbreviation of "shift", namely "oblique shift"), "oblique beat", "shift beat" and so on. After the 35mm single-lens reflex camera adopts the shifting camera lens, the single-lens reflex camera also has the function of controlling the viewing angle by adjusting the leather cavity of the large-scale combined camera, thus expanding the application range of the 35mm single-lens reflex camera. In the field of professional photography, the lens of shifting axis camera plays a considerable role. The lens of shift axis camera has two main functions: one is to correct the perspective deformation of the subject; The second is to focus on the whole area of the subject, so that the far and near subjects in the picture form a clear image. Axis-shifting lens is widely used in architectural photography. When shooting the shape of a building, a camera lens with wide-angle focal length is often used. However, due to the perspective effect of wide-angle lens, the lines of architectural modeling converge upward. When shooting architectural modeling with a shift camera lens, this line convergence phenomenon can be corrected by the angle adjustment function of the lens, so that the building in the picture does not have the usual inclination or even looks like it is going to fall, but it still looks very vertical. Shift-axis photographic lenses are also often used to take pictures in which all areas are in focus. In commercial photography, the translation and tilt shooting functions of this lens are often used in combination, which can correct the perspective deformation of the subject and obtain a full-area focusing effect that is difficult to achieve with ordinary photographic lenses. Common shift-axis photographic lenses include Nicol 28mm/F3.5 manual focusing shift-axis lens, Nicol 35mm/F2.8 manual focusing shift-axis lens and Nicol 85mm/F2.8D manual focusing macro shift-axis lens.